Jaguar (
Panthera onca)
Care Manual
7
Association of Zoos and Aquariums
The AZA Jaguar SSP endorses the
concept that, to the fullest extent possible, management under
human care should emulate circumstances an animal might encounter in nature. The sketch of natural
history information presented here is intended both to offer considerations for exhibit design and care as
well as to suggest additional reading of the cited references for additional detail.
The jaguar is the only living big cat, genus
Panthera, native to the western hemisphere. A terrestrial
apex predator throughout much of sub-tropical and tropical America, wherever it shares the landscape
with humans, the jaguar’s cultural significance matches its importance as an
indicator species for the
health of ecological communities. The jaguar inhabits such a wide variety of environmental conditions that
few facts about any one individual or group should be taken as absolutes for the species. As a result, it is
a mistake to make broad claims about the psychology or activity of jaguars as a whole. In many ways,
placing an emphasis on individuality may be the one generalization that accurately can be made.
To pre-Columbian people, the jaguar was a deity. Approximately twenty-five hundred years ago, the
Olmecs first carved likenesses of the jaguar into statues of jade and stone and even carved human
figures with jaguar heads. Reaching its prominence in Mesoamerica around 1200 B.C., the Olmec culture
and its art were suffused with human-jaguar figures. As a symbol of royal power, a jaguar pelt was often
worn by Mayan kings. Carved stone stelae depict the
presentation of regalia, including helmets in the
shape of a jaguar head. Elaborate verbal and visual puns created multiple layers of meaning in Maya
writing. For example, the name of Xbalanque, a mythical hero whose exploits during the creation of the
world explain many natural phenomena, translates as “sun’s hidden aspect.” Within his name
is a pun on
balam (jaguar), and his image always includes jaguar rosettes, either on his clothing or his skin itself
(Coe, 1992). He well may be the personified Jaguar God of the Underworld, the agent
—
among other
things
—
of the sun’s nightly passage beneath the earth. So it stands to
reason that the jaguar, nocturnal,
powerful, invisible but always present, could also represent the sun’s hidden aspect.
Aztec culture also featured jaguars in art, architecture, and religion.
Tezcatlipoca, god of darkness
and evildoers, was often disguised as a jaguar. His spotted skin represented the stars in the night sky.
The two highest Aztec military orders took as their emblems the top predators of sky and earth: the
Orders of the Eagle and Jaguar (Schele
and Miller, 1986).
Both the common and scientific nomenclature for the species have mixed cultural histories. The name
jaguar originated in Amazonia and most likely came into Brazilian Portuguese from the native Tupi word,
yaguara, “beast of prey.” The genus
Panthera originated from the Greek
παν
Θηρ,
translated literally as
“hunter (or predator) of all,” referring to all spotted cats.
Onça is a Portuguese common name for the
jaguar which may have its roots in
the Latin lynx
(
Collins English Dictionary
, 2014).
The jaguar has been under considerable pressure because of conflict with the livestock industry in
Latin America for many years, yet it has long been considered one of the
premier cats for zoological
institutions to exhibit at their facilities. The jaguar is a charismatic and impressive species on display and
an icon for conservation education. With an integrated interpretive approach utilizing multiple
communications media, the public can easily be made aware of the jaguar’s
—
and many other species’
—
plight of habitat loss, fragmentation, and human persecution throughout its range.
Traditional taxonomic methods relying on morphology and geography originally divided the family
Felidae into four genera (
Acinonyx, Felis, Neofelis, and
Panthera) (Nowak & Paradiso, 1983), but work in
molecular genetics has brought to light a much more complicated relationship among groups of cats.
Three major groups, the ocelot lineage, the domestic cat lineage, and the pantherine lineage, have been
recognized, and these groups include more than a dozen genera (Johnson & O’Brien, 1997).
Culminating with the tenth edition of Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae in 1758, classification of living
organisms was based on physical characteristics and on the geographic location in which type specimens
originated. This work used a downward classification scheme whereby large groups were
split into
smaller groups based on possession or lack of a characteristic. Identification keys, consistent and specific
descriptions and standardization of synonymous names, and binomial nomenclature were the tools that
set Systema Naturae apart from its predecessors (Mayr & Ashlock, 1991). It defined the standard for
taxonomic method for two centuries. Until the
mid-Twentieth Century, organisms were classified
according to similarities and differences making no direct implication of actual genetic relatedness.
After Watson and Crick deduced the structure of DNA and its role as the genetic blueprint, biologists
began to classify organisms based on their genetic relationships and their places in ecosystems. Today,
researchers in biosystematics focus much of their work on phylogenetic relationships among species. In