Paulus Johann Eder
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- Transfer of Technology
- Addendum (October 2017)
- Chronological Table Johann Eder I (Father, † 1723)
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www.heimatforschung-regensburg.de eForum Paulus, Johann Eder The predominant economic goal of that policy was to become independent of imports – in our case of glass products – and to improve the financial situation of the respective ruler, by the revenues from the royal manufactories.
In Spain and Portugal, moreover, the supply of the overseas colonies, particularly in South- ern and Central America, played a role. By intensifying glass production in the respective mother country, the provision of the colonial territories could be improved. Import bans or customs duties on glass goods, as they are documented for Portugal, 79 protected the local production from competition – particularly from southern Germany and Bohemia. 80 This sup- ported their own factories and improved the trade balance.
Also in Sweden, the achievement of a positive trade balance had been a declared goal of the economic policy, since the reign of Queen Christina (1632 1654). 81 Also Norway was deter- mined to better use „the riches of mountains, woodlands and the sea“, since the 18 th century. For that purpose, in 1739, the royally privileged “Black Company” was established under the direction of the German J. F. von Beust. It comprised the implementation of a national glass industry. Thus, the glass factories of Nøstetangen, Sandsvær, Hurdal and Hadeland were established between 1742 and 1756. They were supported by orders for the Court and high import duties on foreign glass goods. 82 Under King Frederick V (1746 1766) mercantilism reached its height in the Danish-Norwegian federation. 83 In 1760, imports of glass were banned totally. Hence, the Norwegian glassworks disposed of the monopoly in the two King- doms.
84
The described economic activities which had brought about the establishment of numerous glass factories on the Iberian Peninsula and in Scandinavia, in the 18 th century, correspond- ed to the absolutist regime. However, the proclaimed intention of autocratic royalty and its central bureaucracy to promote the economic potential of the country was only superficial. The main purpose was to strengthen the influence and power of the state. 85 Another aspect not to be neglected is the increase of the prestige for the respective Court, which went along with the establishment of its own crystal factories and the luxury goods produced there.
79 James Cavanah M URPHY , Travels in Portugal, London 1795, p. 83; Quoted after Alice W ILSON F
, Hispanic Glass with Examples in the Collection of The Hispanic Society of America, New York 1941. 80 Cf. Alice W ILSON F ROTHINGHAM , Hispanic Glass, as above note 79.
81 Fritz B LAICH
, Die Epoche des Merkantilismus, Wiesbaden 1973, p. 184-185. 82 Oscar Albert J OHNSON , Norwegische Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Jena 1939, p. 366. 83 Ibid., p. 373. 84 Ibid., p. 366. 85 Cf. S
UPPLE , Barry: Der Staat, as above note 78, p. 201-202. 16
www.heimatforschung-regensburg.de eForum Paulus, Johann Eder Transfer of Technology In the early 18th century, the production of baroque style glass with engraved motifs spread in Bohemia and Germany. Its technical base was the so called crystal or chalk glass (“Kri s- tallglas” or “Kreideglas”), which had been developed in Bohemi a, towards the end of the 17 th
century. 86 This was the decisive technological step forward, which finally made the glass from Venice, until then considered as unequalled, lose its importance, and the baroque style “Kri s- tallglas” from the Bohemian and German glassworks to dominate the market. The founders and tenants of the crystal glassworks in other European countries, who wanted to make use of that new technology, relied on the knowledge and skills of Bohemian and German glass- makers. Johann Eder and his sons mastered the new technique of making crystal glass. Eder’s career is also an example how individual specialists participated in the transfer of technology and how it was brought forward by the communication networks of artisans and by their mobility.
As we have learned from the description of Antonio Ponz 87 and the comprehensive publica- tion of Paloma Pastor on the history of the glass factory of San Ildefonso 88 , the Eders were hollow glass makers. Even the flat glass which they made was produced by blowing. For that purpose they blew hollow cylinders, which were then cut open and processed to glass plates. The production of flat glass by casting was practised by the Eders, at a later stage, in Spain, where Joseph Eder (1723 1782) ran the factory for flat glass (Fábrica de planos) of San Ilde- fonso.
Johann Eder’s other son, Lorenz, who had – like Joseph – accompanied his father on his journeys through Europe, had specialised in the engraving of glass and reached high skills in it. Glass objects accredited to him, can still be found in renowned museums, e.g. the National Archaeological Museum (Museo Arqueologico Nacional) in Madrid, and in Glasgow. 89
Some chapters of the life of Johann Eder (1694 1753) still remain unknown (see Chrono- logical Table). For instance, we do not know when and where he got married, nor where he lived during the period between 1723 until his escape from Bergreichenstein, in 1738, 90 nor
86 Cf. Ernst H IRSCH , Die Erfindung des böhmischen Kristallglases. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Glasindustrie auf der Buquoy'schen Herrschaft Gratzen in Südböhmen, in: Mitteilungen des Vereins für Geschichte der Deutschen in Böhmen, 1936. 87 Cf. P
ONZ , Viage, as above note 54, p.128-129. 88 Cf. P
ASTOR R EY DE V IÑAS
, Historia, as above note 61. 89 Cf. http://collections.glasgowmuseums.com/starobject.html?oid=81993 (download: 23 rd Jan 2011). 90 Cf. P
AULUS , Bayerische Glasmacher, as above note 2. 17
www.heimatforschung-regensburg.de eForum Paulus, Johann Eder where his sons Lorenz and Johann were born. Anyway, the last 16 years of his life, certainly the most important chapter, could now be described. When Johann Eder left Germany at the age of 45 to go to Portugal, he already disposed of a wide experience as a glassmaker and tenant of a glassworks. After that, he spent ten years in Sweden and Norway, where he took part in the establishment of the crystal glassworks at Kosta und Nøstetangen, the first ones of their kind in the said two countries. The height of his career was certainly when he man- aged to be employed by the King of Spain and was put in charge of the construction and di- rection of the „Fábrica de Entrefinos“ at San Ildefonso, in 1750. This way, he had also pr o- vided for the future of his sons Joseph und Lorenz, who achieved fame and glory within the glassmakers’ guild of Spain. Before th at, he had managed to place his nephews Adam and Balthasar with the glass factory in the Portuguese Coina. His son Johann worked as a smel- ter at Sandö in Sweden.
Johann Eder’s skills and those of his sons are witnessed by the reports on the history of the glass factory of San Ildefonso, as well as by numerous of their works which have been pre- served: for example the mirrors from Joseph Eder’s factory, to be seen in the Royal Palace of Madrid, or the engraved glass objects accredited to Lorenz Eder and kept in various Euro- pean museums.
By their journeys, leading them across Europe, in the course of some ten years, and their international activity, Johann Eder, his sons and nephews, contributed to a transfer of tech- nology by which the highly developed art of making glass spread from Bavaria and Bohemia throughout Europe.
Addendum (October 2017) When the original German version of this present article was published, in 2011, there were still doubts about the provenance of Johann Eder the E lder (†1723). Meanwhile, that ques- tion could be resolved: When Johann Eder married Barbara Degenmayer, on 20 th November 1672, at Painten St. George’ s church, the parish register referred to him as
The
place given as Haylingbrunn could be identified as Heilbrunn 92 in the then county Gratzen 93
in southern Bohemia, where the counts de Buquoy ran the illustrious glassworks “Neuhütten”
91 Bischöfliches Zentralarchiv Regensburg, Pfarrmatrikeln Painten 1, fiche no. 13. 92 Today: Hojna Voda. 93 Today: Nové Hrady, Czech Republic. 18
www.heimatforschung-regensburg.de eForum Paulus, Johann Eder (located on Wilhelmsberg near Heilbrunn), since 1623. 94
Though Johann Eder’s baptism
record could not be found in the church books of the competent parish of Strobnitz 95 , it was my Portuguese fellow researcher Herlander Francisco who discovered Jo hann Eder’s
parents, Lorenz and Magdalena, in the Strobnitz records, as well as the baptism entry of his brother Georg of 30 th March 1645. 96
The place of birth is given as “von der Neuenhütten”, the glassworks of Count de Buquoy near Heilbrunn. Thus, the evidence of Johann Eder’s prov e- nance as from Heilbrunn/Hojna Voda, mentioned in his wedding record of 1672, is most probable, despite of no corresponding baptism record having been found, so far. 97 Skills acquired at the advanced glassworks of Count de Buquoy might have been Johann Eder’s befitting dowry for the wedding with Barbara, daughter of the Rothenbügl glassworks owner Michael Degenmayer.
Chronological Table Johann Eder I (Father, † 1723) Approx. 1640 Birth of Johann Eder, Heilbrunn, southern Bohemia 20-11-1672 Marriage of Johann Eder with Barbara Degenmayer, Painten 28-01-1690 Death of Barbara Degenmayer, Rothenbügl 25-06-1691 2 nd
1673 1692 Johann Eder as a glassmaker at Rothenbügl 1694
Johann Eder as glassworks tenant at Eisenstein 1699
Johann Eder evident at Rothenbügl 14-06-1723
Death of Johann Eder the Elder at Rothenbügl Johann Eder II (Son, 1694
24-05-1694
Baptism of Johann Eder at Lam, Bavarian Forest 1718 1724 Johann Eder evident at Rothenbügl 04-03-1723
Baptism of the son Joseph Eder at Painten 94 Vgl. Margarete G RÄFIN VON B UQUOY , Die Glaserzeugung auf der gräflich Buquoyschen Herrschaft Gratzen in Südböhmen, München 1980. 95 Today: Horní Stropnice. 96 Státní oblastní archiv v Třebon i, Czech Republic, church records Horní Stropnice, vol. 2, fol. 9v: Pfingstag den 30. Martii [1645] von der Neuenhütten dem Lorentz Öeder und seinem Weib Magda- lena ein Kind tauft worden nahmens Georgius dessen Gefatter der ehrsame Jacob Rübner Glas- maister aldort u. sein Weib Maria “.
97 Hans-Joachim Häupler had erroneously associated „Hayligenbrunn“ with Heiligenbrunn near Hohenthann, Lower Bavaria, neglecting the fact that that village was founded as a place of pilgrim- age in 1662, only, and that there is no evidence of a glassworks in that area (cf. Hans-Joachim H ÄUPLER , Die Geschichte der ältesten Glashütten in Eisenstein, 1992, p. 204). 19
www.heimatforschung-regensburg.de eForum Paulus, Johann Eder 1738 Johann Eder as glassworks tenant at Bergreichenstein, Bohemia Oct. 1738 Johann Eder evident at Schleichach 1739
Application of Johann Eder at Eisfeld, Saxony-Hildburghausen 30-03-1739
Death of the brother Benedikt Eder at Schleichach 1739 1740 Johann Eder at Coina, Portugal (Documented: March 1740) 1741
Johann Eder at Kosta, Sweden (Documented from 1741 onwards) < 1748
Johann Eder at Limmared, Sweden 10-08-1749
Lorenz Eder (son) as godfather at Nøstetangen, Norway 22-09-1750
Arrival of the Eder family at La Granja de San Ildefonso, Spain 06-07-1753
Death of Johann Eder at San Ildefonso 1755 Johann Eder III, smelter, arrives to Sandö, Sweden. 1764 Joseph Eder gets in charge of the factory for flat glass at San Ildefonso 21-03-1782
Death of the son Joseph Eder at San Ildefonso, Spain Literature (Selection): A NDERBJÖRK , Jan Erik: Kosta Glasbruk 1742 1942, Stockholm 1942. G RÄFIN VON B UQUOY
, Margarete, Die Glaserzeugung auf der gräflich Buquoyschen Herr- schaft Gratzen in Südböhmen, München 1980. C HRISTIANSEN , Gunnar E.: De gamle privilegerte Norske glassverker og Christiania glas- magasin, Oslo 1939. C ORREIA
, Joaquim: A Fábrica dos Vidros de João Beare na Marinha Grande, Marinha Gran- de 1999. C USTODIO
, Jorge: A Real Fábrica de Vidros de Coina (1719 1747) e o vidro em Portugal nos séculos XVII e XVIII, Lisbon 2002. F OGELBERG , Torbjörn: Sandö Glasbruk 1750 1928. Ett bidrag till Ådalens industriella histo- ria, Malmö 1968. F OGELBERG , Torbjörn H OLL , Friedrich: Wanderungen deutscher Glashüttenleute und Schwedens Glasindustrie in den letzten fünf Jahrhunderten, Växjö 1988. M INKEN , Anne: Innvandrere ved norske glassverk og etterkommerne deres (1741 1865). En undersøkelse av etnisk identitet. Bergen, 2002. Ö STLUND , Karin: Limmared 1740 1940, Ulricehamn 1940. P ASTOR
R EY DE
V IÑAS
, Paloma: Historia de la Real Fábrica de Crystales de San Ildefonso durante la Epoca de la Ilustración (1727 1810), San Ildefonso 1994. P AULUS
, Georg: Bayerische Glasmacher auf der Iberischen Halbinsel. Die um 1740 ausge- wanderten Familien Eder und Hahn, in: BBLF 73, Munich 2010, p. 5-39. 20
www.heimatforschung-regensburg.de eForum Paulus, Johann Eder P AULUS
, Georg: Glasindustrie bei Painten (1630 1932), in: Die Oberpfalz 98/4, Kallmünz 2010, p. 230-239.
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