Ronald Ross Nobel Lecture
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R E S E A R C H E S O N M A L A R I A 103
(3) Certainly not less important than the Italian work has been that of the Malaria Commission of the Royal Society, consisting of Drs. Daniels, Steph- ens, and Christophers. After confirming my results in Calcutta as mentioned in section 20, Dr. Daniels proceeded to British Central Africa, where he met Drs. Christophers and Stephens, who had proceeded there after a month’s stay in Italy in the autumn. These observers had great trouble at first in obtaining suitable cases for experiment, but finally succeeded in doing so. Daniels con- firmed our results in Sierra Leone, and added many useful and interesting de- tails. Stephens and Christophers afterwards followed us in Sierra Leone and elsewhere in West Africa, and then proceeded to India. The researches of all these gentlemen are given in the admirable reports to the Malaria Committee of the Royal Society 7 1 . These researches have had the effect of completely consolidating previous work on the subject. The authors have shown no less than eight species of Anopheles to be amenable to the ma- laria infection, and that Culices and Stegomyiae are always refractory; they have demonstrated many of the habits of these insects in various parts of the world; and, besides, have given us much invaluable information regarding the pathology of the disease, especially of blackwater fever. Stephens and Christophers also found independently the great law of Koch regarding the prevalence of malaria amongst native children in the tropics. The perusal of the writings of these gentlemen and of many other observers will convince any one that it is impossible to do justice to them in the form of a brief review; it is scarcely even fair to attempt to describe such laborious work in a few words; and I shall therefore now draw this lecture to a close with the remark, that I hope soon to deal with all these investigations in a manner which is due to them. But I should like to conclude with the names of a few of those who have more recently added valuable information to our store of knowledge regarding the mosquito theory of malaria - particularly Ziemann, Manson, T. Manson, the members of the numerous expeditions of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (Drs. Fielding-Ould, Annett, Dutton, Elliott, Logan Taylor), Fernside, James, Low, Sambon, Van der Scheer, Van Berlekom, Celli, Nuttall, Shipley, Ruge, Howard, Theobald, Schaudinn, and Sir William MacGregor. I omit to refer to their works, and those of many others, only because it is impossible to do so properly within the limits of this work. It would not be right, however, to conclude without referring to those most conspicuous examples of the success of anti-malaria measures for the improve- ment of public health - the cases of Havana and Ismailia. A campaign against 104 1 9 0 2 R.R OS S yellow fever and malaria was commenced at Havana early in 1901; and Colo- nel and Assistant Surgeon General Gorgas of the United States Army, who was in charge of the work, has recently reported as follows on the success of it, in a lecture delivered on May 22nd at the New York Post Graduate Clinical Society. "The results of these combined measures were very marked. Mosquitoes entirely disappeared from many parts of the city, and were decreased every- where. On the first inspection made in January, 1901, 26,000 collections of fresh water were found in the city, containing mosquito larvae, this exclusive of the cess-pools. In January 1902, the consolidated inspection reports cover- ing the same area, showed less than 300; but the most striking evidence was its results on yellow fever. It must be borne in mind that yellow fever had been constantly in Havana since 1760, that it was not, as it had been in our North American cities, some years present and some years absent, but steadily every year and every month and every day, in all that time. The deaths from yellow fever had been since 1889, about as follows: 303 (1890); 364 (1891); 352 (1892); 482 (1893); 388 (1894); 549 (1895); 1355 (1896); 743 (1897); 127 (1898); 118 (1899); 301 (1900) ; in 1901, the first year of our mosquito work 5, and since September 1901, not a single case. The work with regard to malaria is not quite so striking, and this necessarily follows from the nature of the disease. But I think the results, as shown by the Table 2. Statistics of malaria at Ismailia.* R E S E A R C H E S O N M A L A R I A 105
sanitary reports, are very hopeful, with regard to malaria, and indicate that in the course of time, malaria can be also eradicated. In 1900, the year before mos- quito work, the deaths from malaria were 344; in 1901, the first year of mos- quito work, they had fallen to 151; in 1902, the second year of mosquito work, they had dropped to 90, and, for the first four months of 1903, 16." At the end of 1902, the Suez Canal Company asked me to go to Ismailia on the Suez Canal, in order to advise regarding the best measures to take against the malaria which had long been prevalent in that town. I advised active oper- ations against the mosquitoes; and this advice was followed with great ener- gy and success. The table of statistics (Table 2), kindly supplied by Prince D’Arenberg, the President of the Company, speaks for itself. Not only, however, from this place do we hear of reduction of sickness and mortality. Undoubtedly the whole West Coast of Africa is much improved, and good accounts continue to flow in from Lagos, the Gold Coast, British Central Africa, Hongkong, and further India; and it is to be hoped that within a few years malaria will, as Sir William MacGregor says, have lost its terrors, at least for Europeans who are called upon to serve in the tropics. This list of works, chronologically arranged, includes chiefly my own writings, many of which are omitted in bibliographies, and such others as are referred to in the text. 1. Manson, On the Development of Filaria Sanguinis Hominis and on the Mosquito Consid- ered as a Nurse, Linnean Society, 1878. Also Trans. Pathol. Soc., 32 (1881). 2. King, "Insects and disease, mosquitoes and malaria.", Popular Sci. Monthly, Sep. (1883).
3. Laveran, Traité des Fièvres Palustres, Paris, 1884, p. 457. 4. Celli and Marchiafava, Fortschr. Med., (1885). 5. Macloskie, "The poison apparatus of the mosquito.", Am. Naturalist, 1888. 6. Lewis, Physiological and Pathological Researches, Lewis Mem. Comm., London, 1888, p. 638. 7. Agenore, "Acqua potabile e malaria.", Atti Accad. Med. Roma, 5 (1890). 8. Marino, "Dell’ acqua dei luoghi malarici.", Riforma Med., (1890). 9. Grassi and Feletti, Several papers, Zentr. Bakteriol., 9 (1891).
10. Grassi and Feletti, "Contribuzione allo studio dei parassiti malarici.", Atti Accad. Gioe- nia Sci. Nat. Catania, 5, Ser. 4a. 11. Laveran, Du Paludisme et de son Hématozoaire, Paris, 1891, p. 147. 12. Ross, "Fever with intestinal lesions.", Trans. South Indian Branch, Brit. Med. Assoc., 1892. 13. Ross, "Cases of febricula with abdominal tenderness.", Indian Med. Gaz., (1892) 166. 106 1 9 0 2 R.R OS S 14. Ross, "Entero-septic fevers.", Indian Med. Gaz., (1892) 230. 15. Ross, "A study of Indian fevers.", Indian Med. Gaz., (1892) 290. 16. Ross, "Some observations on haematozoic theories of malaria.", Med. Reporter (after-
(1893) 65. 17. Ross, "Nodulated and vacuolated corpuscles.", Indian Med. Record, (1893) 213. 18. Ross, "Solution of corpuscles mistaken for parasites.", Indian Med. Record, (1893) 310. 19. Smith and Kilborne, Investigations into the Nature, Causation and Prevention of Texas or
Bull. No. 1, Bur. Animal Ind., U.S. Dept. Agr., 1893. Also see Zentr. Bakteriol., (1893).
20. Ross, "Third element of the blood and the malaria parasite.", Indian Med. Gaz., Jan. (1894) 5. 21. Ross, "A
list of natural appearances in the blood which have been mistaken for forms of the malaria parasite.", Indian Med. Gaz., Dec. (1894) 441. 22. Manson, "On the nature and significance of the crescentic and flagellated bodies in malarial blood.", Brit. Med. J., Dec. 8 (1894). 23. Sacharoff, "Über die selbständige Bewegung der Chromosomen bei Malaria Parasi- ten." Zentr. Bakteriol., (1895). 24. Ross, "Observations on the crescent-sphere flagella metamorphosis of the malarial parasite within the mosquito.", Trans. South Indian Branch, Brit. Med. Assoc., Dec. (1895). Also Indian Lancet, (1896) 227, 259. 25. Ross, "Observations on malaria parasites made in Secunderabad, Deccan.", Brit. Med. J., Feb. 1, (1896). 26. Manson, "The life-history of the malaria germ outside the human body.", Brit. Med.
Mar. 15, 21, 28 (1896). 27. Ross, "Some practical points respecting the malarial parasite.", Indian Med. Gaz., (1896) 42. 28. Ross, "Dr. Manson’s mosquito malaria theory.", Indian Med. Gaz., (1896) 264. 29. Bignami, "Ipotesi dei parassitti malarici fuori dell’ uomo.", Policlinico, Jul. 15 (1896). Also English translation in Lancet, 2 (1896) 1363, 1441. 30. Ross, "Some experiments in the production of malarial fever by means of the mos- quito.", Trans. South Indian Branch, Brit. Med. Assoc ., Dec. (1896). (Read Oct. 30,
Also Indian Med. Gaz. 3 1. Ficalbi, Revisione systematica d. fam. delle Culicidae Europea, Florence, 1896. 32. Ross, "Observations on a condition necessary to the transformation of the malaria crescent.", Brit. Med. J., Jan. 30 (1897) 251. 3 3. Ross, "Further observations on the transformation of crescents.", Trans. South Indian Branch, Brit. Med. Assoc ., Jul. (1897). (Read Jan. 29, 1897). Also Indian Med. Gaz., Jan.(1898). 34. Ross, "Notes on some cases of malaria, Amoeba coli and Cercomonas.", Indian Med. Gaz., May (1897). (Proofs not corrected; full of typographical errors.) 35. Simond, "L’évolution des Sporozoaires du genre Coccidium.", Ann. Inst. Pasteur, Jul. (1897).
36. MacCallum, "On the flagellated form of the malaria parasite.", Lancet, Nov. 13 (1897). Also J. Exptl. Med., 3 (1898). R E S E A R C H E S O N M A L A R I A 107
37. Manson, "A method of staining the malarial flagellate organism.", Brit. Med. J., 2 (1897) 68. 38. Ross, "On some peculiar pigmented cells found in two mosquitoes fed on malarial blood.", Brit. Med. J., Dec. 18 (1897) 1786. 39. Ross, "Pigmented cells in mosquitoes.", Brit. Med. J., Feb. 26 (1898). 40. Ross, "Report on a preliminary investigation into malaria in the Sigur Ghat, Ootaca- mund.", Trans. South Indian Branch, Brit. Med. Assoc., Feb. (1898). Also Indian Med.
Apr. (1898). 41. Manson, "Surgeon Major Ronald Ross’s recent investigations on the mosquito ma- laria theory.", Brit. Med. J., Jun. 18 (1898). 42. Ross, Report on the Cultivation of Proteosoma, Labbi, in Grey Mosquitoes, dated May 21, 1898, Government Printing, Calcutta, 1898, p. 14. Also Indian Med. Gaz., Nov., Dec. (1898). (In this copy only one of the plates is given.) Second edition, Govern- ment Printing, 1901. (Many printers’ errors.) 43. Manson, "The mosquito and the malaria parasite.", Brit. Med. J., Sep. 24 (1898). (Read at the Edinburgh Meeting of the British Medical Association at the end of July.) 44. Grassi, "Rapporte tra la malaria e pecuhare insetti (zanzaroni e zanzare palustri)", dated September 29, Policlinico, Oct. 1 (1898). 45. Grassi, The same article as the above with the omission of certain passages, and un- dated, Atti Accad. Lincei - "pervenute all’Accademia prima del 2 Ottobre 1898". 46. Ross, Preliminary Report on the Infection of Birds with Proteosoma by the Bites of Mosqui- toes, dated Oct. 11, 1898. Government Press, Calcutta. 47. Grassi, "La malaria propagata per mezzo de peculiari insetti.", Atti Accad. Lincei, Se- duta del 6 Novembre 1898. 48. Bignami, "Come si prendone le febri malariche.", Ric. Sper., Bull. Accad. Med. Roma, dated Nov. 15, 1898. Also translation in Lancet, Dec. 3, 10 (1898). 49. Grassi and Dionisi, "Il ciclo evolutivo degli emosporidi.", Atti Accad. Lincei, seduta del 4 Decembre 1898. 50. Bignami and Bastianelli, "On the structure of the semilunar and flagellate bodies of malarial fevers.", Lancet, Dec. 17 (1898). 51. Bastianelli, Bignami, and Grassi, "Kultivazione della semilune malariche dell’uomo nell’ Anopheles claviger. Fabr.", Atti Accad. Lincei, inviata il 28 Novembre 1898; sedu- ta del 4 decembre 1898, p. 314. 52. Grassi, "Rapporte tra la malaria e gli artropodi.", Atti Accad. Lincei, seduta del 4 de- cembre 1898. 53. Bastianelli, Bignami, and Grassi, "Ulteriori ricerche sul ciclo parassiti malarici umani nel corpo del zanzarone.", Atti Accad. Lincei, dated Dec. 22, 1898. Also later papers read on Feb. 5 and May 7. 54. Ross, "Du rôle des moustiques dans le paludisme.", Ann. Inst. Pasteur, (1899) 136. Presented to the Académie de Médecine, Jan. 24, 1899. 55. Ross, "Extermination of malaria.", Indian Med. Gaz., Jul. (1899). (Report to Go V - ernment of India, dated Feb. 16, 1899.) 56. Bastianelli and Bignami, "Sullo sviluppo dei parassiti della terzana.", Bull Accad. 108 1 9 0 2 R . R O S S Med. Roma, 1898-1899, Fasc. III dated Apr. 19. Also (with aggiunta), Ann. Igiene Sper. (1899). 57. Grassi, "Ancora sulla malaria.", Atti Accad. Lincei, seduta del 18 giugno. 58. Ross, "The possibility of extirpating malaria from certain localities by a new meth- od.", Brit. Med. J., July 1 (1899). 59. Ross, "Life-history of the parasites of malaria.", Nature, Aug. 3 (1899). 60. Correspondent (R. Ross). "The malaria expedition to Sierra Leone.", Brit. Med. J. Sep. 9, 16, 30, Oct. 14 (1899). 61. Bastianelli and Bignami, "Sulla struttura dei parassitti malarici, e, in specie, dei ga- mete dei parassite estivo-autunnale.", Ann. Igiene Sper., (1899). 62. Grassi, Bignami, and Bastianelli, "Ciclo evolutivo delle semilune nell’ Anopheles cla- viger ed altri studi sulla malaria dall’ Ottobre 1898 all Maggio 1899.", Ann. Igiene
63. Koch, "Über die Entwickelung der Malaria Parasiten.", Z. Hyg. Infektionskrankh., 32 (1899). 64. Koch, "Berichte über die Thätigkeit der Malaria Expeditionen.", Deut. Med. Woch- schr., (1899), (1900). 65. Nuttall, "On the rôle of insects, arachnids and myriapods, as carriers in the spread of bacterial and parasitic diseases of man and animals.", Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rept., 8. Also in Hyg. Rundschau, (1899). 66. Nuttall, "Die Mosquito Malaria Theorie.", Zentr. Bakteriol., (1899). 67. Ross, Annett, and Austen, Report of the Malaria Expedition of the Liverpool School of
Univ. Press Liverpool, Mem. 2, Feb., 1900. 68. Ross, "Malaria and mosquitoes.", Nature, Mar. 29 (1900). Also French transl., Rev.
Jun. 23 (1900). 69. Grassi, "Studi di uno zoologo sulla malaria.", Atti Accad. Lincei, 4 Giugno (1900). 70. Lord Lister, Presidential Address to the Royal Society on the 30th November, 1900. E X -
71. Daniels, Stephens, and Christophers, Reports to the Malaria Committee of the Royal Society 1899-l903 (numerous papers). 72. Ross, "Le scoperte del Prof. Grassi sulla malaria." (two papers), Policlinico, (1900),
73. Calandruccio, Le Scoperte del Prof G. B. Grassi Sulla Malaria, con note ed aggiunte. Tip Barbagallo, Catania, 1900. 74. Nuttah, "On the question of priority with regard to certain discoveries upon the aetiology of malarial diseases", Quart. J. Microscop. Sci., (1901) 429. 75. Theobald, A Monograph of the Culicidae or Mosquitoes, London, 1901. 76. Ross, "Die Entdeckungen des Herm G. B. Grassi bezüglich der Malaria und der Mos- quitoes", Deut. Med. Wochschr., Mar. 27 (1902) 231. 77. Giles, Report on Kala-Azar, Assam Secretarial Press, 1890. 78. Rogers, Report on Kala-Azar, Assam Secretarial Press, 1897. Also see Indian Med. Gaz., Nov. (1897). 79. Ross, Report on Kala-Azar, dated Jan. 30, 1899, Government Press, Calcutta, 1899.
R E S E A R C H E S O N M A L A R I A 109
Plates These Plates are copied from those given in my Report on the Cultivation of Proteosoma, Labbé, in Grey Mosquitoes, dated the 21st May, 1898; but in the description I have sub- stituted for the appellation proteosoma-coccidia, temporarily used by me for the pigmented
, the word now generally employed, namely zygotes. Note. All the figures and plates were drawn by me accurately according to scale from actual preparations, most of which were preserved in formalin. Plates II to IX are faithful representations of entire fields. 110 1 9 0 2 R . R O S S R E S E A R C H E S O N M A L A R I A Plates II-VIII. Fields of Leitz oel. imm. 170 minim. 1/12 th (inch). I I I Plate II. External coat of stomach studded with young zygotes of about 30 hours. Air vessel, crossing muscular fibres, and some oil globules, are seen. Plate I. Drawings of zygotes from the second to the twelfth day. Figs. 1-5, zygotes of the second day. Fig. 6, stained. Figs. 7-11, zygotes of the third day. Fig. 12, stained. Figs. 13, 14, 15, zygotes of the fourth day. Fig. 16, stained. Figs. 17, zygote of the fifth day. Figs. 18-22, zygotes of the sixth day and later. Figs. 23, drawing in outline of the stomach of a mosquito studded with zygotes of the sixth day, seen by a low power.
1 1 2 1 9 0 2 R.R OS S Plate III. External coat of stomach studded with young zygotes of about 40 hours.
R E S E A R C H E S O N M A L A R I A 113
Plate IV. Zygotes of third day. Vacuolated forms. 114 1 9 0 2 R . R O S S R E S E A R C H E S O N M A L A R I A 115
Plate VII. Zygotes of the fifth day. 116 1 9 0 2 R . R O S S Plate IX. Pyloric end of stomach studded with zygotes of the seventh day, seen by a power of medium strength. Yüklə 0,56 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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