Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic uzbekistan state world languages university

Tongue Position
According to the tongue position vowels divided into forward, mid, backward, up, down in all compared languages.
According to the tongue position English vowels divided into 5 types but in Uzbek and Russian languages they are in 3 types:

	front vowel	front-retracted vowel	central vowels	back vowels	back-advanced vowel
English	[i: e ǽ]	[i]	[Λ ə: ə]	[a: o o: u:]	[u]
Uzbek	[и, э]	-	[ў]	[a, у, o]	-
Russian	[и], [э]	-	[ы], [а]	[у], [о]	-

Moving up and down in the mouth the tongue may be raised to different height towards the roof of the mouth.

1. When the front or the back of the tongue is raised high towards the palate the vowel is called close in English and Russian languages.
They are – [ i: I u u:].
2. When the front or the back of the tongue is as low as possible in the mouth open vowels are pronounced in English and Russian languages.
They are – [ǽ a: o o:].
3. When the highest part of the tongue occupies the position intermediate between the close and the open one mid vowels are pronounced only in English.
They are – [e Λ ə: ə].
According to the vertical position of the tongue in Uzbek and Russian vowels are divided into narrow, mid and broad:

	narrow	mid	broad
Uzbek	[и, у]	[э, o, ў]	[a]
Russian	[и], [ы], [у]	[э], [о]	[а]

Lip Position
When the lips are neutral or spread the vowels are called unrounded.
They are – [i:], [i], [e], [ǽ], [a:], [Λ], [ə:], [ə] in English. In Uzbek they are – [и], [э], [a], in Russian [а], [э], [и], [ы].
When the lips are drawn together so that the opening between them is more or less round the vowel is called rounded.
They are – [o o: u u:]. In Uzbek [у], [ў], [o]. In Russian [о], [у].

According to the length English vowels are classified into short and long:

Long vowels are – [i: a: o: u: ə:]
Short vowels are – [i, e, o, u, Λ, ə].
But in comparison with English there is no such division of vowels in Uzbek and Russian. But in Russian vowels are divided into stressed and unstressed vowels.
Prof. U.K. Yusupov describes some Uzbek geminis vowels such as [шуур, матбаа, Шоолим], which are alien to English. He classifies lacuna vowels in the compared languages as follows:
English lacuna vowels for Uzbek: [ǽ], [u:], [ә:], [a:], [ou], [oi], [ə:], [au], [iә], [uә], [εə], [ai].
There is only one Uzbek lacuna vowel for English. It is [ў]. And one Russian lacuna vowel for English. It is [ы].
The phonemic status of English diphthongs is still a question of discussion. Diphthongs are complex units of the two elements which are closely blended together. They are syllabically indivisible, the length of diphthongs is the same as that of English long vowels. In Uzbek and Russian there are no diphthongs, only combinations of sounds where both elements are equally energetic and distinct. English diphthongs consist of two elements, the first of which is a nucleus, strong and distinct; the second is a glide, which is very weak and indistinct.