The quaternary paleontology and paleoecology of crystal ball cave, millard county, utah: with emphasis on the mammals and the description of a new species of fossil skunk

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FIGURE CAPTIONS

Figure 1 - Index map showing the location of Crystal Ball Cave and other features of the Snake Range and Snake Valley. The stippled area represents the extent of Lake Bonneville at the Bonneville Level.

Figure 2 - Looking west at Gandy Mountain. The arrow marks the location of Crystal Ball Cave.

Figure 3 - Planimetric map of Crystal Ball Cave (modified from Halliday 1957) showing the location of fossil sites.

Figure 4 - Plot of Sylvilagus and Lepus dentaries from Crystal Ball Cave and ranges of variation for all species of leporids presently living in and near Utah and Nevada. Some of the measurements of Recent specimens were made by the author from the Brigham Young University Monte L. Bean Museum mammal collection, and some were provided by J. A. White (1984 personal communication). The number of Recent specimens measured were 31 of S. idahoensis, 22 of S. nuttallii, 33 of S. audubonii, 12 of S. floridanus, 40 of L. americanus, 36 of L. californicus, and 29 of L. townsendii. Symbols on the plot margins represent Crystal Ball Cave specimens on which only one of the two plotted measurements could be made.

Figure 5 - Photographs of the type specimen of Brachyprotoma brevimala (BYUVP 7490) in palatal and right side view (X3).

Figure 6 - Plot of Equus first phalanges from Crystal Ball Cave and ranges of variation for some late Pleistocene North American species. The number of specimens plotted to show the range of variation were 46 of E. conversidens, 9 of E. niobrarensis, 6 of E. occidentalis, 6 of E. pacificus, and 2 of E. scotti. These measurements were taken from Dalquest and Hughes (1965), Gazin (1936), A. H. Harris (1984 personal communication), and Harris and Porter (1980).

Figure 7 - Plot of Equus second phalanges from Crystal Ball Cave and ranges of variation for some late Pleistocene North American species. The number of specimens plotted to show the range of variation were 26 of E. conversidens, 3 of E. niobrarensis, 8 of E. occidentalis, 4 of E. pacificus, and 2 of E. scotti. These measurements were taken from Dalquest and Hughes (1965), Gazin (1936), A. H. Harris (1984 personal communication), and Harris and Porter (1980).

Figure 8 - Plot of Equus third phalanges from Crystal Ball Cave and ranges of variation for some late Pleistocene North American species. The number of specimens plotted to show the range of variation were 6 of E. conversidens, 5 of E. niobrarensis, 1 of E. occidentalis, 2 of E. pacificus, and 2 of E. scotti. These measurements were taken from Dalquest and Hughes (1965), Gazin (1936), A. H. Harris (1984 personal communication), and Harris and Porter (1980).

Figure 9 - Map showing the location of ten late Pleistocene cave faunas (see table 10 for a list of the mammalian taxa recovered) and the Silver Creek fossil site described by Miller (1976).

TABLE CAPTIONS

Table 1 - List of taxa recovered from Crystal Ball Cave.

Table 2 - Radiometric dates of bone samples from Crystal Ball Cave provided by Geochron Laboratories, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Table 3 - Measurements of Brachyprotoma skulls. Brigham Young University Vertebrate Paleontology (BYUVP) 7490 is from Crystal Ball Cave, Utah. American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) 12426 and 11772 are from Connard Fissure, Arkansas (Brown 1908, Hall 1936). U.S. National Museum (USNM) 8155 is from Cumberland Cave, Maryland (Gidley and Gazin 1938, Hall 1936). Carnegie Museum (CM) 11057A and 20233 are from Frankstown Cave, Pennsylvania (Hall 1936, Peterson 1926, P. M. Youngman 1984 personal communication). A skull mislabelled Carnegie Museum (CM) 308 (here listed as Cra. Pit is from Crankshaft Pit, Missouri (Oesch 1967, Parmalee et al. 1969). Starred measurements are based on photos only. All measurements are in millimeters. The coefficients of variability (C.V.) have been multiplied by 100.

Table 4 - Measurements of Equus first phalanges from Crystal Ball Cave. All measurements are in millimeters and parallel to the main bone axes.

Table 5 - Measurements of Equus second phalanges from Crystal Ball Cave. All measurements are in millimeters and parallel to the main bone axes.

Table 6 - Measurements of Equus third phalanges from Crystal Ball Cave. All measurements are in millimeters and parallel to the main bone axes.

Table 7 - Measurements of first phalanges of Camelops cf. hesternus (C) and Hemiauchenia cf. macrocephala (H) from Crystal Ball Cave. All measurements are in millimeters and parallel to the main bone axes.

Table 8 - Measurements of second phalanges of Camelops cf. hesternus (H) and Hemiauchenia cf. macrocephala (C) from Crystal Ball Cave. All measurements are in millimeters and parallel to the main bone axes.

Table 9 - Measurements of third phalanges of Camelops cf. hesternus from Crystal Ball Cave. All measurements are in millimeters and parallel to the main bone axes.

Table 10 - Comparison of the Crystal Ball Cave faunawith nine other Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene mammaliancave faunas located within 240 miles (400 km) of Crystal Ball Cave. The locations of these caves are shown in figure 9.
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