dichotomous character
caracter dicotómico
A character that exists in only two states, a binary character, eg present vs absent.
dichotomous key
clave dicotómica
An identification key constructed as a sequence of alternative choices; each pair
forming a character couplet.
diel vertical migration
migración vertical diaria
Twice daily movement of planktonic or micronektonic organisms in response to
day:night shift in light intensity. Typically migrating organisms are found at shallower
depths during nighttime, deeper depths during daytime. Sometimes (incorrectly) termed diurnal vertical migration.
differentiation
diferenciación
(1) Biology: Changes in structure and function of a group of cells with increasing specialization
during ontogeny. Loss of totipotency (qv). (2) Biogeography: The origin of difference(s) between different organisms or biotas as a result of evolution and/or other processes.
dimictic
dimíctico
Applied to a body of water (typically a midlatitude lake) in which occur two seasonally
driven turnover events.
directional selection
selección direccional
(1). Evolution: Anagenetic speciational trend in which there is an apparently directed (orthogenetic)stepwise succession of species or forms, presumably reflecting longterm, monotonic selection (cf anagenesis, orthogenesis).
(2). Genetics: Selection that changes the frequency of an allele in a constant direction, often used in agriculture/horticulture (cf disruptive selection, stabilizing selection).
discrete depth sampling
muestreo de profundidades discretas
Sampling protocol employing equipment that allows capture of organisms within a limited
and defined depth stratum, with little or no contamination (unwanted captures) in
depths shallower (or deeper) than the specified stratum. Essential to description of diel vertical migration (qv), seasonal and ontogenetic shifts in depth, etc. (cf open net haul).
disharmony
Ecology: In biodiversity, the overrepresentation of some groups of organisms and under-
representation or absence of others due to accidents of dispersal. Encountered frequently
in dealing with oceanic islands but may apply elsewhere.
disjunct
disyunto
Distinctly separate; used of a discontinuous range in which one or more populations are
separated from other potentially interbreeding populations by sufficient distance or other barriers to preclude effective gene flow between them.
dispersal
dispersión
Tendency of an organism to move away from its birth (natal) or breeding site (cf philopatry).
dispersal biogeography
biogeografía dispersiva
Study of the geography of organisms through the center-of-origin/dispersal approach (qv).
dispersion
dispersión
Statistics: The internal pattern of variation within a population, eg variation in
the value of a character around a mean value. In spatial statistics the pattern relative
to some specific location of individuals relative to one another (cf even, random, aggregated).
disphotic (dysphotic) zone
zona disfótica
Middepths of the ocean (or in freshwater) where light intensity is sufficient during
daylight hours to cue diel photic response or visual detection, but insufficient to
support net positive photosynthesis (cf euphotic, aphotic).
disruptive selection
selección disruptiva
Population biology: Selection that changes the frequency of alleles in a disjunctive or divergent manner, leading to bimodality (or multimodality), ie the fixation of alternative alleles in
members of the population, which, after several generations, should result in two (or more) divergent phenotypic extremes in the population, with few or no intermediate phenotypes (cf directional selection, stabilizing selection).
distance
distancia
Systematics: Any measure of dissimilarity between taxa.
distribution
distribución
(1) Biogeography: The geographical range of a taxon or group.
(2) Ecology: The spatial pattern or arrangement of the members of a population or group (cf dispersion).
diurnal
diurno
Active during daylight hours (cf crepuscular, nocturnal).
diurnal vertical migration
migración vertical diurna
See diel vertical migration.
divergence
divergencia
(1) Evolution: Change in allele frequencies in a population. Also: genetic segregation and/or differentiation within a taxon to the extent that distinct derivative taxa result (cf anagenesis, cladogenesis).
(2) Oceanography, meteorology: Net outward flow (loss) from a particular stratum, with deeper fluid upwelling to replace it, as at the surface along the equator in the Pacific. The opposite of convergence (qv).
diversification
diversificación
Evolution: Increase in the diversity of distinct types in one monophyletic lineage.
diversity
diversidad
Ecology: Measure of the taxonomic complexity of a community with the components of species
richness (number of species) and dominance or equitability (the distribution of
individuals among species). Often measured by indices that estimate the likelihood that two individuals of the same species will be selected on successive random samples from the community.
diversity index
índice de diversidad
Mathematical expression of the species diversity of a given community or area, typically
including components of both species richness (qv) and equitability (qv).
DOC
COD
Dissolved organic carbon. That fraction of nonliving organically bound carbon in
seawater that will pass through a filter of stipulated pore size (often 0.45 mm). By
far the largest fraction of organically-bound carbon in sea water.
doldrums
zona de calmas ecuatoriales
Meteorology: Oceanic equatorial zone with low pressure and light variable winds at the surface,
reflecting the overhead ascending arm of the tropical Hadley Cell (qv). The zone moves
seasonally north and south with respect to the equator (cf convection, trade winds).
domain
dominio
Oceanography: Unique identifiable bodies of water with consistent properties, climatic locality and continuity. For example Transitional Domain (cf transition region).
dome
domo
Oceanography: An area of recumbent (return) flow in an equatorial current system resulting in upwelling (qv) as indexed by marked shoaling of isotherms and other features, as in the Guinea Dome (eastern tropical Atlantic) or Costa Rica Dome (eastern tropical Pacific).
dominance
dominancia
Ecology: Applied to species that are conspicuously successful in competition. The species having the most influence on community composition and form; also used to describe the most conspicuous, or largest and/or most abundant species in a community.
dominance hierarchy
jerarquía de dominancia
(1) Behavior - Social order of dominance sustained by agonistic or other behavior, eg
pecking order.
(2) Ecology - listing in rank order by species of community components, the most abundant species is listed first, the next most abundant second, and so forth.
dominant species
especie dominante
The species having the greatest influence on community composition and form.
downwelling
hundimiento (de masa de agua)
Sinking of ocean surface waters, as in the central regions of an oceanic anticyclonic
Gyre (cf upwelling).
drift
deriva
(1) Oceanography: Movement of objects at the ocean surface associated with advection by currents or being blown by the wind.
(2) Geology: Any sediment laid down through the activity of glacial ice.
(3) Geophysics: Movement of crustal plates, including continents or portions thereof, relative to the mantle.
DSL
capa difusora profunda (CDP)
Deep scattering layer. A sonically interfering stratum of organisms causing sensible
acoustic return on sonar equipment, often yielding an acoustic signature as a false bottom.
dwarfism
enanismo
The condition of being stunted, much smaller than normal, having restricted growth.
dynamics
dinámica
Movement of objects and the forces thereunto related, in a Newtonian Laws
of Motion sense. In modern ocean science jargon has come to mean studies directed
toward elucidation of function and prediction as opposed to static description.
dysphotic
disfótico
See disphotic.
dystrophic
distrófico
Pertaining to overproductivity in aquatic environments, usually related to abnormally high nutrient load, resulting in choking overgrowth of aquatic vegetation (cf eutrophic, oligotrophic).
In a lake typically associated with bog and peat production and anoxia in bottom waters and/or sediments.
dyticon
pelon, psammon
An ooze-inhabiting community.
E
East Pacific Barrier
barrera del Pacífico este
The barrier to dispersal of shallow-water marine organisms (as well as terrestrial
organisms) imposed by the vast islandless expanse of the eastern Pacific Ocean.
eastern boundary current
corriente de margen oriental
The relatively shallow, slow, high productivity near-coastal limb of the great
subtropical anticyclonic gyres found on the eastern margin of oceans (especially the
Atlantic and Pacific); eg the California, Peru, Canary and Benguela Currents.
ebb tide
marea bajante
The receding or outward flowing portion of the tidal cycle (cf flood tide).
ecdemic
alóctono
Foreign, non-native, introduced (cf endemism).
ecesis (œcesis)
The pioneer stage of dispersal to a new habitat; successful invasion and establishment.
eclectic
ecléctico
Composed of theories, doctrines, protocols or paradigms drawn from a number of
different sources; willingness to use that which works in place of that which is
desired. Pragmatic.
ecogeographical rule
regla ecogeográfica
Any generalization describing a trend of geographic variation correlated with
environmental conditions (cf Bergmann's rule, Jordan's laws).
ecological (Eltonian) pyramid
pirámide ecológica (de Elton)
Graphical representation of trophic structure and function of a community or
ecosystem; may consist of plots of numbers (abundance) or biomass or energy. Illustrates
that energetically the autotrophs are always dominant but in standing stock terms grazing pressure may result in so-called inverted pyramids (biomass only) for short periods of time.
ecological amplitude
amplitud ecológica
A component of "potential niche" (cf fundamental niche) - range of tolerance of a given organism to any one environmental parameter (temperature, salinity, etc), often exhibiting a
bell-shaped response curve or nearly so.
ecological biogeography
biogeografía ecológica
The study of animal distribution with emphasis on environmental association, usually
emphasizing present not longterm interactions, seeking to utilize pattern in environmental
parameters (physical, chemical, biological) to elucidate understanding of pattern in the distribution of single species and assemblages of species.
ecological efficiency
eficiencia ecológica
Ratio of output to input of mass and/or energy at any given trophic level (qv) (also
applied to single species or populations or parts or assemblages thereof).
ecological niche
nicho ecológico
See niche.
ecological race
raza ecológica
A race (qv) that owes its most conspicuous attributes to the selective effect of a specific environment, usually localized or of limited distribution.
ecologically equivalent species
especie ecológicamente equivalente
Pairs of independently evolved but ecologically similar species occupying similar niches
in different communities; also termed complementary species.
ecology
ecología
Study of the interrelationships among organisms and between organisms and all
aspects of their environment, both living and nonliving.
ecophene
ecofeno
All naturally occurring phenotypes produced within a given habitat by a single genotype.
ecophenotypic
ecofenotípico
(1) Denoting nongenetic modification of the phenotype by specific ecological conditions,
particularly those associated with a particular habitat.
(2) Variation caused by nongenetic responses of the phenotype to local conditions of habitat, climate, etc.
ecosystem
ecosistema
Used to describe the interdependence of species in the living world (biome (qv) or
community (qv)) upon one another and with their nonliving (abiotic) environment. Energy
flow, material flow and biogeochemical interactions are among the fundamental components of ecosystem-level studies.
ecotone
ecotono
Relatively narrow and sharply defined transition zone between two or more communities.
Edge communities or assemblages (those associated with ecotones) are commonly species
rich with elements of both communities present (although in extreme ecotones (land to sea, freshwater to salt water) the reverse may be true).
ecotype
ecotipo
A descriptive term applied to local races (especially plants but also zooplankton)
of varying degrees of distinctiveness which owe their most conspicuous characters
to the selective effects of local environments.
ecronic
estuarial
Estuarine.
ectotherm
ectotérmico
See poikilotherm.
eddy
torbellino, rulo, giro, vórtice
Oceanography, meteorology: Small or mesoscale (cf mesoscale feature) motion of fluid (air or water) in different directions (including at some points contrary to the direction of the large-scale current with which they are associated) usually in circular form. Eddies vary in size from small-scale turbulence to such mesoscale features as cold core (qv) and warm core rings (qv).
edge effect
efecto de borde
Ecology: (1) The effect exerted by adjoining communities on the population structure within the
marginal zone (ecotone), which often contains a greater number of species and higher
population densities of some species than either adjoining community. (2) In biofouling studies pertains to differences in the composition and abundance of organisms occurring at the edge of a structure compared to the center of the structure (eg fouling panel).
edge species
especie de borde
A species found predominantly or commonly in the marginal zone (ecotone) of a community.
Ekman divergence
divergencia de Ekman
As a consequence of the Coriolis effect and friction, surface drift in response to the wind is 90° to the right of the wind over the depth of the Ekman layer (qv) in the
northern hemisphere. Thus sustained longshore winds cause offshore divergence of surface waters with the consequence of coastal upwelling, a most important feature of eastern boundary current ecosystems, at least seasonally.
Ekman layer
capa de Ekman
The thickness of the layer of water affected by the Ekman spiral, Ekman surface drift, and hence Ekman divergence; a function of wind speed and latitude: DE ~= 4.3 W /(sin f)1/2 (where DE = Ekman Layer depth, W is wind velocity, and f is the latitude, in appropriate units), approximately 50 m for a wind of 10 m sec-1 at 45° N.
El Niño
Oceanography: Collapse of the normal upwelling regime in the eastern Pacific, particularly in the Peru Current, associated with trans-Pacific flushing of warm wind-mixed layer water during an ENSO (qv) event .
electivity
selectividad
Ecology: Measure of the degree of prey selection by a predator in relationship to the prey
available (cf coarse-grain exploitation, fine-grain exploitation).
electromorph
electromorfo
Term designating a population (s) differing from another such population (s) in the
electrophoretic mobility of one or more enzymes (cf allozymes).
Eltonian Pyramid
See ecological pyramid.
eluvium
A sand dune community (synonym: enaulium).
emersal
Applied to eggs and/or larvae, typically of fishes, where the parents may spawn on or near
the bottom or in the water column but the eggs and smallest larvae and juveniles are
typically near the surface, at the shallowest depth for the species (cf demersal).
emersed aquatic plants
plantas emergentes
Plants that are partially emergent, typically referring to freshwater aquatic plants.
emigration
emigración
Biogeography: Movement of an individual or group out of a geographical region (cf immigration).
enaulium
See eluvium.
endemism
endemismo
Confined to; occurring nowhere except in the place of reference. Situation in which a species or higher taxonomic group is restricted to a particular geographic region, reflecting history, ecology and opportunity (synonyms: exclusive, peculiar, precinctive, provincial).
endobenthic
endobéntico, infaunal
Organisms that live in the surface sediments on the sea floor (cf epibenthic, hyperbenthic, infauna).
endogenous rythm (rhythm)
ritmo endógeno
A recurring behavior pattern, the cues for which arise or originate
internally within the organism or system, eg the observation of daily activity
patterns even when light is held constant; biological clock. (cf zeitgeber).
endolithic
endolítico
Of or pertaining to organisms that live in rocks (or hard substrata such as dead coral) (cf lithophagic).
endotherm
endotérmico
See homoiotherm.
engibenthic (engybenthic)
Of or pertaining to close association with the sea floor.
enrichment
enriquecimiento
Ecology: Addition of nutrient(s) to an ecological system.
ENSO event
fenómeno de El Niño
Oceanography: Acronym from El Niño - Southern Oscillation. A global coupled atmosphere-ocean event with El Niño (qv) as one effect. Caused by a weakening of the trade winds, especially the SE trades, in the Pacific, associated with anomalously high pressure over Indonesia, resulting in a considerable volume of warm mixed-layer water moving eastward along the equator in the Pacific in the form of a series of Kelvin waves.
entrainment
Oceanography: Energy driven incorporation of one parcel of water into the flow of another, as in the entrainment of deeper, more saline, denser water upward into outflowing fresher water
(typically river discharge) at the mouth of a river, distributary or estuary.
environment
ambiente
Ecology: The complete range of external conditions, physical, chemical and biological, in
which an organism lives.
environmental resistance
resistencia ambiental
The sum total of environmental limiting factors, both biotic and abiotic, which
constrain the potential niche of an organism to its realized niche (qv).
epeiric sea
mar epicontinental
Epicontinental sea (qv).
epibenthic
epibéntico
Of or pertaining to organisms that live on the surface of the sea floor (cf endobenthic, hyperbenthic, infauna).
epibiota
An organism or group of organisms occurring commensally on the surface of another
organism.
epicontinental sea
mar epicontinental
A shallow sea extending far into the interior of a continent, eg Hudson's Bay,
Baltic Sea.
epiclysile
Pertaining to the tide pools of the upper shore.
epideictic
A specially timed communal aggregation within a population, possibly for interbreeding.
For example one proposed function for diel vertical migration (qv) is social
facilitation (qv) of interbreeding.
epifauna
Of or pertaining to animals that live on as contrasted to living within a substratum (living or nonliving) (cf benthos, infauna, phoresy).
epilimnion
epilimnio
Upper warm relatively thin (usually) mixed layer in a thermally stratified lake in
summer - lying over the deeper usually considerably thicker cold hypoliminion (qv).
epineuston
Organisms living on the surface film of a body of water (cf hyponeuston).
epipelagic
epipelágico
(1) Stratum between 0 - 200 m in the offshore ocean.
(2) In the oceanic realm, the euphotic (qv) zone, where light levels permit
positive net rates of photosynthesis.
(3) Pelagic organisms found during daylight within these depth limits.
epipelic
epipélico
Growing on mud.
epiphyte
epifítico
Plant that uses another plant, such as a tree or giant kelp, for physical support, but does not draw nourishment from it.
epipleuston
Organisms which move over the surface film of water with most or all of their bodies
above the water.
epipsammon
epipsammon
Microscopic flora and fauna found on the surface of and/or attached to sand grains.
epitokous
epitóquico
Reproductive; having or producing offspring.
epizoic
epizoico
An organism or group of organisms living commensally on the surface of an animal.
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