Zaporozhyan state medical university departement of infectious diseases

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the body massa, one time), albendazol (400 mg, one time). Oinment with 

anesthesin is prescribed at intese itch in the perionale folds. 

ENTEROBIOSIS 

 

Prophilaxis of enterobiosis is just the same in the case of intestine 

infectious. It is necessary to keep body clean, clean dwelling, working places 

especially childrens institutions. 

 

TRICHOCEPHALOSIS - (syn. - trichuriasis, whip worm infection) is the 

anthroponotic geohelmintosis, belongs to nematodosis. 

Etiology. The agent is – Trichocephalus trichiuris – nematode 3,5-5,5 sm., 

parasitizes in large intestine, rarely in lower part of intestine tenue. The anterior 

part of helminth is starched and looks as hair. Trichuris trichiura is obligate 

hematophagus. After insemination femalelays eggs in the lumen of large intestine, 

which get into soil with excrements and become mature active larvas during 17-20 

days, at t° 26-30°C, high humidity and good aeration. 

Epidemiology. A man is reservoir and source of the agent. The discharge 

of helminth eggs with feces begins in 1-1,5 month after contamination and leasts 

for 3-6 years. The mechanism of transmission is fecal – oral. The main factor of 

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transmission is – vegetables, berries, greenery, cultivated in the soil fertilized with 

feces. The disease begins at the use in food only mature eggs, that`s why it isn`t 

dangerous to have direct contact with ill man. 

Pathogenesis. When mature (invasion) eggs get into the large intestine the 

larva leaves it and invades in villus. In 3 days larva gets in intestine lumen. 

Penetrating with thin cephalic end into thick layer the larvas are fixed in it. In 1-1,5 

month pubertal helminth are formed from larvas . The main place of helminth 

inhabitancy is cecal intestine, sometimes vermiform process rarely other parts of 

large intestine and lower parts of thin intestine. At this time hairy-like part of 

Trichuris trichiura body is in mucous, submucous and even muscular layer, the 

posterior thickened part hangs down in the intestine lumen. Such arrangement of 

Trichuris trichiura is connected with peculiarities of feeding. – it absorbs blood 

vessels, situated in intestine wall. In the place of Trichuris trichiura invasion and 

fixation in mucous layer of thin intestine, edema and infiltration are developed, 

sometimes hemorrhage. Invasion of parasites deep in mucous tunic stipulate the 

constant irritation of interoreceptons causing the reflex of disorder of stomach 

functions, duodenum and CNS. The important meaning in trichicephalios 

pathogenesis is the sensabilization of organism with parasite metabolites.  

Symptoms and course. The weak invasion of Trichuris trichiura doesen't 

cause serious disorders in thick intestine and has subclinical course. At serious 

invasion the main symptoms are: nausea, sometimes vomiting, appetite lowering, 

sialorrhea, stomacache localizing in right iliac region, meteorism. The patients 

often notice irritability, insomnia, sometimes intestine headache may appear. At 

trichcephaliosis instable stool or moderate diarrhea often appears, which is 

stupulated with disorder of water absorption in thick intestine as the result of the 

damage of mucous tunic and interoreceptors irritation. At the blood analysis 

moderate eosinophillia and hypochromic anemia are observed. 

Complications. Proctosigmoiditis, rectum prolapse, appendicitis, 

hipochromic anemia. Specific diagnosis is based on finding of Trichuris trichiura 

eggs in feces. Use of the methods of enrichment essentially improve the 

effectiveness of parasitologic examinations, which must be done some times in 

succession.  

Treatment. It is preferably to prescribe mebendazol (0,1gr one time after 

meal), medamin(10 mg/kg during 3 days), albendazol (0,4 gr one time). So as 

Trichuris trichiura become accustomed to live in anaerobic conditions, the high 

content of oxygen is dangerous for them. That`s why it is necessary to use 

moistened oxygen which is prescribed per rectum during 5-7 days. 

Prophilaxis. Timely discovery and treatment of infected people, protection 

of environment from fecal contamination, observance of the rules of personal 

hygiene, necessary to wash vegetables and fruits. 

 

ANCYLOSTOMIDOSES  (syn. - ancylostomiasis, hookworm disease) is 

the anthroponotic geohelmintosis, belongs to nematodosis. 

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Etiology.  Ancylostomidoses unite two helminthoses similar in 

epidemiologic and clinical manifestations. The agent of ancilostomosis is 

Ancylostoma duodenale, necatoriasis agent is Necator americanus. The proportions 

of female a.duodenale 10-13*0,4-0,6 mm., male 8-11*0,4-0,5mm; the proportions 

of female n.americanus 7,6-13,5*0,3-0,35 mm., male 5,5-10*0,2-0,25 mm. Necator 

eggs are similar with the eggs of ancylostoma. 

Epidemiology. The agent of infection is ill man, excreted in environment 

immature eggs of helminths . The development of larvas in external environment is 

possible at t° from 14 to 40° C (optimal – 27-30° C), high humidity of soil and 

good aeration. The direct contact with ill man has no danger for other people. The 

infection with ancylostomosis often takes place through contaminated hands, 

vegetables, fruits, greenery. The infection with necatorosis takes place at walking 

bare foot.  

Pathogenesis.  Ancylostoma and nekator are localized in thin intestine, 

mainly in duodenum and jejunal intestine. The larvas of ancylostoma get into 

organism per os and develop in intestine without migration. Necator larvas usually 

invade activly through cutis, penetrate into the bloody capillaries, migrate along 

large and small circle of blood circulation. When they reach the lungs, they get into 

intestine through pneumanic tract, larynx and throat, where in 4-5 weeks develop 

up to grown – up helminth. Fixation of helminth to mucous tunic of intestine is 

accompanied with local damage of tissues and origin of microhemorrhages. 

Helminths feed with blood and excrete special anticoagulantes, which cause long – 

term hemorrhages. The term of helminth life is 3-5 years and even more. 

Symptoms and course. If the larvas penetrate through skin, the early 

manifestations are connected with their migration along organism. In the early 

phase of ancylostomidoses eosinophillia infiltrates in lungs and vascular 

pneumonia with fever and high (up to 30-60% eosonophilles in blood is discribed) 

Tracheitis and laryngitis with voice hoarsness and even aphonia are observed.  

The intestine phase id manifested in 30-60 days after contamination – pains 

in the stomach, vomiting, diarrhea and fatigue appear. Pains in epigastric region 

remind ulcer and duodenum pains. At feces examination (coprocytogram) 

erythrocytes are found. The Gregersen reaction practicaly always is positive. The 

characteristic sign of ancylostomides is hypochromic anemia developing in a great 

number of patient, wich sometimes has serious form. The patients complain of 

fatigue, dyspnea, noise in ears, increased mental and physical defatigation, 

dizziness, darkness in the eyes, loss of weight, appetite lowering or increase 

(rarely). The patients often eat clay, lime, paper, lick metal things, salt, soap. The 

blood smear analyses show anisopoikilocytosis, microcytosis, hypchromia of 

erytrocytes.  

Complications. The signs of the first stage of ancylostomidosis are – skin 

infection in the region of entry hilus accompaning with local inflammatory 

reactions. In the migration phase – allergic manifestations even Quinque edema, 

laryngospasm, in the intestine phase – hypochromic anemia. At long parasiting the 

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