-26.SO mBs -25 _00 mBS
Pic. 2. Dynamics of the area change in various regions of the sea coast at two values of level
By the flooding Atlas the housing and economic objects located on all extent of a coastal zone
which is under the threat of flooding and flooding is defined:
•
50 settlements
•
250 industrial enterprises
•
60 km of highways
•
10 km of the railway
•
30000 hectares of winter pastures
•
10000 hectares of the irrigated soils
•
recreational objects on 200 thousand persons.
Sea level fluctuations are caused by changes of the sea water balance. The water balance of
the Caspian depends directly on climate changes occurring throughout the Caspian Sea basin to
which the Volga river provides more than 80% of the water volume. Some scientists suggested that
sea level variations are due to tectonic processes taking place in the region of the Caspian Sea. But
the study of geomorphologic processes for the last 200 years shows that the tectonic activity in the
region is very weak. Some have even suggested that there is a relation between the Caspian Sea's
rise and the Aral Sea's dramatic fall (Kazakhstan), even suggesting there might be an underground
canal, linking the two seas. But such ideas don't have scientific basis. Many scientists confirm that
contemporary science cannot predict level fluctuations up to 5 - 10 years. Even in countries with
higher technologies used for forecasting, it is usually no more than 3-6 months.
Main environmental problems arising in connection with the increase in the level of the Caspian
Sea
The modem ecological condition of the Caspian Sea is defined, on the one side, by the influence of
rising of sea level, on the other side - increasing anthropogenesis load.
The following main processes influencing the ecological condition of the coast are occurred as a
result of sea level rise.
Was there any flooding and inundation of the coastal part of the territory on which the settlements,
communications, agricultural objects, landing stages, etc. are located?
4
Flooding shallow waters change internal water with the high sea, and the newly formed shoal
becomes an additional receiver transporting pollutants from the ground that will cause a
deterioration of the ecological condition.
Filling of oil - gas deposits by mineral oil and their spread will lead to additional pollution.
Covering subsoil waters, contributing to a sharp increase in the waterlogging of the territory and the
increase in the evaporation of groundwater, increases the processes of soil salination and
groundwater.
The basic sources of pollution of the Caspian Sea which are:
•
Superficial drain
•
Dump of crude sewage
• Emergencies on sea transport and the pollution on water area of the sea
•
Superficial flushing
Conclusion:
The total area of the flooded territories is 484,5 square kilometers. If the level of the
Caspian Sea rises by 1,5 m - i.e. to the mark of minus 25.00 mBS, then the flooding area will in
addition increase by 825,1 square km and total flooding area will be 1309,6 square kilometers. Thus,
sea level of 1.5 m on the Azerbaijani coast increases the flooding area nearly three times.
The basic volume of polluting substances arrives to Caspian Sea with a river drain which makes
90 % and more of its total volume. This parity is traced practically on all components: petro bones,
phenols, detergent, organic substances, heavy metals. According to the pollutants of oil and the total
amount of more than 90 % prevails. The second considerable pollution of seas is phenol.
REFERENCES
1.
Aliyev A.S. Risinq of level of Caspian Sea and flooding of a coastal zone of the Azerbaijan
Republic. Baku, 2001, 144 p.p..
2.
Aliyev A.S., Veliyev S.S. Dynamics of change of level of Caspian Sea during historical time
and in the near future. Meteorology and the Hydrology, 1999, M3, p.79 - 87.
3
Aliyev A.S. Rising of level of Caspian Sea and flooding of a coastal zone of the Azerbaijan
Republic. Theses of reports of conference «Study of local lore and environment protection in
Azerbaijan», Baku, 1998, p.110 - 112.
4
Aliyev A.S. Estimation of flooding of a coastal zone of the Azerbaijan Republic at increase of
level of Caspian Sea in 1978-1995. Hydrometeorology and Ecology, 1999, N 21, p. 28 - 33.
5
Aliyev A.S., Mansimov M. R, Mamedov R.M. Fluctuations of level and social and economic
problems of a coastal zone of Caspian Sea. Hydrometeorology and environment monitoring, 1999,
N22, p.49 - 59
6. Aliyev A.S. The last sharp rise of the level of the Caspian Sea.
Proceedings of the international conference "The Caspian region -Environmental consequences of
the climat change" Moscow, 2010, p.146 - 148
7
Aliyev A.S. Present rise of the water - level of Caspian Sea and its influence on the economy
of Azerbaijan. Proceedings regional workshop Integrated costal zone management 1996, I.R. Iran,
p.59 – 62
5
The impact of climate change on the Caspian Sea ecosystem
K.I. Asaeva
1
, S.K. Monakhov
2
1
FSBI "Caspian Marine Scientific Research Centre",
2
"Research Centre of Southern
Seas Ecology" Ltd.
Key words: Caspian Sea, climate change, marine ecosystem, impact of climate
change on the marine biota
Introduction
The Caspian Sea biota is sensitive to climate change, which affects it via different
routes: water temperature, ice content, surface runoff, sea level, water circula-
tion etc (Hydrometeorology, 1996). The climate change affects some of the spe-
cies, the marine ecosystem as a whole as well as its integral components (Katunin,
2014). Current scientific views on this issue are fragmentary; they have to be gen-
eralized and systematized, which is the aim of this paper.
The Caspian Sea climate is continental and is determined by its location in the mid
latitudes of the Northern hemisphere, in the central area of Eurasia, far from the
Atlantic Ocean (Hydrometeorology..., 1992). This particular fact is a reason for a
wide range of interannual fluctuations of air and water temperature. At the mo-
ment, the Caspian Sea is not linked to the World Ocean, and this affects the Cas-
pian Sea climate; it has to exchange warmth and moist with atmosphere only. The
relief of the surrounding land, lowland in the north and highland in the west and
the south, plateau-like in the east, plays an important role - it affects the move-
ment of the air masses and distribution of precipitations along the coast. Finally,
due to the meridional outstretch of the depression occupied by the sea (more
than 1000 km), its northern and southern coasts are located in different climatic
zones: the former - in the moderate climate zone, and the latter - in the subtropi-
cal zone (Kosarev, 2005).
The Caspian Sea biota has adapted itself to its climate. A typical instance is the
Caspian Seal Phoca caspica (Gmelin), breeding on the ice of the North Caspian and
feeding in the warm waters of the South Caspian. The life cycle of the major sea
inhabitants is adapted to the seasonal and long-term changes of hydrometeo-
rological conditions. The example can be set by the Caspian Sea fish species mi-
grating within the sea and inflowing rivers, whereas migrations are initiated by
the changes of water temperature (Caspian Sea, 1989). In addition, most of the
Caspian Sea inhabitants are eurythermic: they can live at a wide range of tem-
peratures (Yablonskaya, 2007), which is also a sign of adaptation to the climate.
6
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