grallatorial
Adapted for wading.
grazing
pastoreo
Consumption of autotrophs by herbivores. Also applies to consumption of pseudoflora (sessile invertebrates) by carnivores. In most marine systems, unlike terrestrial systems, there is little attempt to distinguish between browsing and grazing.
greenhouse effect
efecto invernadero
Warming effect of retention of long wave length (infrared) radiation by the lower
atmosphere with relative transparency to transmission of short wave length radiation
(visible light).
gross primary production
producción primaria bruta
Rate of carbon fixation by autotrophs per unit area (or per unit volume) per unit time (cf primary production).
guild
gremio
Ecology: A group of species that utilizes one or more aspects of environmental resources in
much the same way, eg a feeding guild contains species that feed in similar ways on
similar organisms or nutrient sources (cf depensatory compensation).
gynochoric
ginocórico
Pertaining to organisms dispersed by motile females.
gyre
giro, vórtice
Circular or spiral motion of water or air, used to describe a semienclosed current
system, such as the macroscale (qv) subtropical anticyclonic (qv) gyres or such cyclonic (qv) gyres as occur in regions such as the Pacific Subarctic.
H
habitat
hábitat
Ecology: Living place of an organism, defined by its location and physical, chemical and
biological properties.
hadal zone
zona hadal
That part of the ocean that lies in the deep ocean trenches below the general (abyssal)
level of the deep ocean floor.
Hadley Cell
célula de Hadley
Meteorology: Macroscale convective circulation in the lower atmosphere in which winds at the surface are equatorward and winds aloft are poleward, driven by differential latitudinal heating of the earth’s surface by the sun. In the Northern Hemisphere the tropical Hadley Cell (trade wind zone) operates between the equator and approximately 30° N. The polar Hadley Cell (polar easterly zone) operates between the North Pole and roughly 60°N. In between, 30°to 60°N is the zone of the Ferrell Cell (zone of the westerlies). The Southern Hemisphere has a mirror image arrangement (approximately). This description is of the so-called Tricellular Model, which is descriptively useful but oversimplified.
hadopelagic
hadopelágico
Pelagic in depths greater than 6000 m (cf hadal zone; ultra-abyssopelagic).
halocline
haloclina
Any zone of rapid change of salinity, typically with depth as the principal independent
axis.
halodrymium
manglar
A mangrove (mangal) community.
halophilic
halofílico
Thriving in (tolerant of) high salt concentrations in the environment.
halophyte
halofítico
Plant adapted morphologically and physiologically to grow in markedly saline
environments, eg Rhizophora, Salicornia, Spartina.
halosere
Characteristic sequence of communities associated with developmental stages in
plant succession in salt marshes.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg
Law that states that gene and genotype frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation given a sufficiently large panmictic (qv) population and in the absence of
genetic drift, mutation pressure, migration, and selective breeding.
helic (helium)
de marjal, marisma, ciénaga
Ecology: Pertaining to marshes or marsh communities.
heliotropic
heliotrópico
See phototropic.
hemiplankton
hemiplancton
See meroplankton.
Hennig '86
A widely used package of computer programs for phylogenetic analysis developed by J. S. Farris, Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook.
herbivore
herbívoro
Heterotroph that consumes plants or living plant material (or autotrophic protists or procaryotes) (cf carnivore, detritovore, omnivore).
hermaphroditism
hermafroditismo
Bisexuality with both sexes present in the same individual. May be synchronous or
sequential (cf protandry, protogyny).
heterochrony
heteroconismo
Dissociation during development of factors of shape, size and maturity, so that
organisms mature in these and/or other respects at earlier or later growth stages.
This leads to paedogenesis (qv) or recapitulation (qv).
heterograde
heterógrado
A non-uniform gradient of a factor in the water column, eg an oxygen minimum layer.
heterosis
Hybrid vigor; the selective superiority of heterozygous over homozygous individuals
from either parental stock.
heterospecific
heterospecífico
Pertaining to a different species (cf conspecific).
heterotrophic
heterotrófico
(1) Required utilization of organic substrates (food) as a source of energy (cf autotrophic).
(2) Applied to consumer organisms, herbivores and carnivores, but may also be true
of some plants capable of utilizing organic molecules as an energy source under certain conditions.
heuristic
heurístico
Serving to further investigation; any discovery, discourse or observation that tends to
promote research or additional study, especially in a synthetic manner.
hidroplankton
hidroplancton
Plankton (qv) that achieve buoyancy by means of surface secretions.
hierarchical system
sistema jerárquico
Systematics: The grouping of individuals by a series of subdivisions or agglomerations to form a
characteristic dendrogram (cf cladogram, phenogram) representative of relationships.
higher aquatic plants
plantas acuáticas superiores
General term for aquatic angiosperms, primarily freshwater.
historical biogeography
biogeografía histórica
The study of animal distribution with emphasis on evolution and over an evolutionary
time scale, usually employing overlay of phylogenetic information on the distributional
database (cf vicariance biogeography).
holobenthic
holobéntico, holobentónico
An organism that remains benthic throughout its entire life cycle.
holopelagic
holopelágico
Organisms that remain pelagic throughout their entire life cycle (cf meropelagic).
holophyletic
holofilétco
See monophyletic.
holophytic
holofítico
Wholly plantlike in mode of nutrition, used of certain protists in opposition to holozoic (qv).
holoplankton
holoplancton
Organisms which are permanent (throughout their lifetime) members of the plankton (qv)
(cf meroplankton).
holotype
holotipo
Taxonomy: The single specimen designated or indicated as "the type" ("name-bearer") by the
original author at the time of publication of the original description in taxa at
species-level rank (species, subspecies).
holozoic
holozoico
Wholly like an animal in mode of nutrition, used of certain protists in opposition to
holophytic (qv).
homoiosmotic
homoiosmótico
Of or pertaining to organisms that are capable of regulation, to at least some degree, of internal
salt/fluid content relative to the external milieu over the range of conditions specified.
homoiotherm (endotherm)
homeotermo (endotermo)
Organism that regulates body temperature by internal physiological and/or morphological
mechanisms/processes (cf poikilotherm).
homologous
homólogo
Describes a feature or character state between two taxa when thought to have the same
evolutionary origin, regardless of current function (cf analogous).
homology
homología
A feature or state in two or more taxa that can be traced back to the same feature in
a common ancestor of the taxa, regardless of function.
homonym
homónimo
Taxonomy: One of two or more identical but independently proposed names for the same or different taxa.
homoplasy
homoplasia
Phylogeny: Apparent synapomorphy due to parallelism (qv) or convergence (qv).
homoscedasticity
homocedasia
Statistics: Of or referring to the equality or homogeneity of variances among all samples being compared.
horotelic
horotélico
Normal or average rate of evolution per million years within a given taxonomic group
(cf bradytelic, tachytelic). "Normal" is empirically determined for each group and may
lack global meaning.
host
huésped
See parasite
hybrid
híbrido
Genetics: Individual plant or animal resulting from a cross between parents of differing
genotypes. Typically applied to the product(s) of outcrossing between species.
hybrid belt (zone)
zona de hibridación
A zone of interbreeding between two species, subspecies or other unlike populations;
zone of secondary intergradation.
hybrid swarm
A series of highly variable forms produced by the crossing and backcrossing of hybrids.
hybridization
hibridación
The crossing (interbreeding) of individuals belonging to two distinct natural
populations (principally species).
hydatophytium
comunidad de plantas acuáticas sumergidas
A submerged plant community.
hydrarch succession
sucesión hidrarca
The natural progression of succeeding communities commencing in a habitat with abundant water; hydrosere. Typically refers to the succession from freshwater lake habitat to dry land.
hydric
hidrobios
A wet habitat or environment (cf xeric, mesic).
hydrochemical front
frente hidroquímico
An oceanic boundary (qv) region across which occur relatively sharp (change in value /
change in distance) gradients in abiotic (qv) factors , often associated with a marked transition in oceanic community constituency and structure. For example the marked hydrochemical front at 10° S in the Indian Ocean.
hydrochoric
hidrocórico
Dispersed by the agency of water, used primarily of freshwater lotic (qv) habitats (cf advection).
hydrographic gate
puerta hidrográfica
A set of physical/chemical/biological conditions that may "toggle" a reference potential
transport pathway (particularly for larval or juvenile forms) between barrier (qv) and
corridor (qv). For example, coastal tide and meteorological conditions may interact to promote or prevent ingress of larval fishes from the coastal ocean to an otherwise suitable nearshore nursery area.
hydrography
hidrografía
Oceanography and Limnology: A branch of physical oceanography with emphasis on ocean currents, especially as they affect navigation, including preparation of navigation charts and of current and tide
tables. The term is sometimes used more generally to refer to the study of ocean currents and associated phenomena per se.
hydrologic cycle
ciclo hidrológico
The water cycle; the global movement of water between atmosphere, hydrosphere and
lithosphere.
hydrology
hidrología
Study of the flow of water in various states through the terrestrial and atmospheric
environments and of interchange with sources and sinks in the sea.
hydrophyte
hidrófita
Plant that is adapted morphologically and/or physiologically to grow in water or very
wet environments, used primarily of freshwater habitats.
hydrostatic pressure
presión hidrostática
The force per unit area exerted by a column of water; pressure increases by 1 atmosphere per
10 m vertically downward in a water column.
hydrotaxis
hidrotaxis
An orientational or movement response cued by the presence of a water or moisture
stimulus.
hydrotectonics
hidrotectónica
Study of plate tectonics (qv) applied to ocean basins, principally from the standpoint of effects on ocean circulation, water mass formation and extent, and domain properties.
hypactile
Pertains to that part of the littoral zone exposed by the tide for less than one-quarter of the
tidal cycle.
hyperbenthic
hiperbéntico
Living above but close to the substratum (suprabenthic) (cf epibenthic, endobenthic, engibenthic).
hyperosmotic
hiperosmótico
A solution that exerts a greater osmotic pressure than the solution of reference (eg
sea water is hyperosmotic to teleost blood). (cf hypoosmotic, isosmotic).
hypersaline
hipersalino
Having a high salinity, well in excess of normal sea water; typical of isolated
bodies of seawater with high evaporation rates (lacking or with restricted
free access to the sea).
hypodigm
hipodigma
Taxonomy: The entire known material of a species available for study (not that uncommonly
employed in work on deepsea organisms).
hypolimnion
hipolimnio
Lower, cooler, noncirculating water in a thermally stratified temperate lake in summer (cf
epilimnion).
hyponeuston
hiponeuston
Organisms living immediately below the surface film of a body of water (cf epineuston).
hypoosmotic
hioposmótico
A solution that exerts a lower osmotic pressure than the solution of reference (eg
freshwater is hypoosmotic to teleost blood). (cf hyperosmotic, isosmotic).
hypoxic
hipóxico
Waters undersaturated (low) in dissolved oxygen content, as in oceanic oxygen minimum
layers (cf anoxic).
I
ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature)
(CINB) Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Botánica
See International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
ichthyology
ictiología
The study of fishes, with emphasis on comparative and evolutionary biology, broadly
defined, but including studies on all aspects of the biology of fishes as it relates
to natural, unexploited populations (cf fisheries biology).
ichthyoplankton
ictioplancton
Fishes, typically larvae and juveniles, in the meroplankton (qv).
ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature)
(CINZ) Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica
See International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
-idae
Suffix; ending of the name of a subclass in the botanical or of a family in the
zoological literature.
immigration
inmigración
The movement of an individual or group into a different population or geographical region
(cf emigration).
-inae
Suffix; the ending of the name of a subtribe in botanical nomenclature and of a subfamily
in zoological nomenclature.
indeterminate growth
crecimiento indeterminado
Growth that continues throughout the life span of an individual (although commonly in
differing proportion of total length or mass as a function of age) (cf determinate
growth).
index species
especie indicadora
(1) Ecology: Species characteristic of a particular community, ecosystem or habitat.
(2) Paleontology: Species characteristic of a particular rock unit or time zone.
Indian Ocean
Océano Indico
Third largest of the main oceans of the world. Area =73,443,000 km2. The northern Indian Ocean is dominated by intense monsoonal wind fields which cause dramatic surface current changes.
indicator species
especie indicadora
A species indicative of a particular environmental regime, organismal assemblage
or biogeographic area. Usually used in the ecological sense to indicate (serve as an
index of) a particular environmental regime.
indifferent species
especie indiferente
Species occurring in a given community but not showing strong fidelity (qv) to that community, occurring in one or more additional communities as well (cf accidental, exclusive, preferential, selective species).
indigenous
indígena
See endemic.
-ineae
Suffix; the ending of the name of a suborder in botanical nomenclature.
infauna
The total animal life within a sediment (cf epifauna, benthos).
infralittoral
infralitoral
Intertidal region exposed only at the lowest spring tides.
infraspecific
infraespecífico
Below (contained within) a taxon assigned the rank (qv) of species. Ranges from panmictic (qv)
single populations to formae (qv) to subspecies (qv), but on a continuum, with any
attempt to draw sharp definitional limits likely to fail. Infraspecific groupings are not accorded formal recognition in the ICZN (qv).
ingroup
Systematics: The collection of OTU's (qv) under study, for which an attempt at phylogenetic elucidation is being made.
-ini
Suffix; the ending of the name of a tribe in the zoological literature.
inland sea
mar interior
Extensive body of water that is largely or entirely surrounded by land, eg Black
Sea, Baltic Sea, Caspian Sea (cf epeiric sea).
inlet
entrada
(1) A recess, such as a bay or cove, along a coast.
(2) A stream mouth or bay leading inland, as from the ocean; an estuary.
(3) A narrow passage of water, as between two islands.
inquilinism
comensalismo
Symbiosis (cf commensalism) in which one organism (the inquiline) lives within another without causing damage to the host (eg crustaceans and fishes inquiline in sponges); also used
to describe living within the burrow, nest or other domicile of another species.
inshore
hacia tierra
General term for ocean regions in close proximity to land (cf offshore).
insolation
insolación
The amount of incoming solar radiation received over a unit area of the Earth's surface
per stated unit of time.
instantaneous species
especie instantánea
A species wherein a single individual is capable of establishing a new species population distinct from the parental species.
instar
estadío
Any intermolt stage in the development of an arthropod.
interannual
interanual
Pertaining to events that vary on a year-to-year basis, particularly seasonally-related
events.
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
hipótesis de perturbación intermedia
Hypothesis that diversity in a community is greatest when disturbance (perturbation)
is intermediate on scales of frequency and intensity.
intermediate water mass
masa de agua intermedia
Water mass lying between a principal upper water mass or water masses (eg South
Atlantic Central Water) and a deep water mass (or masses; eg North Atlantic Deep Water),
such as Antarctic Intermediate Water.
internal wave
onda interna
Wave that forms within a water column at the boundary interface between two water
masses (layers) differing in density.
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Botánica (CINB)
The internationally adopted set of rules governing botanical nomenclature.
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica (CINZ)
Regulations governing the scientific naming of animals. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature is the international authority that establishes those regulations and supervises their application.
interspecific
interespecífico
Between species, interaction between or condition described for two or more species (cf intraspecific).
intertidal zone
zona intertidal, zona intermareal
Area between mean high-water level and mean low-water level in the coastal region.
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
Zona de Convergencia Intertropical
Low latitude zone of convergence (qv) between air masses flowing equatorward as part
of the lower limb of the tropical Hadley Cell (qv). Zone of the doldrums (qv). The ITCZ
moves latitudinally with the progression of the seasons.
interzonal
Between two zones; used of pelagic species inhabiting two or more defined depth zones.
intraspecific
intraespecífico
Within a species, interaction between conspecific individuals or condition described for a single species (or selected populations thereof). (cf interspecific).
intrinsic rate of increase
tasa intrínseca de crecimiento
The "little r" of the exponential (qv) and logistic (qv) models of population increase.
introduced species
especie introducida
A species transported to a new geographic area beyond the normal range of the species, usually through human agency or intervention, as contrasted with native (qv) species.
introgressive hybridization
hibridización introgresiva
The spread of one or more genes of one species into the gene pool of another species
as a result of hybridization.
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