Stry of higher and secondary specialized education of the republic of uzbekistan state university of world languages

narrow	mid
broad
Uzbek	[i, u]	[e, o, o' ]	[a]
Russian	[и], [ы], [у]	[э], [о]	[а]

Lip Position
When the lips are neutral or spread the vowels are called unrounded.They are – [i:], [i], [e], [ǽ], [a:], [Λ], [ә:], [ә]in English. In Uzbek they are –[и], [э], [a], in Russian [а], [э], [и], [ы].
When the lips are drawn together so that the opening between them is more or less round the vowel is called rounded.
They are – [o o: u u:]. In Uzbek[у], [ў], [o]. In Russian [о], [у].
According to the length, English vowels are classified into short and long:
Long vowels are – [i: a: o: u: ә:]
Short vowels are – [i, e, o, u, Λ, ә].
But in comparison with English, there is no such division of vowels in Uzbek and Russian. But in Russian vowels are divided into stressed and unstressed vowels.
Prof. U.K. Yusupov describes some Uzbek geminisvowels such as [шуур, матбаа, Шоолим], which are alien to English. He classifies lacuna vowels in the compared languages as follows:
English lacuna vowels for Uzbek: [ǽ], [u:], [ә:], [a:], [ou], [oi], [ә:], [au], [iә], [uә], [εә], [ai].
There is only one Uzbek lacuna vowel for English. It is [o]. And one Russian lacuna vowel for English. It is [ы].
The phonemic status of English diphthongs is still a question of discussion. Diphthongs are complex units of the two elements which are closely blended together. They are syllabically indivisible, the length of diphthongs is the same as that of English long vowels. In Uzbek and Russian, there are no diphthongs, only combinations of sounds where both elements are equally energetic and distinct. English diphthongs consist of two elements, the first of which is a nucleus, strong and distinct; the second is a glide, which is very weak and indistinct. ⁴

Thus, the phonemic inventory of the English vowels includes 21 phonemes, among which the phoneme /оэ/ is regarded as facultative or optional, owing to its substitution by the vowel /о:/ in words like more /тээ/, /то:/, sore Isosl, /so:/. Therefore /зэ/ is often omitted from the inventory of English vowel phonemes . All other principles of the vowel classification, except the tongue and lip positions, are not essential in the production of the Russian and Uzbek vowels.

The main differences and partial similarity between articulatory features of the EngUsh monophthongs, diphthongoids and the Uzbek vowels may be summed up as follows: ⁵
1) The EngUsh, Uzbek and Russian vowel phonemes are characterized by the oral formation. There are no nasal vowel phonemes in the languages compared.
2) Comparing the X-ray pictures it is easy to notice the positions of the tongue and lips in the articulation of the English and Uzbek vowels. It is convenient to compare the articulations of English and Uzbek vowels establishing certain acoustic types of vowels which relatively exist in both languages /i/, /е/, /а/, /э/, /u/, /э/. For example, the acoustic type (i) includes the English /i:/, /1/ and the Uzbek /I/, Ы combines the English /ге/, /л/, /a:/ and the Uzbek Ы etc. This type of comparison makes easy to describe the phonemic interference between the English and Uzbek vowels on the basis of the articulator, acoustic and auditory properties.
3) According to the horizontal movement of the tongue, English vowels may be front, front-retracted, mixed, back advanced and back, whereas Uzbek vowels are fully front and back.
4) According to the high of the tongue and its variations (narrow, broad) there are vowels of all highs and variations in English, whereas, three levels of height: high (/i/, fu/), mid (/e/, /of) and low (/а/, /о/), are sufficient for the Uzbek vowels. But we can classify the Uzbek vowels on the basis of the variations of the height of tongue in order to clarify our comparative-typological classification. For this purpose we may compare X-ray photos and notice that the Uzbek /i/ and /u/ belong to the narrow variation of close vowels, /e/ and /о/ - to the narrow variation of mid-open vowels, /а/ and /о/ - to the broad variation of open vowels (this is clearly seen in the comparative table).
5) According to the position of the Ups, all back English vowels, except /a:/ and /л/ are rounded. However English vowels pronounced with the lips less rounded and protruded, than the Uzbek back vowels. The pronunciation of the English unrounded vowels with the neutral and spread position of the Ups is very important, whereas it is not essential for the Uzbek vowels in which only /е/ may be articulated with spread Ups.
6) Besides the above differences, which comprise quality features of English and Uzbek vowels, there is a difference based on the quantity features which make clear аИ other differences such as tense - lax, checked - free. The Uzbek vowels are typically ≪middle≫ sounds, being neither long or short.
7) The Uzbek vowels have relatively stable articulation. There are no diphthongs and diphthongoids in Uzbek. There are other differences in the articulation of the English and Uzbek vowels. For example, the Uzbek /i/ takes an intermediate position between the English fi:f and /1/. In the articulation of the Uzbek /i/ the tongue takes a less frontal position than in the English fi'.f but is more frontal than in the English N. Such differences may be found in the X-ray pictures given below. The acoustic classification of the vowels can be made on the basis of the results of spectrographic analysis. Any speech signal is the result of the vocal organs.
The vowels described in this classification include only /i/, /е/, /а/, /о/, lui, /э/. In this classification two similar simple long or short vowels correspond to a long vowel; the diphthongs /atf, /ei{, /эи/ are regarded to be combinations of two vowels; the diphthongs Лэ, иэ/ before (г) are converted into /цэ, ииэ/; all other diphthongs with the second element /i/ or /и/ are represented as /aj, oj, au/.
For the sake of simplifying things the number of vowels has been reduced to six simple vowels. The rules explained above help to economize the classification. Besides, this classification is made mainly on the basis of the General American pronunciation. As the results of spectrographic analysis show the acoustic elements by which the individual vowels are distinguished, are the frequency and relation of the first two formants (Fb F2), not however the frequency and relation the other two formants (F3, F4), not even their relation to the fust two still less their mutual relation. Later acoustic investigations prove that grave – acute feature may be established by the relation Ri = F2: F |; the height of the tongue, i.e. compact-diffuse feature - by R2 = F3: Fi and rounded - unrounded, i.e. flat - plain feature - by R3 = Fi - F3. The relation between the first two formants express the acoustic distance among the vowels. For convenience we may take overall nine vowel phonemes which are universally used in RP and GA, also in many English dialects