Элективный курс по английскому языку с естественно-научной направленностью young scientists
Tell about Simpson’s way to his discovery
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- Look through the words and read the texts. Why is his invention so important nowadays Vocabulary .
- IV. Say if the statements are right or not. Prove it from the text. Use the expressions
- V. Retell the text, using the words
- Home assessment. Tell about the importance of Fleming’s discovery. Lesson № 15 Fleming
- . II. Read all special words from the text and find their Russian equivalents. III. Divide the text into parts. IV. Home assessment
- Список литературы по экологии (английский язык)
Tell about Simpson’s way to his discovery. Find in the text the extreme ways of using chloroform. Home assessment. Find in the Internet the information about new anesthetics and new methods of anesthesia. Lesson №14 Fleming
Vocabulary . penicillin [.pena'silin] n - a substance obtained from mould used as a drug to prevent or treat infections caused by bacteria come on v - to begin; tissue n - any of the masses of cells of particular types of which animals or plants are made; lysozyme n - an enzyme found in tears and eggs which catalyses the destruction of cell walls of certain Grampositive bacteria; mould Imauld] n - a fine soft growth like fur that forms on old food or on objects left in warm wet air; staphylococcus] n (pi. staphylo cocci]) a bacterium of the genus Staphylococcus, occurring in grapelike clusters, and sometimes causing pus formation usually in the skin; corpuscle) л - any of the red or white cells in the blood, secrete v. - (of part of a plant, an animal or a person) to produce a liquid substance; abscess n - a swollen part of the body in which a thick yellowish liquid (called pus) has collected. Penicillin It is believed that the most important dis covery of the XX century is the invention of penicillin. At the time when Alexander Fleming was born, in 1881, every wound was a potential amputation, every infection and pneumonia could cause death. Next time your doctor gives you penicillin, remember that a long time ago a modest man from Lochfield in Ayrshire, Alexander Fleming, battled to invent this drug. At the time he described the discovery as a "triumph of accident and shrewd observation". Fifteen years later, a team of Oxford scientists devel oped a method of manufacture which enabled the drug to become widely available and it has come on to save countless lives.
Most scientists work very neatly and carefully, but Dr. Alexander Fleming preferred working in a less organized way. In fact, if Alexander Fleming had been a tidy man, he wouldn't have discovered penicillin. Dr. Fleming was a scientist at St. Mary's Hospital in London. One day in September 1928, a scientist called Pryce came in to Fleming's laboratory. On the desk there were some dirty glass dishes from old experiments. Fleming picked up one of the dishes to show Pryce. On the dish there were yellow spots of bacteria. But when Fleming looked more closely, he saw a green mould on the dish. Fleming noticed something unusual. The yellow bacteria near the mould had disappeared: the green mould had killed them. Fleming was seeing the effects of penicillin for the first time. Fleming called the discovery "a chance observation". It was chance that the right kind of mould had grown. It was chance that Fleming hadn't washed his dirty dishes. It was chance that he had picked up the dish with the mould to show to Pryce. Fleming thought it was an interesting discovery but he didn't know how important it was. Neither did the other scientists in the hospital. "When I showed it to them they thought it was just a dirty dish," Fleming said. But Alexander Fleming had discovered a drug which has saved millions of lives. IV. Say if the statements are right or not. Prove it from the text. Use the expressions.
V. Retell the text, using the words:
Lesson №15 Fleming
Alexander Fleming came from a Scottish family of farmers. He did research work at St. Mary's Hospital. And it was quite by chance that he came into contact with the man who was to affect his whole life - Sir Almroth Wright, a famous bacteriologist and a pioneer of vaccine therapy. Alexander Fleming became interested in antibacterial drugs. After military service Fleming returned to laboratory work. He was interested in antibacterial substances which would be non toxic to animal tissues. The first fruit of his search was the discovery of the lysozyme. This discovery in 1928, of the antibacteri al powers of the mould from which peni cillin is derived was a great triumph. Alexander Fleming found that a liquid mould culture, which he named 'penicillin', prevent ed growth of staphylococci. One day Fleming's assistant brought him a plate on which a colony of dangerous bacteria were being grown. "This plate is spoiled", said the assistant. "Some mould accidentally formed on it and I'll have to throw it away". Fleming was ready to agree. Then he looked at the plate. He had a wonderful power of observation. And for over fifteen years he knew what he was looking for. Now Alexander Fleming noticed that the germs all round the mould were gone. It was a lucky accident that caused the mould, which had floated through the window to land in one of Fleming's cultures. He immedi ately set about studying it. He put some of the mould on other plates and grew more colonies of it. Now came the most important test of all. Was this new substance toxic to the tissues of an animal? Would it harm the human body at the same time as it killed microbes, like the old antiseptics? Fleming injected a rabbit and a mouse with this sub stance. It did them no harm! The doctor named this substance Penicillin. It belongs to the same family of moulds that often appear on dry bread, in damp cupboards, or on old shoes, or fruit. In a few days it turns dark green and secretes drops of yellow liquid. This liquid stops the growth of the most com mon disease germs. Fleming was finding out more and more about penicillin. He found that the mould began to produce penicillin on the fifth day, when one drop of penicillin to twenty drops of distilled water would kill microbes... On the eight day penicillin was twenty times as strong! After this it grew weaker. Alexander Fleming tried penicillin in the hospital with good results. But the penicillin was seldom at its strongest when it was want ed. Moreover Alexander Fleming couldn't get anyone interested in it, nor a chemist who would extract it for him. Years passed. For ten years Alexander Fleming kept his love for penicillin in his heart. He was still looking for a chemist. Meanwhile, at Oxford, two great research workers, Florey and Chain, had found a new method for extracting pure peni cillin. They tried their new powder on differ ent bacteria. Fifty white mice were given a fatal dose of deadly microbes. Twenty-five of these mice were treated with penicillin. After sixteen hours all the mice which had not been treated with penicillin were dead. Of the mice which had been injected with penicillin, all survived. It was the happiest day in Fleming's life. But penicillin had not yet been used on a man. Then one day a case was tried. A policeman was suffering from an infected wound. His whole body was covered with abscesses. There was only a little pure peni cillin. The dying man was given the first injection of penicillin. At the end of twenty- four hours there was a great improvement in his condition. But doctors were short of peni cillin ... and the man died. Alexander Fleming was looking for a way to put penicillin into production. Luckily later the United States Government offered to give several million dollars for large-scale production of penicillin. Three years later, twenty-one American companies were pro ducing enough penicillin to treat seven mil lion patients. In 1942 Fleming tried his own first exper iment. A friend of his was very ill, dying. After several injections the man was cured! Some years later Fleming went to Sweden to receive his Nobel Prize. In his Nobel Prize lecture, Fleming said, "My only merit is that I did not neglect an observation, and that I pursued the subject as a bacteriologist". Fame and success left Fleming quite unmoved. He remained for the rest of his life the same quiet, natural man. "Everywhere I go people thank me for saving their lives", remarked Fleming. "I don't know why they do it. I did n't do anything. Nature makes penicillin - I just found it". He died on 11th March 1955 in London, and was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. He is known as the "father of antibiotics". The two letters A.F." on a flagstone show where he lies. . II. Read all special words from the text and find their Russian equivalents. III. Divide the text into parts. IV. Home assessment. What can you tell about Fleming as a man and a scientist? Список использованной литературы
Список литературы по экологии (английский язык)
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