On the problem of categorization in linguistics
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| Techne grammatike (τέχνη γραμματική)
Ascribed to Dionysius Thrax (Διονύσιος ὁ Θρᾷξ) (ca. 170 - 90 BC) Introduction of grammar as a separate study subject for scholars Eight parts of speech Influence on later scholars, including Donatus γραμματική ἐστιν ἐμπειρία τῶν παρὰ ποιηταῖς τε καὶ συγγραφεῦσιν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ λεγομένων. μέρη δὲ αὐτῆς ἐστιν ἕξ· πρῶτον ἀνάγνωσις ἐντριβὴς κατὰ προσωιδίαν, δεύτερον ἐξήγησις κατὰ τοὺς ἐνυπάρχοντας ποιητικοὺς τρόπους, τρίτον γλωσσῶν τε καὶ ἱστοριῶν πρόχειρος ἀπόδοσις, τέταρτον ἐτυμολογίας εὕρεσις, πέμπτον ἀναλογίας ἐκλογισμός, ἕκτον κρίσις ποιημάτων, ὃ δὲ κάλλιστόν ἐστι πάντων τῶν ἐν τῆι τέχνηι. (Techne grammatike A.α) Grammar is the practical study of the usage of poets and prose writers. It has six parts: first, correct pronunciation of the text, paying attention to the diacritics; second, explanation of the poetic tropes encountered; third, elucidation of any difficult words or allusions; fourth, the tracing of etymologies; fifth, the establishment of analogical regularities; sixth, literary appreciation, which is the finest part of all. (Harris & Taylor 1993: 48) Before 11th century Interpretation of Latin and Greek texts Classical Greek and Latin scholars Christian texts In a scholastic tradition Christian scholars Translation and interpretation of Classical texts in a Christian context Translation and correct interpretation of the Bible and other religious texts Religious orthodoxy Basis for scholarship in the West until today Late antiquity What was the impact of this scholarship on linguistic tradition? Similarities and differences with today’s methods of analysis? Limitations?
Nouns according to Donatus A part of speech Referring to persons or things Having the following syntactic properties: quality, comparison, gender, number, form and case Distinction between common and proper nouns Nouns referring to qualities (our adjectives) have grades of comparison Pretty much our modern noun + adjective Adjectives in Latin were noun-like The influence of Aelius Donatus on the language studies and teaching was immense Same parts-of-speech still used today Greek and Latin were considered the basis for analysis Rich morphology Cases for nouns, complex paradigms for verbs (Bennett 1908, p. 58-59) The influence of Aelius Donatus on the language studies and teaching was immense Same parts-of-speech still used today Greek and Latin were considered the basis for analysis Rich morphology Cases for nouns, complex paradigms for verbs Influence on Definition of word classes ⇒ reliance on morphology Perception of other languages “We must not forget that there are languages which have remained in that germinal state, and in which there is to the present day no outward distinction between a root and a word. In Chinese, for instance, …” Max Mueller, 1864, Lectures on the Science of Language, Second Series (quoted in Harris & Talbot 1997, p. 54-55) ⇒ Languages without morphology are ‘germinal’ or ‘primitive’ How do these categories work for non-Western languages? Do major word classes exist in all languages? Focus on nouns and verbs Two possible hypotheses: Word classes reflect ingrained cognitive categories that are common to all humans Word classes reflect relative categories determined by the Western tradition and its languages Case studies Bunun Mandarin Chinese (Vietnamese & English) Word classes are determined language-internally Distinctive properties: properties that can tell word classes apart Typical properties: meaningful properties that are typically (but not necessarily always) associated with a word class Nature of the evidence (Evans 2000) (Phonology and prosody) Semantics Yüklə 337,11 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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