Three Waves of Migration (1930s-40s)

Three Waves of Migration (1930s-40s)

• Three Waves of Migration (1930s-40s)

• “Classical”
• Rural to Urban
• From Europe (especially Eastern Europe)
• “Classical,” part II
• Rural Black Farmers

Added Importance to:

• Added Importance to:

• Race
• A social category based upon some inherited, biological characteristic
• Ethnicity
• A social category based upon some cultural trait or characteristic

Contributes to:

• Contributes to:

• Stereotypes:
• simplified, rigid mental images of what members of certain groups are like
• Discrimination:
• the unequal treatment of certain people on the basis of their race, ethnicity, religion, gender

“Ecology” of the city

• “Ecology” of the city

• Process of invasion & settlement of a territory

• Concentric Zones

• Zone 1: Central Business District
• Newcomers: settle in Zone 2 (the zone in transition)
• “Natural Areas”

Assimilation:

• Assimilation:

• "a process of cooperation in which one ethnic group loses its identity"
• Differences between 1st and 2nd Generation Immigrants

Louis Wirth, “Urbanism as a Way of Life”

• Louis Wirth, “Urbanism as a Way of Life”

• The city as a troubled place
• Especially Zone 2
• The zone in transition
• Crime, mental illness, alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.
• Crude crime rate (#crimes/1000)
• Always highest in zone 2

Biological & Psychological Attempts to Explain

• Biological & Psychological Attempts to Explain

• Inherited inferiorities/abnormalities
• Physique
• Phrenology
• XYY
• Minority of Cases

Correlation

• Correlation

• “X” and “Y” are always found together in time and space

• Temporality

• “X” always precedes “Y”

• Intervening Variables?

• “X”  “Z”  “Y”

Not biological, not psychological

• Not biological, not psychological

• Time in zone in transition = 4-7 years

• Over time, population turns over
• But crime & deviance rates consistently highest in zone 2

• Social Disorganization (Wirth et al.)

• Not individuals; not biology, not psychology

Thorstein Sellin: cultural conflict

• Thorstein Sellin: cultural conflict

• Frederick Thrasher: gang activity

• Daniel Bell: “Crime as an American Way of Life”

Edwin Sutherland

• Edwin Sutherland

• Differential Association

• Gresham Sykes & David Matza

• Techniques of Neutralization

• Robert Merton

• Anomie
• Deviance and Opportunity Structures

Universal, so necessary

• Universal, so necessary

• Society of monks

• Boundary Maintenance

• Group Solidarity

• Innovation

• Tension Reduction

Howard Becker & Edwin Lemert

• Howard Becker & Edwin Lemert

• Not the act, but the societal reaction
• Secondary deviance (Lemert)
• Deviance varies across:
• Time
• Situation
• Culture & Society