Trait Theories: Intro., Allport, Eysenck, & Cattell
trait = consistent patterns in the way that people think, act, and feel.
Emphasizes inherent qualities
Views on traits:
1. nomothetic approach
2. idiographic approch
Assumptions:
a. stability of personality
b. differences between people
Approaches to studying traits:
1. Many-trait approach
2. Single-trait approach
e.g. authoritarianism
e.g. self-monitoring
3. Essential-trait approach
Murray (20+ needs)
Cattell (16 traits)
Eysenck (3 traits)
The Big Five (or Five Factor Model)
Gordon Allport (1897 - 1967)
ideographic approach
interactionism
Structure of personality - heirarchy
3. Cardinal traits - ruling passions
2. Central traits
3. secondary traits
Proprium = the self
functional autonomy- behavior becomes independent of original motive
Hans Eysenck (1916 - 1997) PEN Model
Three types:
1. Introversion/Extraversion
2. Stability/Neuroticism
3. Impulse control/Psychoticism -
Inhibition Theory:
Why do people differ on these types? Eysenck postulated:
A. heredity (research:)
B. cerebral cortex differences in CNS
C. research in support of Eysenck=s inhibition theory
Furnham & Bradley (1997)
Furnham et al. (1994)
Cambell & Hawley (1982)
Landrum (1992), Bullock & Gilliland (1993)
In-class application:
Based on what you know about yourself, are you an introvert or an extravert? Given your classification as an introvert or extravert, what types of study conditions are likely to maximize your academic performance? Does this match with how you currently study?
Cattell (1905 - 1998)
Based on language. Used factor analysis to reduce trait words.
Used a multivariate statistical approach.
1. Multivariate
2. Bivariate
3. Clinical approach
Sixteen Personality Factor (16 P.F.) Questionnaire
marriage counseling
career testing
16 personality factors:
reserved vs. warm
reactive vs. emotionally stable
deferential vs. dominant
serious vs. lively
shy vs. socially bold
trusting vs. vigilant
practical vs. imaginative
traditional vs. open to change
In-class Integration of material:
Compare the views of Allport, Eysenck, and Cattell on the trait concept, emphasizing similarities and differences.
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