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with all other handwritten material were presented by Sorge to the New York Public Library. I shall mention further correspondence (with Kugelmann, Weydemeyer, Freiligrath, etc.) in cases where I have used it. I should like at this stage to express my lively thanks for the assistance which was rendered to me throughout the course of my work by Carl Grunberg’s Archiv fur die GesMchte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegungd Despite the comparatively short time which has passed since the foundation of this publication it has developed, thanks to the splendid editorial guidance of its founder, into the centre of socialist research. References : PE : Posthumous Edition. CME : Correspondence Marx- Engels. SC : Sorge Correspondence. GA : Grunberg’s Archive. Early YEARS : I was permitted to examine the process files from which I took the genealogical notes on Marx in the excellent library of Mauthner and Pappenheim in Vienna. Franz Mehring, Splitter zur Biographie von Karl Marx (Fragments for a Biography of Karl Marx), published in Die Neue Zeit (with details on the finishing examination). Franz Mehring, Die von Westphalen (The Westphalens), published in Die Neue Zeit. A Pupil of Hegel : Marx’s letter to his parents was obtained in full from Eleanor Marx and published in Die Neue Zeit. Young Hegelian literature : Karl Friedrich Koppen, Friedrich der Grosse und seine Widersacher (Frederick the Great and his Opponents), Leipzig, 1840. Bruno Bauer, Kritische Geschichte der Synoptiker (Critical History of the Synoptists), Leipzig, 1841. Arnold Ruge, Briefwechsel und Tagebuchblatter (Correspondence and Daily Memoranda), Berlin, 1886. Doktordissertation (The Doctoral Dissertation), PE, I, 63. . Anek dota zur neuesten Philosophie und Publidstik (Anecdota on the Latest Philosophy and Publications), Zurich, 1843. The Rheinische Zeitung from the 1st ofJanuary 1842 tv the 31st of March 1843, complete file in the State Library in Berlin. Gustav Mayer in his Die Anfange des politischen Radikalismus im vormiirzlichen Preussen (The Beginnings of Political Radicalism in pre-March Prussia), pub lished in Die Zeitschrift fiir Politik, Vol. VI, provides documentary material taken from the archives on the history of this newspaper together with valuable information on the sallies of the Young Hegelians into the political field. Important information on the internal crisis of the newspaper is given in eight letters which Marx wrote to Ruge and which were published by Bernstein in 1902 in his Dokumente des Sodalismus (Documents of Socialism). The most important articles written by Marx for the Rheinische Zeitung have since been collected PE, I, 71. Ludwig Feuerbach, Briefwechsel und Nachlass (Ludwig Feuerbach, Correspondence and Literary Remains), Heidelberg, 1874. Exile in Paris : The Deutsch-Franziisische Jahrbucher. The one and only double issue containing the first two numbers appeared in Paris in March
1 Archivefor the History of Socialism and the Working Class Movement issued by Professor Dr. Carl Grunberg in Frankfort-on-Main and published by C. L. Hirschfeld in Leipzig. Engels), Die Neue Zeit. See also Plechanov, Ueber die Anfange der Lehre von Klassenkampt (On the Beginnings of the Doctrine of the Class Struggle), Die Neue Zeit, and Rothstein, Verkiinder des Klassenkampfes vor Marx (Preachers of the Class Struggle before Marx), Die Neue Zeit. The Municipal Library in Vienna possesses a file of the Vorwarts, and the only article which Marx contributed to it has been reprinted in PE, 11, 41. Friedrich ENGELS : Gustav Mayer has rediscovered, so to speak, the young Engels, Ein Psrodonym von Friedrich Engels (A Pseudonym of Friedrich Engels), GA, Vol. IV. The letters of Engels to a number of his youthful friends are ofvery great interest. They were published by Gustav Mayer in the September and October numbers of the Neue Rundschau in 1913. Engels and Marx, Die Heilige Familie (The Holy Family), PE, 11, with a detailed commentary. Engels, Die Lage der arbeitmden Klassen in England (The Condition of the Working Class i, England), Leipzig, 1845. Exile in BRUSSELS : In his Dokumente des Soziallsmus Bernstein has published long extracts from the polemic conducted by Marx and Engels against Max Stirner. Concerning their connections with “ True Socialism ” see PE, II. Wilhelm Weitling, Garantien der Harmonie und Freiheit (Guarantees of Harmony and Freedom), with a biographical introduction and notes by Franz Mehring, Berlin, 1908. Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Correspondance. Marx, Das Elend der Philosophie (The Poverty of Philosophy), Stuttgart, 1885. The Deutsche Briisseler Zeitung, of which an almost complete file is in the party achives.1 The most important contributions of Marx and Engels have been reprinted, PE, II. The comparatively sparse material extant on the Communist League is collected in Marx’s Enthiillungen fiber den Kommunlstenprozess in Koln (Revela tions on the Communist Trial in Cologne), with an introduction by Engels and documents. Fourth edition with an introduction and notes by Franz Mehring, Berlin, 1914. Bertrand, Die Sozialdemokratlsche Bewegung in Belgien vor 1848 (The Social Democratic Movement in Belgium prior to 1848), Die Neue Zeit. Rothstein, Aus der Vorgeschichte der Internationalen (From the Early History of the International), Die Neue Zeit. Wilhelm Wolff, Gesammelte Schriften (Collected Writings), issued by Franz Mehring, Berlin, 1909. Marx, Lohnarbeit und Kapital (Wage-Labour and Capital), with an introduction by Friedrich Engels, Berlin, 1891. ' Marx and Engels, Das kommunistlsche Manifest (The Communist Manifesto). The last edition issued under the direction of Friedrich Engels appeared in Berlin in 1890. Revolution and Counter-Revolution : The Neue Rheinlsche Zeitung. A number of leading articles reprinted in PE, II. Franz Mehring, Freiligrath und Marx in ihrem Briefwechsel (Freiligrath and Marx in their Correspondence), Die Neue Zeit. Lassalle and Marx, PE, IV, and CME, Vols. II and III. Exile in London : The Revue der Neuen Rheinischen Zeitung. Reprinted contri bution, Marx, Die Klassenhampfe in Frankreich 1848 bis 1850 (The ClflSs Struggles in France), with an introduction by Engels. Berlin, 1895. Other reprints, including a number of monthly reviews and book reviews, and Engels, Die deutsche Reichsverfassungskampagne (The Campaign for the German Reich's Consti tution) , PE, III. The Kinkel affair was cleared up for the first time by a number of articles based on material from the archives which appeared in 1914 in the Preussische Jahrbiicher. Concerning life in exile in London see Franz Mehring, Neue Beitrage (New Contributions), taken from the correspondence Marx-Weydemeyer. Marx, Der achtr„ehnts Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte (The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte), Stuttgart, 1914. Marx, Enthfillungen fiber den Kommunistenpro;:.ess in Koln (Revelations concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne). 1 The archives of the German Social Democratic Party.—Tr. and ENGELS : This chapter is based chiefly on CME, and it is un necessary to quote detailed sources. The C^M^EAN WAR ^AND the Crisis : As this chapter was already in print when N. Riazanov published Marx und Engels : Gesammelte Schri/ten 1852 bis 1862 (Collected Writings 1852 to 1862), Stuttgart, 1917, I was no longer able to use its material. However, the biographical value of the two big volumes which have already appeared is so slight that there is no need either to correct or supple ment my own text. In general the impresion is strengthened that Marx’s work for The New Tork Tribune was by no means the lightest part of the burden he had to bear. The fact that Dana was not the actual owner of the paper, but only the slave-driver of the real owners Greeley and MacEkrath, will not lead all readers to Riazanov’s conclusion that in the circumstances Dana treated Marx fairly. During the ten years in which he was working for the paper Marx never had the least idea that Dana was only his companion in misfortune. The writings and articles of Marx and Engels which Riazanov has collected are of very diverse value. In part they round off brilliantly and admirably the great scientific writings of their authors, and in part they are—particularly in the second volume—“ ^rely newspaper correspondence ”, and in the latter case their authors would certainly not be pleased with their resuscitation. Concerning Urquhart, Harney, Jones and the other personal acquaintances of Marx who are mentioned in this chapter, see CME, Gustav Mayer, Zwei unbekannte Brlsfe von Marx and Lessalle (Two Unknown Letters of Marx to Lessalls) from the year 1885, published in the Frankfurter Zeitung on the loth of August 1913. Marx, Zur KritiJc tier politischen Oekonomie (Critique of Political Economy), Berlin, 1859. DYNASTIC Changes : Engels : PoundRhein ; Savoyen, Nina undder Rhein (Po and ^^rn; Savoy, Nice and the Rhine), reisued by Bernstein, Stuttgart, 1915. Lassalle, Der italienische Krieg \r.u die Aufgabe Preussens (The Italian War land the Task of Prussia), Berlin, 1892. Vogt, Mein Process gegm die Allg^^the Zeitung (My Action against the Allgemeine Zeitung), Geneva, 1859. Marx, Herr Vogt. Correspondence with LaSalle, Freiligrath and Weydemeyer and CME. THE EARLY Years of the International : The early literature on the In ternational (Testut, Villetard, etc.) is completely out of date, but useful occasion ally if treated with the nece^ary caution. Rudolf Meyer, Emanzipationskampf des vterten Standes (The Struggk for Emancipation of the Fourth Estate), Berlin, 1874. The first really scientific attempt to write a history of the great arsocia- tion was Jaeckh’s Die In^mationale (The In^mational), Leipzig, 1904. Origin ally written as a monograph on the fortieth anniversary of the foundation of the International, the small volume is still valuable to-day and obsolete in one respect only, though that is certainly a very important one, namely in its one-sided and harsh condemnation of all non-Marxist elements in the International, and in particular Bakunin. Jaeckh failed to see through the intrigues of Utin and the antics of Borkheim, and he relied too much on the Alliance pamphlet. Apart from Jaeckh’s work, the six annual volumes of Der Vorbote issued by Joh. Philipp Becker in Geneva from 1866 to 1871 are still the best source of information on the International. Naturally, I have not wasted as much as a word in my text on the alleged treachery ofSchweitzer. See Schweitzer, Politische Aofsatge und Reden (Political Writings and Speeches), irsued by Franz Mehring, Berlin, 1912, and Gustav Mayer, J.B. von Schweitzer und die Sozialdemokratie (J. B. von Schweitzer and the Social Democracy), Jena, 1909.
accusations without making any attempt to come to grips with the refutation. Concerning the conference of the International in London, see M. Bach in Die Neue Zeit and “ Briefe von Karl Marx to L. Kugelmann ” (“ Letters from Karl Marx to L. Kugelmann ”), Die Neue Zeit. DAS Capital : The fragmentary material for a fourth volume which was to deal with the history of economic theories, has been collected by Karl Kautsky and published under the title, Theorien fiber den Mehrwert (Theories on Surplus Value),Stuttgart, 1904. All the popularizations of Capital are obsolete for one reason, ifno other, namely that they refer exclusively to the first volume. Kautsky issued a “popular edition” of the first volume'in Stuttgart, 1914. The tremendous literature which has been written around this classic economic work is more noteworthy for its volume than for its content, and this applies not only to the books written by opponents of Marx. The nearest approach to the original in breadth of knowledge, brilliance of style, logical trenchancy of argumentation and independence of thought is Rosa Luxemburg's Die Aklcumulation des Kapitals. EinBeitragzurokonomischenErklarung des Imperialismus (The Accumulation of Capital. A Contribution to an Economic Explanation of Imperialism), Berlin, 1913, and at the same time it goes beyond the limits of the original and opens up new scientific knowledge. The way in which this book has been attacked, particularly by the so-called Austro-Marxists (Eckstein, Hilferding, etc.), represents one of the most brilliant achievements of hidebound Marxism. The International at ITS ZENITH : For this and the following chapter attention must be given to the Bakuninist literature, apart from CME and Der Vorbote. Michel Bakounin, (Euvres, Vols. I-VI, Paris, J907-13. James Guil laume, L’lnt^ternationale. Documents et Souvenirs (The International. Documents and Memoirs), Vols. I-IV, Paris, 1905-10. Max Netlau, Bakunin und die Inter nationale in Italien bis zum Herbst 1872 (Bakunin and the International in Italy up to the Autumn of 1872), GA. The same, Bakunin und die Internationale in Spanirn 1^868 bis 1873 (Bakunin and the International in Spain from 1868 to 1873) , GA. The same, Bakunin und die russische revolutioniire Bewegung von 1868 bis 1873 (Bakunin and the Russian Revolutionary Movement from 1868 to 1873), GA. Brupbacher, Marx und Bakunin, Munich, 1913. When I stress the importance of this literature in connection with the history of the Inter national I do not mean that it contains nothing but wisdom and truth. On the contrary, it is much to be regretted that its authors have failed to treat Marx with the justice they rightly demand for Bakunin. However, it is as true in historical investigation as in all other matters that there arc at least two sides to all questions and that in order to arrive at a reliable conclusion one must hear both sides. Good service is rendered in this respect by Steklov in his Michael Bakunin, Stuttgart, 1913. Steklov is a real Marxist, but just for this reason he demands that the German Social Democracy should at last do justice to Bakunin’s memory. The Confidential Communication is printed in full in Marx’s Letlen to Kugelmann. The Decline of the International: Der Biirgerkrieg in Frankreich (The Civil War in France), with an introduction by Friedrich Engels, Berlin, 1891, containing the three Addresses of the International on the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune. References of Marx to the Paris Commune in letters, see Die Neue Zeit. The fragmentary remnants of Marx's letters written during the Paris Commune to members of its Council, see Die Neue Zeit. Mimoirepresentepar laFede'rationjurassienne de l'Association Internationale des Trarail- leurs a toutes les Federations de lInternationale (Memorandum presented by the Jura Federations of the International Working-men’s Association to all the Federations of the International), Sonvillier, 1871. Les pretendues scissions darn l’lnternationale Circulaire prive du Conseil general de l'Association Internationale des Travailleur (The Alleged Disruption in the Intternational. Private circular of the General Council of the International Working-men's Association), Geneva,i872. M. Bach, DieSpaltung in der englischen Internationalen (The Split in the English International), see Die Neue Zeit. VAlliance de la democratic socialuste et I’Association Internationale des Travailleurs (The Alliance of Socialist Democracy and the International Working-men's Association), London and Hamburg, 1873. The so-called Alliance Pamphlet. THE Last DECADE : Lafargue, Personliche Erinnerungen an Karl Marx (Personal Memories of Karl Marx), see Die Neue Zeit. Marx Programmatic letter. A similar letter from Engels to Bebel printed in Aus meinem Leben. Steklov, The Bakuninustische Internationale nach dem Haager Kongress (The Bakuninust International after The Hague Congress), see Die Neue Zeit. Marx on the war in the Near East see SC, and the appendix to Liebknecht’s Zur orientalischen Frage (On the Oriental Question), Leipzig, 1878. Concerning the disputes during the first years of the anti-socialist law see SC, and Bebel, Aus meinem Leben. The last letter from Frau Marx, see SC. Concerning the last illness, death and burial of Marx, see Engels, SC, and in the Sozialdemokrat, Zurich, on the 22nd March 1883. APPEND I X The preface to the first edition of Mehring’s biography of Marx is dated March 1918. The work is therefore based on the material which had become available up to the beginning of 1918. Mehring’s preparatory work, if one takes this expression in its wider sense, occupied, one may say, the whole of his life as a Marxist writer, or practically three decades since the beginning of the ’nineties. His History of the German Social Democracy, his editing and publishing of of the Posthumous Edition, his collaboration in the publication of the Marx-Engels Correspondence, and a wealth of minor writings on Marxist and related matters all belong to this period of preparatory work. One has only to consider what was known about the life and works of Marx and Engels before Mehring in order to realize that Mehring laid the basis and sketched the general outlines. Mehring’s biography of Marx comprises and concludes a whole epoch of Marxist research—if we adopt such a concise term for the tremendous theme represented by the lives and writings and the political and organizational activities of Marx and Engels in relation to the economic, political, literary and philosophic development of their day—an epoch in which Mehring was certainly not the only figure, but equally certainly the greatest one. In addition this comprehensive work was given a classic literary form. The main part of the biography of Marx was written during the war years, whilst its author was active as one of the founders and pioneers of the Spartakist League, the predecessor of the Communist Party of Germany. This fact is important as an indication of the political standpoint adopted by Mehring in his work, and it can be seen in particular in his description of the attitude of Marx and Engels towards war and towards the practical forms in which they were faced with it, above all in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1. In the form of history Mehring had much to say concerning the Marxist attitude towards war and towards its various historical forms which could no longer have been said legally in a direct and critical fashion, and even within the limits of historical representation the military censorship compelled him to adopt many detours and circumlocutions in order to arrive at his aim. Franz Mehring died in January 1919, and since then a new stage in Marxist research has begun whose centre is undoubtedly the Marx- Engels Institute in Moscow founded by D. Riazanov and directed by him for many years under the auspices of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. \Vith the assistance of a large staff of collaborators great masses of new material have been collected, classified and editai. After 1918 many governmental, police and other archives were opened up, archives which had previously been completely closed to all investigations or which were open only to such investigators whose anti-Marxist attitude was beyond all doubt. The collected works of Marx and Engcls being published by the Marx- Engels Institute are already far progressed and include a complete and authentic edition of the correspondence between Marx and Engels. In addition there are the textual publications and investiga tions of the Marx-Engels Archives, the publication of the literary remains of Lassalle and the correspondence between Lassalle and Bismarck by Gustav Mayer, the latter’s work on the early writings of Engels, the publication of the “ Confession ” of Bakunin and other important material on Bakunin taken from the Russian archives, and the painstaking search through archives and libraries in the Rhineland, in London and in Paris, etc. However, not only has the material itself tremendously increased, but the historical horizon of Marxist research has been tremendously widened as a result of the revolutionary upheavals whose starting- point was the Russian Revolution in November 1917, as a result of the first historical appearance of a State based on the proletarian dictatorship and destined to be more than the historical episode represented by the Paris Commune, and finally as a result of the fact that the basis of bourgeois society has been shaken and in part shattered. In the light of these tremendous historic events Marxist questions have often taken on quite a different signifiance and form than they had in the period when the capitalist system of society enjoyed com parative stabilization. “ Theory ” became practice, the “ word ” became “ flesh ”. The present stage of Marxist research is still a long way from its end. The study of details will continue for many years still and any comprehensive work on the whole of the present stage of research will remain impossible for a very long time to come. Its basis will naturally be the complete publication of the collected works and correspondence of Marx and Engels. In the meantime, the work which concludes and sums up the period of Marxist research from 1890 to 191 8—the Mehring biography of Marx—is indispensable. The aim of this appendix is to make the reader acquainted as far as its brevity permits with the most important points which have been raised since by the texts of Marx and Engels, the new documents which have been published and the results of later research. It would go far beyond the limits of this popular biography to quote all details and even then it would at the present stage be no more than patchwork and could not satisfy the stern demands of scientific accuracy and comprehensiveness, whilst at the same time it would disturb the classic unity of form which Mehringgave to his work. Here and there Mehring’s standpoint must be altered in important respects and in accordance with the general aim of his book this will be done objectively and not polemically and critically.
The collected works of Marx and Engels being published by the Marx-Engels Institute (hereinafter briefly refereed to as CW) make Marx’s preparatory work for his doctoral dissertation on “ The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Natural Philo sophy ” available to the public for the first time. The preparatory work was begun in Berlin in the winter of 1839, and it shows still more clearly Marx’s independence of Hegel even at that time. The work confirms what Engels declared in later years in answer to the question of A. Woden, a young follower of Plechanov, “ Whether at any time Marx was a Hegelian in the actual sense of the word ? ” Engels answered, “ that precisely the dissertation on the difference between Democritus and Epicurus makes it possible to assert that right at the beginning of his literary activity Marx, completely mastering the Hegelian dialectical method and not yet compelled by the progress of his own work to transform that method into the materialist dialectical method, nevertheless showed complete independence of Hegel pre cisely on that field where Hegel was undoubtedly at his strongest, namely, on the field of the history of thought. Hegel gives no recon struction of the immanent dialectic of the Epicurean system, but a number of careless extracts from this system, whilst Marx gave a reconstruction of the immanent dialectic of Epicureanism, but without in the least idealizing it, and exposing its sparse content as compared with the Aristotelian system. Engels then explained in detail the great difference between the attitude of Marx to Hegel and the attitude of Lassalle to Hegel, pointing out that Lassalle ‘ never emancipated himself from his relation as a pupil to Hegel ’. . . . Engels also recalled that Marx had intended to occupy himself still further with the history of Greek philosophy, and that even shortly before the end Marx had spoken to him on the subject, whereby he did not conceal his preference for the materialist systems, and based himself chiefly on the dialectic of Plato and Aristotle, and—■from the newer philosophy—Leibniz and Kant.” (A. Woden, On the Threshold of Legal Marxism, The Annals of Marxism.) Particularly interesting in this preparatory work is the severe criticism of the idea of individual immortality as represented by the antique “ Philistine ” Plutarch, the praise of the “ really Roman epic poet ”, materialist and enemy of the Gods, Lucretius, and further the proclamation of the coming attack by philosophy on the existing world : “ Just as there are junctions in philosophy which raise it to concre tion in themselves, which embrace abstract principles in a totality, and thus interrupt the straight line of progress, so there are also moments in which philosophy, no longer comprehending, but like a practical person spinning intrigues with the world, leaves the pellucid orbit of Amenthes and throws itselfon the bosom of the mundane siren. . . . but like Prometheus who stole fire from heaven and began to build houses and settle down on the earth, philosophy which has extended itself to the world turns against the world of phenomena. This is what the Hegelian philosophy is now doing” (CW, I, i, p. 172). The suggestion is already present that philosophy which turns against the world of phenomena and takes up the struggle against it must change its own form. And Marx quickly comes to the con clusion that in order to fulfil itself philosophy must liquidate itself. And finally, a fruitful seed for future materialist development is contained in the observations of Marx concerning the “ philosophic historical writings ”. In every philosophic system one must differ entiate “ the definitions themselves, the constant real crystallizations, from the proofs, the justification in conversations, and the representa tion of the philosophers, as far as they know themselves ” (CE, I, i, P- 1 Yüklə 0,87 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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