Application of Digital Technologies for Expansion Planning of Integrated Energy Systems

4 Special aspects of digitalization of 
integrated energy systems 
The introduction of digital technologies into integrated 
energy systems makes it possible to organize flexible 
coordinated control of expansion planning of such 
systems. Conceptually, integration is carried out in the 
following three aspects [8]: 
• a system aspect representing the integration of systems 
of various types, includes systems of electricity, 
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heat/cool and gas supply, in each case, they can be 
integrated all or individual types; 
• a spatial-scale aspect reflecting the size of systems with 
differentiation into super-, mini-, microsystems; 
• a functional aspect determining the type of activity of 
the 
system 
(its 
purpose), 
including: 
energy 
(technological); communications and control; making 
decisions. 
Consider the digitalization of integrated energy systems 
in accordance with the noted aspects. The use of digital 
technologies ensures the collection, transmission, 
processing and receiving of information in real time on 
all constituent components of an integrated energy 
system in relation to all aspects of integration. Integrated 
energy systems consist of different types of energy 
supply systems that are subsystems in the integrated 
systems. Each of the subsystems contains its own set of 
elements. These elements can be grouped according to 
the following performed energy functions: generation, 
transport, distribution and consumption. In turn, each 
element has its own set of equipment in accordance with 
the performed energy functions and belonging to the 
type of energy supply system. Digitalization is ensured 
by the introduction of digital technologies for all 
subsystems, their set of elements and equipment. This 
corresponds to the digitalization of individual energy 
systems. At the same time, there are special features of 
digitalization in the joint consideration of systems of 
various types within the framework of integrated energy 
systems. These features are associated with technical and 
technological solutions for integration, therefore, the 
digitalization of integrated energy systems can be 
considered in the following two directions: 
• application of digital technologies for individual 
subsystems for the purpose of their control; 
• the use of digital technologies for technical and 
technological solutions for integration in order to ensure 
the coordination of subsystems and the implementation 
of system-wide goals. 
The use of digital technologies also enables the 
integration of systems of various sizes. This corresponds 
to the spatial-scale aspect of integration (Fig. 1) and is 
done by aggregating information for individual systems 
of a smaller scale and presenting it to coordinate larger 
systems, or vice versa, disaggregating it to coordinate the 
work of large systems with smaller systems. 
Fig. 1.
Energy supply system levels. 
The implementation of integration in the functional 
aspect depends on the completeness, quality and 
relevance of the information. Such information can only 
be obtained through the implementation of modern 
digital technologies. At the same time, cybersecurity 
problems are aggravated [17, 18]. 
The complex for digitalization of the IES includes the 
following components: 
• Digital devices. 
• Digital models. 
• Methodological support of digital modeling. 
• Communication technologies. 
• Information and intelligent technologies. 
Digital devices will provide adaptive control and 
protection, full monitoring of all elements of the energy 
supply system, distributed state estimation. Receiving, 
processing and representing information is carried out on 
the basis of digital technologies. 
Digital modeling involves the development of digital 
models and the solution of a set of control tasks based on 
these models using the appropriate methodological 
support. The IES model is a set of data structures that 
describe the configuration of the system, the composition 
of its equipment and its characteristics, the state of the 
elements and their properties. Energy supply systems of 
various types, which are part of the IES, have common 
structural and topological properties and physical laws of 
energy transport, which allows us to formulate the 
following general statements for the development of IES 
models: 
• Modeling the IES in the form of a graph, the vertices of 
which correspond to nodes (sources, connection nodes, 
consumers), and arcs correspond to branches (pipelines, 
power lines, etc.). 
• Representation of the IES computer model as a set of 
graph describing the configuration of this system, and a 
set of graphical and mathematical models describing the 
properties of its elements. 
• The hierarchical construction of the IES model is 
provided by the formation of individual element and 
subsystem schemes nested at several levels of the 
hierarchy. 
Methodological support for digital modeling of IES has a 
commonality of its conceptual and mathematical 
statements, and the methods, algorithms and specialized 
software are used to solve tasks can be universal. At the 
same time, various types of energy supply systems have 
their own individual characteristics, which must be taken 
into account in their digital modeling as part of an IES. 
For example, unlike other large energy systems and large 
pipeline systems, the operation of the heat supply 
systems is characterized by two parameters that are 
different in their physical essence: dynamic changes in 
flow and temperature are very different from each other. 
The flow rate in the network substantially changes 
without inertia. The process of propagation of a 
temperature wave through a heating network, which is 
determined by the flow velocity of the heat carrier, can 
last for hours. 
Modeling IESs as new objects of research with 
corresponding new properties and features, causes, first 
of all, the problems in: 
• Aligning a common goal with multiple systems goals. 
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• Intersystem distribution and many decision-making 
centers. 
• Development and implementation of an optimal 
strategy in general and for systems in particular. 
• Resolution of intersystem conflicts. 
• Coordination of interests of suppliers and consumers. 
• Coordination of multiple decision-making centers. 
• Conjugation of hierarchical levels in each system and 
horizontal links between individual systems. 
Communication technology. The digital communication 
networks and data exchange interfaces are provided to 
ensure information exchange in the IES and its control. 
One of the most important goals is to ensure a 
continuous controlled balance between demand and 
supply of energy resources. For this, the network 
elements must constantly exchange information with 
each other about the parameters, the amount of 
consumed energy and planned energy consumption, and 
various commercial information. 
Information and intelligent technologies. The large size 
of the IESs and the computational complexity of the 
models, methods and algorithms do not allow the study 
of these systems without the use of specialized software. 
Information and intelligent technologies should ensure 
the solution of all tasks of expansion planning and 
operation control of IESs within a unified information 
space. Fig. 2 shows the architecture of the information 
and communication platform for IESs research [19], 
developed at the ESI SB RAS to create a unified 
information space. 
The creation of digital integrated energy systems 
requires not only the introduction of digital technologies 
into existing energy supply systems, but also the 
transition from their rigid existing hierarchical structure 
"generation - networks - consumers" to a more flexible 
one, in which each node of the system can be an active 
element. The new system design should combine a 
certain independence of many decision-making centers 
and their coordination to ensure sustainable energy 
supply to consumers.