Elmi is-aprel 04(15). pdf

ELM

ø

 

øù

 beyn

ԥ

lxalq elmi jurnal. Impakt faktorlu. 2021 

&LOG6D\Õ

4                                                              ISSN: 2663-4619 

SCIENTIFIC WORK international scientific journal. With Impact Factor. 2021 / Volume: 15 Issue: 4        e-ISSN: 2708-986X 

 

192 

by Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), adopted in 1966. 

According to Article 19 of ICCPR (4):  

³(YHU\RQHVKDOOKDYHWKHULJKWWRKROGRSLQLRQVZLWKRXWLQWHUIHUHQFH

 

2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, 

receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in 

print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice. 

3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and 

responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are 

provided by law and are necessary: 

(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; 

(b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or 

PRUDOV´

 

Based on the provisions of international documents, freedom of information is an integral part of 

freedom of expression. With particular emphasis on Article 19 (3) of the ICCPR, as is was mentioned, 

freedom of expression may be subject to certain restrictions and may be applied only when required by law. 

Through this provision, the Convention gives some "privileges" to states. 

Explaining the connection between freedom of expression and freedom of information, it is necessary to 

mention another important international document ECHR. According to the Article 10.2 of the European 

Convention on Human R

LJKWV(&+5 ³WKHH[HUFLVHRIWKHVHIUHHGRPV VLQFHLW FDUULHV ZLWK LW GXWLHVDQG

responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by 

law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or 

public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection 

of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or 

IRUPDLQWDLQLQJWKHDXWKRULW\DQGLPSDUWLDOLW\RIWKHMXGLFLDU\´

 

Summarizing the provisions of the above-mentioned international conventions, we consider that legal 

basis for recognizing fake news as freedom of expression, which can create liability for harm to the rights 

and interests of others is absent. 

We noted fake news to be a severe problem and emphasized it unacceptable as a person's freedom of 

expression, but we did not provide information on the definition of fake news. 

Fake news, one of the most widely used terms today, is often confused with false news and 

disinformation. Recently, a number of considerations have been made regarding the concept of fake news. 

What is fake news? First of all, it should be noted that there is no universally accepted understanding of the 

concept and forms of fake news. However, it may be helpful to look at the key elements that prove that the 

news is fake in order to determine what the fake news is. Journalist Claire Wardle identifies seven types of 

³PLVDQGGLVLQIRUPDWLRQ´LQKHUVSHHFK

 

1. Satire or parody  

2. Misleading content  

3. Imposter content 

4. Fabricated content  

5. False connection  

6. False context  

7. Manipulated content 

,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKLV $FDGHPLFV +XQW $OOFRWW DQG 0DWWKHZ *HQW]NRZ ZKR GHILQH IDNH QHZV DV ³QHZV

DUWLFOHVWKDWDUHLQWHQWLRQDOO\DQGYHULILDEO\IDOVHDQGFRXOGPLVOHDGUHDGHUV´LGHQWLI\IHZHUW\SHVRIIDNH

news than does Wardle (7, p. 213):  

- Intentionally fabricated news articles  

- Satirical articles that can be misinterpreted as nonsatirical 

Based on the above, we can identify commonalities and differences between fake news and 

misinformation or false news and we can give such a brief definition of fake news, fake news is false and 

misleading information presented as a news. In other words, fake news is the deliberate dissemination of 

baseless, completely fabricated information. Unfortunately, at a time when the Internet was a gateway for 

people to access information, fake news is used as a weapon by some abusers. 

As we mention before fake news and propaganda are one of the problems that concern both individuals 

and states. On the one hand, states have difficulty controlling the dissemination of information, on the other 

hand, they continue to look for ways to combat it. 

---