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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- TƏQVİM – TEMATİK PLAN
- LECTURE 2 HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
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Azərbaycan Respublikası Təhsil Nazirliyi Bakı Avrasiya Universiteti Fakültə: Filologiya Kafedra: Xarici dil və ədəbiyyat Fənn: Ölkə ədəbiyyatı tarixi 2 TƏSDİQ EDİLMİŞDİR: Kafedra müdiri: fil.ü.f.d., b/m N.Ə.Yusifxanova (S.A.A.) “10” “sentyabr” 2020-cu il TƏQVİM – TEMATİK PLAN Müəllim: Ələsgərova İradə Kurs: II Qrup: Ene082/101 Saat: M 30, S 30 20202021-ci tədris ilinin birinci yarım ili
LECTURE 1 DEVELOPMENT OF WRITEN LITERATURE English language came from the language of the Anglo-Saxon tribes who settled in England from the 5th century A.D. They had no writing until they learned the Latin alphabet from Roman missionaries. The earliest written works in Old English were composed orally and passed on from speaker to speaker before being written. We know the names of some of the later writers but most written works are anonymous. Old English literature is mostly narrative, or epic. During the Old English period, written literature began to develop from oral tradition. In the 8th century poetry written in Old English appeared. One of the most well-known 8th century Old English poem is Beowulf. It is a great Germanic epic poem. Two poets of the Old English Period who wrote on religious themes were Caedmon and Cynewulf. A large number of manuscripts remain from the Anglo-Saxon period. They were written in both Latin and Old English. Old English literature began, in written form, as manuscripts. In total there are about 400 surviving manuscripts containing Old English texts, 189 of them considered major. There are four major manuscripts: The Junius manuscript, also known as the Caedmon manuscript, which is an illustrated poetic anthology. The Exeter Book, also an anthology, located in the Exeter Cathedral. The Vercelli Book, a m ix of poetry and prose; it is not known why it came to be in Vercelli. The Nowell Codex, also a mixture of poetry and prose. This is the manuscript that contains Beowulf. The Middle English Period consists of the literature produced after the Norman Conquest of 1066 and about 1500. During this time the standard literary language was known as "Middle English." Before the second half of the 14 th century, the literature consisted of religious writings. In the second half of the 14th century was produced the literature in Middle English. The most famous works of that period are Geoffrey Chaucer's “The Canterbury Tales’, Pearl Poet’s “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”, and Thomas Malory's “Morte d'Arthur”. LECTURE 2 HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE The English language and English literature began with the recorded history of Britain. The early history of England includes five invasions which contributed to the development of the English language and the literature: The Roman invasion The Anglo-Saxon invasions The Christian invasion The Viking invasion The Norman-French invasion At the time of the earliest written records, the British Islands were inhabited by Celtic people known as Britons. Roman invasion of Britain began around A.D.43. The Celtic people resisted but could not fen off the invading Roman troops. One of the principal figures fighting the Romans was the Celtic queen Boudicca. She led her people in revolt and for some time managed to hold back the mighty Roman legions. The Romans conquered Britain around A.D.44. They set up fortresses, light houses on the coast, a defensive wall across the Northern border of England named Hadrian’s Wall and great Roman Baths. The Anglo- Saxons were German tribes who began raiding the coastal areas of Britain around 450. For over 100 years, Anglo-Saxons continued to raid and gradually to settle in Britain. They were pushing the Celtic people into the remote parts of Britain- into. These places are today the countries of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. With them they took their Celtic language which formed the basis of the Gaelic languages of Scotland, Wales and Ireland. The culture of Anglo-Saxons is much in evidence in Old English literature. They had a rich tradition of oral literature. The scope, the singer, described the significant events by composing and performing tales such as “Beowulf”. The Anglo-Saxon invasion established the English language and the earliest English literature. The next important step, the recording of that literature, came with the return of Christianity to Britain. The arrival of Christianity in Britain was as influential on the language and the literature. In 597, St .Augustin arrived on a mission to Christianize the pagan Anglo-Saxons. During the same time period, Celtic Christianity continued to spread from the northern and western parts. The Anglo-Saxons were illiterate; therefore, their oral stories were not written until the Christian monks recorded them. Many words with Latin roots found their way into the English language. The establishment of monasteries in Britain also led the production of beautifully illuminated manuscripts, such as the “Lindisfarne Gospels”. Between 750 and 1050, another group of war-like pagan tribes raided Britain and gradually settled primarily in the north and east of England. The Vikings were from the area now known as Scandinavia. While they had cultural similarities with the Anglo-Saxons, they brought their own language. It was another impact on the developing English language. Words such as sky, skin and wagon originated with the language of the Vikings. The year 1066 is possibly the most important date in the history of Britain and in the development of the English Language. When William the Conqueror defeated the English King Harold at the Battle of Hastings, he brought to England a new language and a new culture. Old French became the language of the court, of the government, the church, and the aristocratic entitles. Old English, the language of the Anglo-Saxons, existed only among the lower orders of society. However, within three to four hundred years, the English language emerged, greatly enriched by French vocabulary. It was different from the Anglo-Saxons’ Old English. It was Chaucer’s language, now referred to as Middle English. Yüklə 36,33 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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