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under the banner of Ismail. They had gained great fame as the best
and honorable fighters in the troop of Ismail.
Ismail entered to Tabriz and was announced as the Shah of
Azerbaijan. He could gain the faith and confidence of the people
from his first days. During his reign people from Herat to Baghdad
mainly spoke in Azeri Turkish. His foreign internal policy served
just to the public interests. He carried out wide reforms inland of the
country to straighten the foundations of the new state. He paid great
attention to the development of art, culture, mastership and took
care of the historical monuments and places for pilgrimage.
The rapid development of Azerbaijan and its becoming one of
the mighty states in the east caused to arise of the fear, envy,
caution and other enemy relations against Azerbaijan by the
Ottoman Empire and other rival states. Some rival states, feeling
envy of the superior advantage of Azerbaijan had been wishing the
arising such conflicts between two Muslim countries such as
Azerbaijan and Ottoman Empire for ages. To weaken these states
the enemy states, especially England gave ottomans a lot of arms
and 300 cannons. In such a way the Ottoman Sultan Salim I
assembled more than 100 thousand giant troops on the frontier of
Azerbaijan and announced the war to Shah Ismail in Chaldiran
steppe in 1514. In this war Shah Ismail had not only unequal
power, he was also weaker by armament side then the Sultan Salim
I. Safavis didn't have any cannons at all. The main power of
Safavis was land forces of Qizilbash kins and they were very weak
in front of cannons and riflemen. Even so Shah Ismail and his
fighters displayed great bravery and courage in this battle. As the
thought of writers it is supposed that, the defeat of Qizilbash troop
in this battle was the result of Shah Ismail's not consulting with his
commanders and being self - assured. But as it was seen from the
facts, upside of the page his defeat doesn't connect with his personal
features, the main reason is being used the foremost armament,
weapons and cannons by the troop of Sultan Salim for his time.
The defeat of Azerbaijan in the Chaldiran battle showed its
bitter results soon. The Ottoman sultan occupied Khoy, Marand
and Tabriz cities but facing with very strong resistance of Qizilbash
tribes, couldn't stay there so long. They captured a lot of wealth
from the pillaged places and at the same time captivated many
craftsmen of Azerbaijan. Afterwards these craftsmen played great
role in the development of craftsmanship in the Ottoman Turkey.
After Chaldiran battle for his ten year life Shah Ismail spent the
rest of his act to strengthen and develop of his state.
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The holding wars by the founder of Safavi dynasty came
forward of his wish to create the united Azerbaijan state. Just
during his reign Azerbaijan language become the state and court
language and he did great and unlimited services for the
development of cultural, social and political fields of the state.
After Shah Ismail died the central power was weakened due to
the counteractions among amirs of Qizilbash tribes. The period of
Shamlu, Rumlu and Tekeli feudal tribes coming to the head of state
and replacing each other systematically continued till 1534. The
new period of the wars between Safavis and Ottoman Empire
started and continued 20 years. The Ottoman Empire reaching to
its mighty peak during the reign of the I Sultan Salim's son
Sulayman was an aggressive side in this war. Ottoman Empire
made great effort to occupy Azerbaijan, and this came forward of
Azerbaijan's being reach with national resources, for being
producer of big raw materials and passing the profitable road
between Asia and Europe through its area. The attacks of the
Ottoman Turkey, which tried to spread its influence in the west of
South Caucasus and Georgia, faced with stubborn resistance of
Safavis. The superiority was in the Ottoman side which ransacked
the wealth of many countries after occupation. Safavis was
compelled to recognize the western Georgia under the sway of the
Ottoman Empire according to the peace treaty signed in 1555.
During the wars Azerbaijan was greatly damaged from the assaults
of Ottoman forces for being situated on the way of them. For
making difficult of enemy troops moving forward inside the country
some of the frontier areas were destroyed purposely by Safavis
themselves. While fighting against Uzbek Khans except Turkish,
simultaneously had made Safavi position more difficult. The Safavi
state was weakened as a result of the cotrasts among Qizilbash
noblemen after the death of Shah Tahmasp I. Ismail II, who came
to power after long terrible battles, tried to strengthen his reign by
putting the members of the dynasty who claimed for the power to
death. But not so long he was assassinated by feudal. At the end of
the 70s years of the XVI century the state administration was
partitioned among Qizilbash noblemen. The central power ruled by
weak willed Shah Muhammed Khudabende had terribly weakened
and nearly didn't activate.
Using of the internal struggles of the Safavi state the Ottoman
Turkey sent its troops to the South Caucasus again. New period of
wars lasting till 1590 started again. At this time not stepping back
systematically and stubbornly in front of any kind of loss the
337
Ottoman Turkey was able to capture the South Caucasus. These
countries were undergone huge ruins. Especially, Azerbaijan being
the main battle field in these wars had been completely destroyed.
The Shirvan lands, undergone the attacks of Crimea khans except
Turkish, were destroyed. The Safavi state had been surrounded
with internal conflicts and weakened day by day. Not having
enough power and opportunity to defend itself from Turkish troop
the Safavis obliged to sign a peace treaty. According to this treaty
they were forced to admit the fact connected with the occupation of
Azerbaijan and Georgia. These enervating wars affected negatively
to the historical fortunate of the South Caucasus nations being
under reign of Ottoman feudal.
At the beginning of the XVII century as a result of constant
occupation of Azerbaijan by Ottoman Empire put an end to the
existence of Safavi dynasty founded by Shah Ismail I. 20 years long
Ottoman reign in Azerbaijan caused destroying its resources and
economical decline. In XVII century Azerbaijan lost its reign in the
administration of Safavi state and was forced to compromise it to
the interior provinces of Iran. Except that, Azerbaijan noblemen and
Qizlbash tribes lost its prior power as a result of internal and
external wars. Even so, in the XVII century Azerbaijan nobles
unable to keep their hegemony position everywhere. As a
dangerous power they began gradually pressed by the Iran feudal.
Adjoining the South and North provinces of Azerbaijan under the
reign of Safavi state from political point of view has to be consid-
ered as a new period of Azerbaijan history. The state, especially the
advantage of private feudal property in land was the new features
in strengthening of centralization directly connected with it. To
pursue the centralization policy created new forms of land owners
called "tiyul".
At the first part of the XVI century the welfare of the population
improved a little. But at the end of the 70s years and at the
beginning of 80s years the welfare of the population hardened
again. The working masses, failing into hard situation began their
armed struggle against exploiters. The bright sample of it was the
revolt of Tabriz in 1571-1573. The creation of Azerbaijani Safavid
state offered all necessary facilities for the development of
productive forces. The agriculture developed and craftsmanship
and trade reached their peak. The economical relations of
Azerbaijan with Moscow and European countries were developed
and strengthened for its local silk, which gained the worldwide
fame at the time. Arash, Tabriz, Shamakhi and Julfa was the inter-
national trade centers of raw material and silk. Ardabil,
Nakhichivan, Ganja, Baku and many other big cities became the
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centers of craftsmanship. The great development in the field of
Azerbaijan culture also connected with the reign of Safavis. It was
also the widely spreading period of Azerbaijani language. The
great literary works, gained worldwide fame were written in
Azeribaijani Turkish. Great poets such as, Fuzuli, Habibi and Shah
Ismail Khatai wrote their works in this language. The painting
samples of Tabriz art school included to the row of world art pearls
and caused to be trained the great artists like Kamalladin Behzad
and Sultan Muhammad.
Safavi state has an exceptional place in the history of our
country. The history of this state is instructive in many points for
our contemporary nation. There were many objective reasons for
disintegrating of Safavi state. Not having the integrity among
Qizilbash tribes, their making conflicts and hostility with each
other, clashing of interests for wealth, fertile lands and reign, posi-
tion of tribes, general hardship of private and general state
interests, like this many other reasons resulted with disintegration
of Safavi dynasty. It would be more convincing to value the reality
of wars between the Ottoman Empire and Safavis not as a hostility
of two Turkish nation (Ottoman and Azeri turks) but as crash of
economical and political interests of the rulers of these huge coun-
tries. The creation of sharp conflicts between Sunni and Shiite sects
on political purpose roused the relation between two Turkish
nations.
Those times European countries instigated these two Turkish
and Muslim states to make war against each other by offering
various pretexts and at same time they tried to protect the south-east
Europe from the Ottoman occupations.
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QONŞU HÖKMDARLAR (XVI ƏSR)
Hakimiyyət illəri
Osmanlı sultanları
1. II Bəyazid 1481-1512
2. I Səlim
1512-1520
4. II Səlim
1566-1574
3. I Süleyman
1520-1566
5. III Murad
1574-1595
Şeybanilər
1. Məhəmməd Şeybani
1500-1510
2. Kuçkuncu
1510-1530
3. Əbu Səid
1530-1533
4. Ubeydulla (Ubeyd xan)
1533-1539
5. I Abdulla
1539-1540
6. Əbdüllətif
1540-1552
7. Novruz Əhməd
1552-1556
8. I Pir Məhəmməd
1556-1561
9. İskəndər
1561-1583
10. II Abdulla
1583-1598
Krım xanları
1. I Məngli Girey 1478-1514
2. I Məhəmməd Girey
1514-1523
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3. I Qazi Girey
1523-1524
4. I Səadət Girey
1524-1532
5. I İslam Girey
1532
6. I Sahib Girey
1532-1551
7. I Dövlət Girey
1551-1577
8. II Məhəmməd Girey
1577-1584
9. II İslam Girey
1584-1588
10. I Məhəmməd Girey
1588-1596
Moğol imperatorları
1. Babur 1526-1530
2. Hümayun 1530-1556 (fasilələrlə)
3. I Əkbər 1556-1605
Məmlüklər
1.Zahir Qansuh 1498-1500
2. Əşrəf Canbalat
1500-1501
3. Adil Seyfəddin Tümən bəy
1501
4. Əşrəf Qansuh Quri
1501-1517
5. Əşrəf Tümən bəy
1517-(sülalənin sonu)
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