parts of the text called
hyperlinks
. These hyperlinked parts of text are marked up in html pages as
certain type of text, italicized for instance. These are called HTML Tags. HTML, like any other computer
language is code and syntax has to be followed properly. Creative and interactive content can be
developed with the use of Cascading style sheets (CSS) and other scripting languages. HTML tags
differentiate normal text from html code. They can be defined enclosed in angle brackets, they allow
browsers to render content like images, tables etc. Defined HTML tags will not be appearing in the web
page but they are used for formatting the content present on the web page. A simple example for a
HTML Tag is,
These words will be bold
, and these will not
In the example above, the
tags were used to wrap some text, and their effect is that the
contained text will be bolded when viewed in ordinary web browser.
Learn more about html tags at:
https://www.yourhtmlsource.com/myfirstsite/tagreference.html
These HTML pages in which the courses are to be hosted must necessarily have something in common,
both for visual as well as functional reasons. Most of the work can be saved if a small set of pages with
little or no content is available to develop before the actual course contents are published as HTML
pages. These pages can be useful also to test the user interface of the website, and can eventually be
used as templates for other web pages. Careful evaluation at this stage can save substantial amount of
maintenance.
Step 4 Implementing (Prepare and Distribute)
Writing HTML code in a text editor such as word pad or notepad may be the preferred option for
individuals with computer programming experience, but there are more approachable and better
alternatives to it. It is strongly advisable to research, compare, and evaluate Web-design tools and
additional supporting software before implementing a definite set of tools. Changing software and
technology at the middle of the process can be costly and troublesome.
For HTML editing, one can choose from existing free tools, such as Netscape Composer to fully featured
packages such as Macromedia Dreamweaver or GoLiveCyberStudio. A list of authoring tools and their
reviews are always available online to compare and differentiate. Other interactive content that can be
accommodated in implementing virtual classrooms are as follows:
Import, Create, Edit images
import, create, edit graphics and animations
import, create, edit sounds
import, create, edit videos
Step 5 Maintenance (Communication)
Effective communication between instructor and learners and among students themselves should be a
high priority issue during the design of the virtual classroom. There are two possible ways to enable
communication between the entities of any virtual classroom, Synchronous and asynchronous.
Synchronous communication
tools, such as NetMeeting or ClassPoint, allow the instructor to teach live
lecture sessions through internet using resources such as audio and video conferencing, white board
and text-based chat. Students can interact by asking questions, normally using a text window. Some
type of control is normally desired, to prevent confusion and ensure that students will have their
questions answered in a First Come First Served (FCFS) basis.
Asynchronous communication
tools allow information to be retained
common examples are: bulletin board systems, email, mailing lists, and the course pages themselves.
Some applications where we can use asynchronous communication effectively
Activity: Match A with B (Check your answers which
lecture sessions through internet using resources such as audio and video conferencing, white board
based chat. Students can interact by asking questions, normally using a text window. Some
f control is normally desired, to prevent confusion and ensure that students will have their
questions answered in a First Come First Served (FCFS) basis.
tools allow information to be retained for future processing. Some
common examples are: bulletin board systems, email, mailing lists, and the course pages themselves.
Some applications where we can use asynchronous communication effectively
Activity: Match A with B (Check your answers which are given below)
Over time the transmitting and receiving clocks will
tend to drift apart, requiring resynchronization.
Synchronous communication is direct communication
that occurs in the real time.
That takes place face to face and as technology has
evolved can takes place irrespective of distance.
lecture sessions through internet using resources such as audio and video conferencing, white board
based chat. Students can interact by asking questions, normally using a text window. Some
f control is normally desired, to prevent confusion and ensure that students will have their
for future processing. Some
common examples are: bulletin board systems, email, mailing lists, and the course pages themselves.
Over time the transmitting and receiving clocks will
ion.
Synchronous communication is direct communication
That takes place face to face and as technology has
evolved can takes place irrespective of distance.
A successful virtual classroom implementation should utilize both synchronous and asynchronous
communication techniques to enable one-to-one (instructor-to-student), one-to-many (instructor-to-
class) or many to-many (threaded discussions) interactions. Maintaining student access policies is also
important in distributed classrooms. Content should be made accessible to the registered students on
demand.
----------
1.4
Integration of ICT in Teaching –Learning process
The policy makers and academicians plan for better educational outcomes. To reach the goal traditional
teaching should shift to ICT based teaching. Integrating Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) in classroom teaching support, enhance, and optimise the delivery of information. ICT can lead to
an improved student learning and better teaching methods. The ICT based teaching in Higher Education
has helped to shift focus from teacher to learner and from teaching to self- learning. It will empower
Universities, Institutions and individuals. There is a dire need to introduce curricular requirements to
fulfil the demand of Industry, government and academia. The conventional method of teaching and
learning has been supplemented by cooperative learning and collaborative learning. The focus has been
shifted to learner centred classroom from the teacher centred classroom.
Learning Objectives
Integrating ICT skills in classroom teaching
To make teaching-learning effective in Higher Education
Contribute to Professional development of educators
In this teaching scenario teacher is the facilitator rather than the monolithic repository of knowledge. By
integrating technology and its application in the delivery of education promises to increase productivity,
quality of curriculum transaction and learning experience. Here teacher is the multi skilled facilitator,
who helps the learner and guides through the course. This system of teaching has been attracting a
great deal of interest among researchers in professional development communities. The potential of
each technology varies according to how it is used.
Haddad and Draxler identify at least five levels of technology use in education:
presentation,
demonstration, drill and practice, interaction, and collaboration.
By integrating technology and its
application in the delivery of education promises to increase productivity and quality of curriculum
transaction and learning experience.
ICT integration is understood as the usage of technology seamlessly for educational processes like
transacting curricular content and students working on technology to do authentic tasks (Kainth and
Kaur). It facilitates the learning process and also teachers teaching. This includes computer based
technologies, digital imaging, the internet, file servers, data storage devices, network infrastructure,
desktops, laptops and broadcasting technologies namely radio and television, and telephone which are
used as instructional tools at schools and colleges. Understanding ICT and mastering basic skills and
concepts are part of the core of the education. To quote UNESCO ‘Technological development lead to
changes in the organization of work and required competencies are therefore changing (UNESCO,
2002) ICT has improved the quality of education in various sectors. Integrating ICT literacy will be
crucial as it means harnessing technology to perform learning skill.’ (Yves, et. al .2006). It can be a
medium for teaching and learning. This can act as a medium through which teacher and learner can
learn. Teacher and student must be given opportunities for acquisition of new knowledge.
1.4.1 Effective Teaching through PPT
ICT training Programs with hands on practice help the teacher to develop their technological skills in
using Internet, Preparing PPTs, projecting the slides on the screen by using LCD projector using pen
drives and hard disks, (These are the portable storage devises) to learn. The professional development
of the teacher with ICT skills bring lot of change in method of teaching and learning. A trained teacher
with the knowledge of technology can bring changes in teaching scenario. The traditional textbook can
no longer fulfil the need in the rapid changing and the information-explosion world. The traditional
teacher-centred approach makes classroom no longer an effective system. The traditional methods
cannot prepare students for the realities which they face in the near future. Gone are the days where
the teacher teaches bel to bel and tries to complete the syllabus in the stipulated time. In this scenario
teacher cannot manage large classrooms where the student strength is more the teacher student ratio
A case study:
My Success Story
Title: Integrating ICT in Teaching – Learning Process
Government Degree College(W)
Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh
I was working as a Lecturer in English and I went to ‘Computer Institution’ during one
summer vacation and learnt MS Office and bought PC during the year 2003, then I
could do all my thesis work both for M Phil., and PhD., it has given me lot of
satisfaction. Then curtains were raised for ICT enabled teaching and learning process.
In the campus placement mission JKC- many students learnt MS Office. IT skilled
mentors were provided by Higher Education Department. Generally, in Government
Institutions marginalised society and poorest of the poor will join. Ours is a hostel
attached college. I am given orders by the department as District Coordinator for this
mission as I am computer literate. Higher education has taken MoU with Infosys
Project Genesis. We trained the students before and after the College Hours. A lab
was established with 50 systems and English Language Lab with 30 systems.
Campus Drive was conducted and many students even the First Generation students
were selected for BPO- Infosys. Students were trained in Communicative skills, soft
skills, IT skills and analytical skills. Some of the lecturers were trained by Infosys-
Project Genesis, to train the students as per their requirements. Campus drive was
conducted to the entire District 14 Government degree college trained Final Year
Students attended. Nearly 15,000 students attended in Our College as ours is the
Lead College. 700 students got selected that was the first achievement.
Analysis
:
I went were SWOT analysis,
and analysed that faculty needs IT skills.
Innovative Practice: Student Teachers
Then I realised that all the members of the staff should be trained in computer skills. I
conducted work shop for two weeks by taking permission from the Commissioner of
Collegiate Education and conducted with the trained students. 10 IT skilled students
one student for two lecturers. Got their mail IDs created, documentation, EXCEL was
also taught. They felt very happy.
We got all appreciations from NAAC Peer team. Another batch only for administrative staff
even attenders joined and got the joy of Computer Literates.
Problems Found
: Many teachers did not show interest, to come to the Lab and learn.
Solutions
: Sensitisation.
---- Dr
. A. MadhaviLatha
may be 1: 70 or more than that. If it is ICT integrated classroom there a scope for involving all the
students. Skilled teacher taking class with Power Point Presentation can make the class attentive.
A flow chart showing the steps to prepare PPT
TIPS to prepare PPT
Use slides with a “Horizontal” or “Landscape”
Limit number of lines in each slide.
Use only bullet points
Limit transitions in formal presentation
Use high-quality graphics
Have a visual theme
Use colour well
Choose good font depending on the size of the classroom
One important point what we have to remember is, that the technology is only a tool to both teacher
and learner. The effectiveness of the tool depends entirely on the skills the teacher brings to the
learning process. the teachers’ task is to nurture the students’ willingness to learn. All the students will
become attentive to listen to the teacher while viewing the slides. Seeing and listening takes place
simultaneously. The psychologists say 80% of reception takes place by learning through PPT. Even the
slow learners become active to learn through ICT.
The outcome of the above activity is the learner develops confidence and learn to brows Internet to get
related information. The learner also learns to attach it to his e-mail or save it in Google drive and save it
in the personal pen drive as it can be used even without internet facility.
Teacher must have pre-prepared PPTs and can be stored in a hard disk.
To do Activity
Prepare ten slides on:
Integration of ICT in Teaching- Learning Process
Prepare PPT on “Use of PPT in presenting a seminar”
Hands on practice: To do Activity
Students should be facilitated with systems in the labs and ask them to
prepare 10 slides for Seminar with PPT. (It helps to learn from each other and
develops Cooperative and
Collaborative
learning)
Note: every presenter must have other alternative i.e., must take (hardcopy) of the
PPT slides to be used if there is power failure.
Plan your
presentation
topic
Target
learners
Define
the
objectives
Prepare the
content slides
1.4.2 Effectively Using Video in Teaching Strategies
Videos are interesting and are fully accepted by the students. Full length videos and videos clippings are
very useful for teaching and learning. For example, if an English teacher uses video clips for
pronunciation of the sounds the learner can learn by drilling exercises. Teacher has to provide some
questions related to the video lesson. The questions can be written on the board or can provide work
sheets. When video is being played we can stop at a particular time to give some explanations. At the
end teacher has to check regarding with the reaching the goals.
Some teaching strategies:
Hence we can say that watching video and learning the concept is one of the learning
strategies. Lecturing is the least effective way for the students to accomplish deep learning.
Explaining the course content through videos and PPT enable the learner to memorize it
fora long term and is different from rote memorization of facts.
Teachers want their students to be able to apply, synthesize, and evaluate course material.
These more complex cognitive processes are commonly referred to as deep learning.
Deep learning experiences require students to be more responsible for their learning and
for being informed of the course content.
This learning concept encourages the students to look for more examples of the type of
thinking that experts do in their field.
They are able to practice that conceptual thinking through an application activity.
Teacher tries to connect students to the new knowledge to what they already know?
To involve the learns teacher encourages them for discussion sessions, active learning,
problem-based learning, group projects, team-based learning and peer learning etc.
It is considered as the best teaching strategy. Provide students with multiple opportunities to apply
newly learned principles in various situations. Matching student learning strategies to course outcomes
is one of the most important parts of the planning stage. Teaching and learning strategies are
situational. It depends on the understanding level of the students.
Reflections of a teacher and peer feedback with peer observation help to formulate the strategies.
Students want to engage fully with a concept, they quest for examples of the type of thinking that
experts do in their field.
Facilitating- thinking and problem solving:
Videos are stimulus to classroom activities. Watching moving images along with the sound to
communicate a topic enables the learner memory process. It also enables students to acquire a range of
transferable skills like research skills collaborative working, problem solving, technology, and
organisational skills. Shepard and Cooper (1982) and Mayer and Gallini (1990) made the connection
between visual clues, the memory process, and the recall of new knowledge. They will provide
immersive and more meaningful experience.
Assisting with mastery learning:
Videos take the role of an instructor in expression of thought and the body language gives the feeling as
Face-to face learning. Video fulfils the demonstrating procedures to assist the learner. Learner can learn
the procedures as many times as he can until he gets mastery. They are as good as an instructor in
communicating facts. Even the web-based online media players are promoting active –viewers. The
learner can watch the video at his own pace until he gets the knowledge of the content what the
presenter is telling.
Motivating and engaging students
The experiences and case studies show digital video integrated teaching and learning and engage the
learners. If this method is incorporated into student centred- learning it will motivate the learners for
self-study. Using video in the learner centred classroom will encourage the students in the following
ways:
develops learners’ autonomy
develops potential for deeper learning of the subject
enhances learning experience
Provides learning resources
enhances team work and communication skills
continuous provisional development for teachers
To Do Activity
Ex 1. Listen to the video given below to develop your pronunciation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htmkbIboG9Q
Success story of Videos
Ex 2. Listen to Aesop’s fables: Listen to ‘Ant and the Grasshopper’
Case study: Teaching with the help of videos will provide knowledge. The audio
visual concept will have lot of impact in acquiring Knowledge. The above given
video of English Pronunciation helped the student as well as the teacher to
articulate the sound accurately. As a non-native speaker of English it is difficult
articulate a sound even to the teacher. So the place of articulation and the
manner of articulation can be observed in the video and can give drilling
exercises to the students, so that
they can speak good English without any
Mother Tongue Influence (MTI).
Another experiment with Story Telling:
Showing videos of animation, action
movies and stories developed speaking skills and listening skills. Students
developed LSRW skills.
http://www.taleswithmorals.com/aesop-fable-the-ant-and-the-grasshopper.htm
Moral of the story is: Hard working will always be rewarded and lazy will be punished.
This activity is the learners enable themselves to write a story and develops Creative thinking and also
will improve writing skills. Here are some more benefits of this activity.
It enables the student to develop specific listening
In this activity the learner will learn narrative technique, and the moral.
Teacher can ask the student to think about a story in real life situation and write.
In the same manner students will read different stories and write small tales.
Next day teacher will collect stories and paste them on the wall.
Others will make a round and read the stories written by their peers
Suggested videos of British Council
Summary:
This chapter enables the teacher and learner to make use of the ICT in teaching and learning process.
the use of ICT leads to more cooperation among learners within and beyond school and there exists a
more interactive relationship between students and teachers. ICT integrated classroom is lively and
more interactive. Keeps the learners stand in good stead. Every student will become a knowledge kit
with ICT skills.
Read the following for further information
1.
Teachers Teaching with Technology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnk-eWoEtsU
2.
ICT Teaching and Learning
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Qmab1sKQKo
3.
Redefining Learning and teaching using technology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOTEQVYDPpg
1.
Allam, C. (2006) in Bijnens, M., Vanbuel, M., Verstegen, S., Young C., Handbook on Digital Video
and Audio in Education, Creating and using audio and video material for educational purposes,
The Videoaktiv Project.
2.
The Dial-e framework Digital Artefacts for Learner Engagement was developed to support the
pedagogically effective use of a range of digital content.
3.
‘Grassroots Video’ is a chapter in the 2008 edition of The Horizon Report and covers the
explosion of publically created video content on the Internet.
4.
Video Use and Higher Education: Options for the Future is a 2009 report of the study of the use
of video in twenty higher education institutions in America.
-------------------------
1.5. Difference between ICT based teaching and Traditional teaching
In
this digital era, it is vital for educators to implement the use of technology in the classroom teaching.
It will enable the learners to use their knowledge effectively to use their knowledge. Just as I was said in
the above Unit “Integration of ICT in the teaching- learning process” shows the success in the process of
teaching and learning. ICT based teaching has changed the entire teaching environment. In this scenario
both the teacher as well as the learner acquires the knowledge of technology.
In the traditional method of teaching teacher is the source of information. Teacher is the resource.
Teacher will have the lesson plan for teaching and uses chalk and board. In this system of teaching
Teacher’s Talk Time is more(TTT).
Teacher will be teaching from bell to bell. There is less chance for the
learner to interact with teacher. Teacher tries to concentrate only on syllabus designed as per the
curriculum. There is less chance for the teacher to pay attention on slow- learners. This is Teacher-
centred classroom, where
Student Talk Time(STT) is less.
To make the teacher –centred classroom a
learner-centredSTT should be more and TTT should be less, because the method of teaching must
become interactive. The role of a teacher should be changed as mentor, monitor, planner and facilitator.
Teacher gives pair work and group work activities to make TTT to STT. Here student gets an opportunity
brainstorm and share the knowledge to peers.
With the advent of ICT in the classroom the teaching-learning scenario has taken a paradigm shift. ICT
has changed teaching methods where teacher as the facilitator facilitates the learner to acquire
knowledge through technology based methods. These effective new teaching methods led to improve
learners learning methods. With various research studies it is proved that integration of ICT in the
curriculum led to a significant improvement in the student performance. If the teacher is not on board
with the new tools at their disposal, it is hard for the student to get any benefit.
Learning objectives
Provides opportunities for students to learn and to
operate data in the digital era.
To make teaching and learning effective through
ICT
The above picture shows the Teacher Centred classroom and learner centred classroom. In the teacher
centred classroom, the learners are not actively participating. Students cannot sit and listen for a longer
time. But in flipped classroom teacher has given Group activity to the students and the homework given
is watching a video to do a task. Here student Talk Time (STT) is more. The nose that is produced in
Learner centred classroom is
Productive Noise,
because they are involved in activities.
Traditional Teaching
ICT Based Teaching
Teacher is the resource of knowledge
Internet browsing
Text book and Library
Wikipedia, videos, uploaded content e.tc.,
Teacher –centred classroom
Learner –centred classroom
More usage of Black/white boards
PPTs on the screen with LCD projector
More TTT
Less TTT
More STT: Noise
Less STT: students involve with computers
Teacher is the mentor
Teacher is the facilitator
Traditional method cannot promote an
integrative approach to teaching and
learning,
ICT promotes an integrative approach to
teaching and learning,
Cannot eliminate the synthetic separation
between theory and practice
can eliminate the synthetic separation
between theory and practice
Students involvement is more
Students involvement is more
No exposure with the students of other
culture
Provides students the chance to work with
people from different cultures and working
together in groups
Teacher can ask the students to get
information from Library
Teacher can give extra inputs by providing
Links to the students
Teacher dictates notes
Teacher can upload the prepared notes
material, PPTs on Blog and also on MOOC
platform, as they can go through at their
convenience.
Cooperation among teacher and learners
exists only in school
Cooperation among learners within and
beyond school and there exists a more
interactive relationship between students
and teacher.
It is only control based learning.
ICT allow students to discover and learn
through new ways of teaching and learning
which are sustained by constructivist
theories of learning.
Only face-to face learning
Blended learning (face-to face with online
resources)
To do Activity
Case Study to show the difference between Traditional and ICT based Teaching
This case study was conducted on a government employee who has been working since 1981 as a
teacher. during those years there was only traditional way of teaching. Only chalk and talk. The language
classrooms are large classrooms. The strength of the class is more than 60. Teacher student ratio is 1:
60. The students are from different environments. Many of them are first generation students and many
are from marginalized society. Buying a text is also problem from them. So every teacher has to read the
text line by line and used to explain by writing meanings for difficult words on the board.
A good teacher has to move around the class to draw the attention of the learners. Eliciting the answers
is one of the activity to make the class active. Students are with the habit of taking down the notes
whatever the teacher writes on the board. Traditional teacher used to dictate notes to the students by
giving the spelling where ever necessary. In the ‘process test’ and ‘progress test’ the learners will go for
rote learning and write the exams
As the years are passing during the years 1990 -2000 computers are introduced and OHPs (Over Hear
Projectors) are also introduced. Teachers used to use transparencies to the system of teaching. Inter net
is provided. Taking extra information from the web resources and adding extra inputs to the regular
curriculum has given enthusiasm to the students. Computer Based Test (CBT) was introduced. Language
labs were established hands on practice was given to the students. Study projects, Digital assignments,
online tests were introduced.
The 21
st
century skills we learnt by both the teachers and the learner. There is a paradigm shift from
traditional method of teaching to ICT based teaching. The once traditional teacher started generating E-
content for the learners and the system of assessment was also changed. Massive Open online courses
have their platform with new courses. Now the learners able to do many courses in developing their
knowledge that which suits to the digital era.
To Do Activity
The name of the activity is KEY HOLE:
Instructions: teacher asks the students to divide in to groups. Each group may consist
of 4-5 students. They have to imagine that they are peeping through the key hole of
Traditional classroom and later ICT based classroom. These groups will be given
charts and colour pencils. They have to draw picture of ICT based class on half of the
chart and Traditional class on other half of the class. Later they have to paste them on
the wall. The charts will show how teacher centred class is and how the learner
centred ICT based class is.
If you teach in a student-centred classroom, how does it differ from traditional
learning?
If your classroom is a traditional one, what fears do you have about converting to a
student-centred learning environment?
Summary
The first chapter is about the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), in the education
sector plays a vital role. It helps to promote knowledge and skill of the learners thereby encouraging and
improving creativity, critical thinking and learning how to learn. Introducing ICT based teaching in the
Higher Education has helped to shift the focus from teacher to learner and from teaching to self-
learning.it explains the strategies of establishing virtual classroom and how ICT enriched is helping
teaching learning process. This chapter explains the difference between traditional classroom teaching
and ICT based teaching in this digital era and how it is enhancing the knowledge the suits to the 21
st
century.
2. ICT tools in Teaching and Learning
2.1. Computer Hardware Fundamentals
It’s been discussed that the evolution of knowledge and Communication Technology (ICT) is an
important milestone. Computers became an important part of today’s lifestyle. Computers are being
employed in nearly each field and everyday new areas of activities are being discovered. For instance,
computers are utilized in offices, homes, colleges, schools, universities, hospitals, and business
institutions, etc. To Integrate ICT based system, it is essential to accumulate basic information regarding
computers.
A computer is a calculating device that can execute arithmetic and logical operations. It takes data
through input devices, processes it as per the given set of instructions and gives the information as
output. Any physical component of a computer can be categorised as hardware. A wide variety of
hardware components are available as required by today’s technology. Hardware components are
classified according to their functionality. They can be classified into three different categories namely
input devices, output devices and storage devices. It is essential for ICT educators and learners to be
aware of the working and uses of carious hardware components of a computer.
A computer has three main components
a.
Input/ Output Unit
b.
Central Processing Unit
c.
Memory Unit
a) Input/ Output Unit:
The component of a system used for getting the data and instructions into the
computer
(Input)
and displaying or printing
example of input device while the monitor is for output device.
b) Central Processing Unit:
Central processing Unit (CPU) is the main component of a computer which
processes the input data and the given instructions. The CPU is built on a single Integrated Circuit (IC)
chip, called Microprocessor. The CPU consists of the following dissimilar components:
i.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):
The arithmetic and logic unit is responsible for all arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and divisions along with l
equal to and greater than etc.
ii.
Control Unit (CU)
The control unit controls the data transfer among other units of a computer and the
process flow of given instructions. It can be considered as the ‘Central Nerv
System’ of computer as it manages and synchronizes all the units of the
computer. It acquires instructions from the memory, reads them and directs it
to ALU for required operation.
iii.
Registers
Output devices
(
Printer, Speaker,
Projector,
Monitor, Laser,
Dor matrix)
Inpout/Output
devices (
USB
Port, VGA Port,
Audio Jack,
HDMI, Netwrok
Port)
A computer has three main components
The component of a system used for getting the data and instructions into the
and displaying or printing
output
is known as input/ output unit. Keyboard is an
device while the monitor is for output device.
Central processing Unit (CPU) is the main component of a computer which
processes the input data and the given instructions. The CPU is built on a single Integrated Circuit (IC)
p, called Microprocessor. The CPU consists of the following dissimilar components:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):
The arithmetic and logic unit is responsible for all arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and divisions along with logical operations such as Boolean, less than,
equal to and greater than etc.
The control unit controls the data transfer among other units of a computer and the
process flow of given instructions. It can be considered as the ‘Central Nerv
System’ of computer as it manages and synchronizes all the units of the
computer. It acquires instructions from the memory, reads them and directs it
to ALU for required operation.
Computer
Input devices
(
Mouse,
Microphone,
Keyboard,
Scanner, Joystick,
OMR, Lightpen,
Barcode Reader)
Storage devices
(
DVD, Hard Disk,
CD ROM, SD
Card, Cloud
Storage)
Types (
Super
computer, Smart
Phone, Tablet,
Laptop, PC,
Mainframe)
CPU (
ALU,
Control Unit,
Primary Memory
[RAM, ROM,
Cache, Units of
memory])
Output devices
Printer, Speaker,
Projector,
Monitor, Laser,
Dor matrix)
Inpout/Output
USB
Port, VGA Port,
Audio Jack,
HDMI, Netwrok
The component of a system used for getting the data and instructions into the
is known as input/ output unit. Keyboard is an
Central processing Unit (CPU) is the main component of a computer which
processes the input data and the given instructions. The CPU is built on a single Integrated Circuit (IC)
The arithmetic and logic unit is responsible for all arithmetic operations like addition,
ogical operations such as Boolean, less than,
The control unit controls the data transfer among other units of a computer and the
process flow of given instructions. It can be considered as the ‘Central Nervous
System’ of computer as it manages and synchronizes all the units of the
computer. It acquires instructions from the memory, reads them and directs it
Registers are high speed integrated circuits which are used to store small temporary data,
instructions, memory addresses etc., and these registers have small memory space called
register memory which is used by ALU. The number of registers per CPU depends up on the
processor’s capability. It varies from CPU to CPU.
iv.
Buses
Data is stored in a register as a unit of eight bits. These bits are transferred from one register to
another by means of separate wires. These 8 wires for 8 bits are grouped as a single wire
connecting different registers is known as a bus. Bus connects two components for signal
transmission. Bus is of three major types:
data bus, control bus and address bus.
v.
Clock
Clock is a significant component of CPU which measures and allocates a fixed time slots for
processing operations. The execution of instructions is done in synchronization with the clock
pulse. Clock speed of CPU is measured in terms of Mega Hertz or Giga Hertz. The clock speed of
CPU varies from processor to processor
vi.
Memory Unit:
Memory unit is used to store the information before, during and after execution of a
processing by ALU. It is physically a collection of integrated circuits within the
computer where the CPU stores the data and instructions. Memory is of two
types:
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Read Only Memory is an important and essential component of the memory unit. This
memory is a permanent memory and it is not erased when the system is switched off.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Random Access Memory is used to store data during execution of programs. Unlike ROM,
RAM is temporary and will be erased when the computer is switched off. RAM is a read/
write type of memory and it stores the information of the most recent activities. As it is
possible to randomly use any location of memory, it is known as random access
memory. The memory capacity of RAM varies from 640 KB to several megabytes.
Hardware and software are two categories of computer components. Hardware
refers to physical components and software to the programs required to
operate computers.
2.1.1. Input/output devices and storage devices
Input and output devices are the devices which take the instructions and give results as output. Devices
or components such as keyboard, mouse, cameras, voice recorders, scanners, imaging devices etc. are
some examples for Input devices. Monitors, speakers, printers, projectors etc. come under output
devices.
Storage:
Storage of a computer constitute components like registers, RAM, ROM, cache memories etc. some
specific components are essential for any computer system. These components are Hard Disks, Floppies,
Flash Drives etc.
a.
Hard Disk:
Hard Disks or Magnetic Disks are a replacement for magnetic tapes. Hard disks
contain magnetic disks. The data is stored onto the disk in addressed memory
slots randomly. the address of any data is stored respectively which cannot be
read by users but computer reads it. Such data is called metadata and it is
stored with the data block. In some cases, these addresses are stored in the
form of tables, Known as Hash Tables.
Hard disk consists of one or more disk parts, access mechanism and read/ writes
heads which are encased. Hard disk sizes depend upon disk diameter. There are
different disk sizes available (5½, 3½, 2½ inch etc.) The 3½ inch size platter is
common with desktops and 2½ inch with laptop/ portable computers.
There are different types of hard disks depending upon their storage capacities.
Storage capacities of hard disks range from MBs to several GBs. They are
broadly classified into 2 types considering access type. They are:
HDD:
Conventional hard disk drives with magnetic disks. They have low access
speeds as the access mechanism has to find the requested memory address and
give the data.
SSD:
Solid state drives are new version of hard disks. They do not contain magnetic
disks but they work as registers. The access speeds are exceptionally fast when
compared to HDDs. Present day computers are being installed with SSDs for
faster access speeds.
b.
Floppy Disk:
Floppy Disk (FD) is a storage medium which is small and portable. It consists of a
thing plastic film coated with magnetic material to store data and this disk is
encased in a square plastic case. It is named as “Floppy” because of it soft
flexible physical property. Data can be read and written from this floppy by
Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) which can be fixed as a component inside the computer.
Floppies come in two sizes namely 5¼" and 3½". The storage capacity varies
from 360 KB to 1.44 MB. These floppies can accommodate data on both sides
(double-sided floppies) or on single side (single-sided floppies) depending on the
floppy drive. Double sided floppy drives are the commonly used drives.
However, Floppies and floppy drives have become obsolete by the advent of
compact discs and flash drives. Memory has become cheaper and efficient over
time.
c.
Compact Disk:
Compact Disk (CD) is another storage medium used to store data, information and
softwares. It is an optical, read-only memory made up of resin and coated with
magnetic material. Hence, it is called Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-
ROM). The information is stored on CDs by using CD-ROM drives. CD-ROM
drives can either be internal or external. CDs also have another type which
allows users to erase and write data to them. These are called Re-writable CDs.
However, there is limited number of writes.
d.
Pen Drive:
Pen drive is a portable device which allows user to transfer any kind of data quickly.
Users can read and write data into a pen drive by simply plugging it into USB
ports on the computer. Pen drives are compact and can easily be carried in a
pocket, hence they are also known as pocket drives. They do not require any
power source, but draw power from the USB connection itself. Both floppies
and CDs are gradually being replaced by pen drives as preferred means of data
storage. It supports mass data transfer and storage and at a much faster
transfer rate. Storage capacity of Pen Drive varies between few megabytes to
several gigabytes. Pen Drives consist of an electronic circuit board (memory
chip) and a USB connection that connects the drive to computer. Most Pen
Drives are built with plastic, metal or rubber casing for insulation. They are
robust and unlike CDs they are mot optical and scratch free thus ensuring
efficient data transfer or storage as compared to other traditional means of data
storage.
2.2. Computer Software
Software can be defined as a medium between the user and a computer. In other words, software is a
set of instructions or a package of code that is executed by a computer to give user required
functionality. Software effects the way users interact with the computer significantly. There are different
types of software. Each software is unique to their developer and their functionality.
A computer, when observed as a layman, is a set of components which interact together. The
interaction between these components is achieved by software. Software can be a combination of
programmes/commands designed to perform a well-defined task. It gives computers the ability to think
and manipulate hardware to act accordingly. A set of predefined instructions are fed into the hardware
of any computer, this is called
Firmware
. Operating system is an example of software but it is a high
level software which can manage system functions, user policies etc. Smaller softwares such as anti-
virus softwares, imaging tools, and any other can be installed over operating system that can change the
user experience with the computer. Few examples of softwares are MS Office, Adobe Reader, Open
Office, Flash etc.
Software can be classified into
system software, application software, proprietary software, open
software, shareware
and
freeware
.
i. System Software
The simple interaction between user and the computer is achieved through input devices (Various Input
devices have been discussed in previous sections).
system software
is a type of software which converts
the user level language to a language understandable to the system, called machine level language.
System software is a collection of programmes or commands designed to manage and manipulate the
processing capabilities of the computer. System software examples are
Operating system, Compilers,
Interpreter
, and
Assemblers
. Systems software are further subdivided into operating systems and
utilities. The operating system is the program that actually makes the computer operates. Utilities are
programs which either improves the functioning of the operating system or supply missing or additional
functionality.
A
compiler
is a program or a set of programs that converts source code written in a
programming language which is user level language into machine level language, often having a
binary form known as object code.
An
interpreter
is a program that executes instructions written in a programming language, prior
to the compiling process.
An
assembler
is a computer program that takes instructions and converts them into bits that the
computer's processor can use to perform operations. These instructions are together known to
be assembler language or assembly language.
An
Operating System (OS)
is system software that interacts with computer hardware and
software resources and runs common services for computer programs. The operating system is
a component of the system software; application programs usually require an operating system
for them to work. Examples for operating systems are Microsoft Windows (XP, Vista, or 7), any
flavor of Linux, and Mac OS X (An apple version of UNIX).
ii. Application Software
Application Software is intended to execute a particular application such as word processing,
presentation, communicating etc. It can be single software or a combination called a package. Some
examples are reservation software, payroll software, Microsoft Word, Libre Office Writer etc. the
specific things a user wants the computer to do can be achieved by Application software. Whereas the
Operating System gives general instructions globally to a computer for controlling the hardware.
iii. Proprietary software
Proprietary software is software that is owned by an individual or an organisation (usually the one that
developed it). There are quite often real limitations on its utilization, and its source code is quite often
kept undisclosed (source code is the variant of the product as it is initially composed by an engineer in a
plain text, discernible in plain text or alphanumeric characters). Sometimes it is called ‘closed code
programming’ which implies, the source code isn't for open access. Most softwares are secured by
copyrights which, alongside contract law, licenses, and prized formulas, gives legitimate premise to its
proprietor to build up selective rights.
iv. Openware, Shareware and Freeware
These are the types of software other than the above mentioned types. Usually these are similar kind of
softwares that are available over the internet for free. Openware is available online and open for
development. This type can be usually downloaded and customized according to user requirements. An
example for openware is android mobile software, tron script etc. Developers around the world
contribute for the development of openwares. Sharewares are usually proprietary softwares that are
available to download and share. Sharewares are developed by organisations and distributed over the
internet either for a price or for free and these are not available for customization and development
from third party developers. Similar to other two types, this type is available for free and it is free to
share and use. Some organizations use this type to promote their other products which are similar but
with better functionalities. Example for this type is Skype, libre office, Ubuntu, etc.
Open Source Educational software
There are advantages for using free open source software relatively. Focusing on the scope of using
FOSS - Free Open Source Software in education, the free open source movement is in higher momentum
to enable education with different types of educational software. The open source educational software
gives freedom for education. It offers wide range of options for teachers to design teaching and learning
material, encourage the learners with tailored and meaningful learning. There is a need to assimilate
different tools provided by the educational software for Teachers and students. Content authoring,
concept mapping, content curation, digital storytelling, Web quest, social bookmarking, podcasting,
virtual white boards, Infographics, virtual filed trips, screen casting etc. are some of the available
educational softwares. Mobile learning, e portfolio, augmented reality, blogs, flipped class room etc. are
examples of the emerging trends in educational software.
2.3. Educational implications of Application Software
Presentation and drawing software, Word processing, spreadsheets that are mentioned in previous
sections are considered to be application software. Application softwares
perform a specific activity. The term "application" is used, as each program has a specific application
(purpose). For example, a word processor can be used to create notes, write a text, an article etc. Some
softwares can also be proprietary or open
numbers, graphics, or a combination of these elements depending on the activity for which it is
developed. Some packages are meant for a single task, like image processing; while i
includes several applications. These are different from an operating system, utility software, and
programming tools.
2.3.1 Applications and advantages of word processing
Word processors have a range of applications in education because
use it to provide any kind of material, instruction or constructivist activity.
Word Processing can be used to prepare letters and letterhead, reference documents, memos,
school assignments or for Creative writing lik
Can be used to create greetings and resumes
Can help educators to use preparation time efficiently by enabling them modify materials
instead of creating new ones.
Materials created with word processing software are easy to read
handwritten or typed materials.
It has become easier to create and manage documents for teachers and students with the help
of new software like Google Docs
Word processing allows teachers to share materials online and offline and
and delete contents. Teachers can exchange worksheets, lesson plans, modify them to meet
their requirements.
ICT Tools
Some examples for ICT Tools
2.3. Educational implications of Application Software
Presentation and drawing software, Word processing, spreadsheets that are mentioned in previous
sections are considered to be application software. Application softwares are designed to help users
perform a specific activity. The term "application" is used, as each program has a specific application
(purpose). For example, a word processor can be used to create notes, write a text, an article etc. Some
be proprietary or open-source software. An application can manipulate text,
numbers, graphics, or a combination of these elements depending on the activity for which it is
developed. Some packages are meant for a single task, like image processing; while integrated software
includes several applications. These are different from an operating system, utility software, and
2.3.1 Applications and advantages of word processing
Word processors have a range of applications in education because of its high versatility. A teacher can
use it to provide any kind of material, instruction or constructivist activity.
Word Processing can be used to prepare letters and letterhead, reference documents, memos,
school assignments or for Creative writing like short stories, poems etc.
Can be used to create greetings and resumes
Can help educators to use preparation time efficiently by enabling them modify materials
instead of creating new ones.
Materials created with word processing software are easy to read and understand than the
handwritten or typed materials.
It has become easier to create and manage documents for teachers and students with the help
of new software like Google Docs
Word processing allows teachers to share materials online and offline and gives flexibility to add
and delete contents. Teachers can exchange worksheets, lesson plans, modify them to meet
Wiki
Digital
encyclopedia
MOOC
Moodle, Open
Courses
Blog
Authoring,
Joomla
Infographics
Imaging,
Wordpress
ePub
Digital Story
Telling, scribbler
Presentation and drawing software, Word processing, spreadsheets that are mentioned in previous
are designed to help users
perform a specific activity. The term "application" is used, as each program has a specific application
(purpose). For example, a word processor can be used to create notes, write a text, an article etc. Some
source software. An application can manipulate text,
numbers, graphics, or a combination of these elements depending on the activity for which it is
ntegrated software
includes several applications. These are different from an operating system, utility software, and
of its high versatility. A teacher can
Word Processing can be used to prepare letters and letterhead, reference documents, memos,
Can help educators to use preparation time efficiently by enabling them modify materials
and understand than the
It has become easier to create and manage documents for teachers and students with the help
gives flexibility to add
and delete contents. Teachers can exchange worksheets, lesson plans, modify them to meet
Word processing helps in enhancing the presentation standards of students’ work.
Create a rubric for pupils’ self-assessment.
The word processor can help benefit disabled students by removing the barriers to writing, thus
allowing the student to focus on the content of the paper. Research indicates that student
writing skills of students does improve when using word processors over. Writing process is
stress-free and well-organized using a word processor.
2.3.2 Spreadsheets:
A spread sheet is an application program for data analysis and storage of data in tabular form. A spread
sheet mimics a paper bookkeeping worksheets that indicates information in lines and sections. It is used
for recording, presenting, and managing data arranged in rows and columns.
A spread sheet is a report that stores information in a lattice of flat lines and vertical segments. Lines are
commonly named utilizing numbers (1, 2, 3, and so forth.), while segments are named with letters (A, B,
C, and so on). For instance, each column of a spread sheet may store data about a student. Every
segment may store an alternate part of the student’s data like the name, address, age, sex, marks
scored, etc. These programs can also analyse the data from information like number of students, their
performance in different subjects, who performed better etc. This analysis can be achieved by applying
formulae to rows and columns and to individual cells.
Since the introduction of web applications, packages like Microsoft Office suites now also exist in web
app form. Advanced web technologies such as Ajax, offer online spreadsheets. Some of them are Office
Online, EditGrid, Google Spreadsheets, Smartsheet or ZK Spreadsheet.
Features of Spreadsheet:
Values
Values are the attributes of any table entity. A table entity can be a name, number or any type of
character that is related to the table. Usually tables are relational databases where each and every
attribute is related. For example, if a student is defined then his marks, attendance and performance are
the attributes related to the student. In this case, the student name is the value defined under the name
column and his marks and other entities are the values related to him.
Locking a cell
A cell can be defined as a part of the table that joins both the row and a column. Each cell is unique in
spreadsheets and can be filled with values of different data types. Data types such as Integers,
Characters, Special Characters, Numbers etc. can be used as values. Type of value depends on the type
of the entity. If a name is defined as the attribute, then the names can be written in ‘char’ data type, if
marks have to be entered, it takes numbers or integers.
Cell locking is achieved by applying formulae so that the values don’t change. It can be activated from
the file preferences also.
Data format
A cell range can be defined to state how the value is to be displayed. Initially default format is usually set
to the content if not specified previously. For example, "31/12/2007" or "31 Dec 2007" would change
the default cell format. Similarly adding a % sign after a number will tag the cell to a percentage cell
format. Some cell formats such as "numeric" or "currency" can also specify the number of decimal
places.
Formula
A formula is a statement of arithmetic or logical operations that effects the values. Formulae are defined
to perform. It identifies the calculation needed to place the result in the cell. Therefore, a cell containing
a formula has two display components; the formula itself and the resulting value.
Charts
Charts are added features offered by spreadsheets. They are used to visualise data for easy analysis.
Many spreadsheet applications generate charts, graphs or histograms from specified groups of cells.
Educational applications:
1) Spread sheets can be used to calculate student grades and class averages easily.
2) Teachers can quickly create charts, giving data a visual display (e.g., pie chart, bar chart) for analysis.
3) Teachers can create a timely spread sheets that display homework for each student to take home.
4) Institutes can provide grade-recording medium where teachers can enter and store grades using
spreadsheets.
5) Using formulae, students can perform complex calculations (e.g., average, sum, standard deviation)
quickly and effortlessly.
2.3.3 Presentation software:
Applications that are used to present data in different forms are known to be Presentation softwares.
These programs enable users to combine text, images, animations and graphics and create interactive
material. Usually these softwares are used in combination with projectors and other different hardwares
to convey information to large crowds or in business meetings.
Presentation software also contain multimedia authoring tools which enable users to create more
sophisticated presentations with audio and video sequences. Some common presentation softwares,
are Lotus's Freelance Graphics and Microsoft's PowerPoint. Other popular products include Astound,
Adobe Persuasion, Corel Presentations, Asymetrix Compel and Harvard Graphics.
Features of Power Point Presentation
Slide Layouts
Individually a page in Microsoft PowerPoint is called a slide. Similar to contemporary slide projectors,
Power Point presentations use computers to show slides. Hence, each session of presentation is known
to be slideshow.
Design Themes in Presentation software:
One of the features of Power Point is to be able to design themes that users can immediately see on
slides. These themes vary from colours, watermarks, images and backgrounds. Using themes also
integrate sounds and music to particular options.
Add Clip Art or Pictures
Clip art is a set of portable, small pieces of art often used to create interactive presentations.
PowerPoint offers a collection of these images and different ways to add clip art to a presentation. The
easiest way to integrate clip art is to select a slide layout that contains clip art and pictures.
Slide Transitions
Slide transitions add movement to the slides as they change from one slide to the next.
Educational Applications of Presentation software
1) Earlier, presentations were given using transparent sheets with an overhead projector. Presentation
software allows teachers to use a computer and projector with many more features.
2) Teachers can create slides for presentations that can offer multimedia elements (e.g., audio clips,
video clips, photographs, charts) which a regular overhead projector cannot.
3) Teachers can provide the presentation files to students in emails and pen drives, eliminating the need
to take notes, and thus allowing them to pay attention to the content being discussed.
4) Students can also use presentation softwares to create presentations for seminars rather than write a
paper. Students can create slides with text, images, or other media that can surpass what a normal
word-processor can achieve.
2.4.
Network and Internet
2.4.1 Computer Networking
This Section deals with the Computer networking, Concepts and the architecture of it. Different types
and uses of browsers are also mentioned below and the search strategies are really important to gather
information from the online resources which are very crucial in the k
learner. The computer network is a network where a number of computers are linked in order to share
information, the software involved and the linking also allows the electronic communication and the
exchange of files.
The processors on a network could also be
satellites, or infrared beams. Networking involves
connected through cabling or wirelessly to a central
contain elements that are dedicated to the task of
This software system makes use of special rules of communication
are many various styles of protocols used for
for establishing and maintaining communication across a network
Transmission management Protocol/Internet
Protocol.
Networked
computers
hardware, software system and information
Client-server and peer-to-peer networks
The computers on the networking linkage which have equal status are known as peer
Every system will have its own pre-
are called as Servers. The systems which manage or provide the servers to the networking systems are
called as workstations and such networks are known as client
A server which is utilized for the ce
record server, clients can get to their work from anyplace on the system. They can likewise make these
documents accessible to clients on different PCs. Record servers additionally ena
on a task by concentrating the aftereffects of their work. Sending records to a server from a customer
PC is called transferring, while accepting a document from a server by a customer PC is called
downloading. A Personal Computer co
server. Having a sole printer instead of a printer joined to every PC clearly saves money. A progressively
important type of server is an applications server. In the case of applications ser
are not installed on the workstations but rather on the applications server. A communications server is a
PC committed to connecting a system to the outside world. These are regularly called proxy servers. As
the case of print servers illustrates, one of the best benefits of having a system is that it allows the data
resources to be shared.
The computer network depends upon the geographical areas which are in the coverage range of that
network.
with the Computer networking, Concepts and the architecture of it. Different types
and uses of browsers are also mentioned below and the search strategies are really important to gather
information from the online resources which are very crucial in the knowledge acquisition process for a
learner. The computer network is a network where a number of computers are linked in order to share
information, the software involved and the linking also allows the electronic communication and the
could also be connected through cables, phone lines, radio waves,
beams. Networking involves putting in network cards in every pc
connected through cabling or wirelessly to a central device referred to as a hub.
that are dedicated to the task of sanctioning computers to speak
makes use of special rules of communication referred to as
protocols used for a spread of functions. The foremost typically
for establishing and maintaining communication across a network is termed as
Protocol/Internet
Protocol.
Networked
computers
information.
peer networks
The computers on the networking linkage which have equal status are known as peer-
-designed tasks and they offer many different services and thus they
are called as Servers. The systems which manage or provide the servers to the networking systems are
called as workstations and such networks are known as client – server networks.
A server which is utilized for the central stockpiling of documents is known as a record server. Utilizing a
record server, clients can get to their work from anyplace on the system. They can likewise make these
documents accessible to clients on different PCs. Record servers additionally enable clients to co
on a task by concentrating the aftereffects of their work. Sending records to a server from a customer
PC is called transferring, while accepting a document from a server by a customer PC is called
downloading. A Personal Computer connected to a printer which clients can access is known as a print
server. Having a sole printer instead of a printer joined to every PC clearly saves money. A progressively
important type of server is an applications server. In the case of applications servers, application bundles
are not installed on the workstations but rather on the applications server. A communications server is a
PC committed to connecting a system to the outside world. These are regularly called proxy servers. As
vers illustrates, one of the best benefits of having a system is that it allows the data
The computer network depends upon the geographical areas which are in the coverage range of that
computer
Networks
Communica-
tions
Sharing
Software &
files
Information
Preservation
Sharing data
Sharing
hardware
Security
with the Computer networking, Concepts and the architecture of it. Different types
and uses of browsers are also mentioned below and the search strategies are really important to gather
nowledge acquisition process for a
learner. The computer network is a network where a number of computers are linked in order to share
information, the software involved and the linking also allows the electronic communication and the
lines, radio waves,
pc. Every pc is then
Operative systems
to speak over a network.
referred to as protocols. There
typically used protocol
is termed as TCP/IP or
Protocol/Internet
Protocol.
Networked
computers will share
-to-peer networks.
many different services and thus they
are called as Servers. The systems which manage or provide the servers to the networking systems are
ntral stockpiling of documents is known as a record server. Utilizing a
record server, clients can get to their work from anyplace on the system. They can likewise make these
ble clients to co-work
on a task by concentrating the aftereffects of their work. Sending records to a server from a customer
PC is called transferring, while accepting a document from a server by a customer PC is called
nnected to a printer which clients can access is known as a print
server. Having a sole printer instead of a printer joined to every PC clearly saves money. A progressively
vers, application bundles
are not installed on the workstations but rather on the applications server. A communications server is a
PC committed to connecting a system to the outside world. These are regularly called proxy servers. As
vers illustrates, one of the best benefits of having a system is that it allows the data
The computer network depends upon the geographical areas which are in the coverage range of that
They are categorized as below:
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Personal Area Network (PAN)
LAN (Local Area Network) is a PC network that involves moderately a little territory. Normally a LAN is
constrained to a single room, building or a little Campus with gathering of structures. A considerable lot
of the small to big School and College Campus
This has turned out to be simple accessibility for the employees to communicate and share information.
A WLAN is a Local Area Network that is connected through a wireless link.
A WAN or Wide Area Network is a group of broadly scattered PCs that are associated together. These
could be over a similar town or over a nation or even over the world. Aside from separation, the other
component that differentiates a WAN from a LAN is that the WAN would make util
communication technologies, for example, phone, microwave and satellite links. Much of the issues
looked by LAN associations can be unraveled by WAN. Most WANs are produced using a few LANs
associated together as shown in the figure b
Advantages of networking:
1.
File Servers
• accessibility from any workstation linked to the network.
• Easy exchange of the data.
• Centralised back-up.
2.
Printer Servers
• Capital Savings - as there is no need attach a printer to each and every computer, instead the
printer need to be connected to the server.
• Low maintenance.
• Better quality printers can be purchased.
3.
Application Servers
• No need to install the softwar
• Similarity of the configuration for every user.
Computer
1
Computer
2
Computer 3
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
LAN (Local Area Network) is a PC network that involves moderately a little territory. Normally a LAN is
constrained to a single room, building or a little Campus with gathering of structures. A considerable lot
of the small to big School and College Campuses including organizations foundations today use LANs.
This has turned out to be simple accessibility for the employees to communicate and share information.
A WLAN is a Local Area Network that is connected through a wireless link.
rk is a group of broadly scattered PCs that are associated together. These
could be over a similar town or over a nation or even over the world. Aside from separation, the other
component that differentiates a WAN from a LAN is that the WAN would make utilization of a scope of
communication technologies, for example, phone, microwave and satellite links. Much of the issues
looked by LAN associations can be unraveled by WAN. Most WANs are produced using a few LANs
associated together as shown in the figure below.
• accessibility from any workstation linked to the network.
• Easy exchange of the data.
as there is no need attach a printer to each and every computer, instead the
printer need to be connected to the server.
• Better quality printers can be purchased.
• No need to install the software in every computer, installing in the workstation is enough.
• Similarity of the configuration for every user.
WAN
Networking
LAN
System 1
System 2
System 3
System 4
System 5
LAN (Local Area Network) is a PC network that involves moderately a little territory. Normally a LAN is
constrained to a single room, building or a little Campus with gathering of structures. A considerable lot
es including organizations foundations today use LANs.
This has turned out to be simple accessibility for the employees to communicate and share information.
rk is a group of broadly scattered PCs that are associated together. These
could be over a similar town or over a nation or even over the world. Aside from separation, the other
ization of a scope of
communication technologies, for example, phone, microwave and satellite links. Much of the issues
looked by LAN associations can be unraveled by WAN. Most WANs are produced using a few LANs
as there is no need attach a printer to each and every computer, instead the
e in every computer, installing in the workstation is enough.
System 3
• Upgrading of software only needs to be done on the server.
• The licensing software's price is less compared with the cost of many stand-alone versions.
4.
Internet Connection Sharing (Proxy Servers)
• They contain a history of websites recently visited and cached for quicker access.
• They can be configured with firewall software.
• It even provides the filter for Virus in the files.
2.4.2 Internet
The Internet is the gathering of all Personal Computers over the world which can get to one another
somehow or another. The connections between PCs may incorporate phone, fiber optic link, radio,
satellite. Today a huge number of PCs can get to one another. The Internet has no focal association
which controls its utilization. Since the Internet knows no fringes, numerous legislatures have
attempted to control the stream of data over the Internet. Nonetheless, correspondences innovation
is so differed thus across the board this is a close outlandish task.
Intranet
An intranet is a gathering of all PCs inside an association that can get to one another here and there.
Clients may peruse PCs with in an intranet utilizing a program yet will normally not have the capacity
to get to the more extensive Internet. Similarly, outsiders won't have the capacity to get to the
intranet of an association. An intranet can be thought of as a private Internet. "Internet" precisely
signifies "network of networks". The Internet comprises of thousands of smaller local systems spread
all through the world. It interfaces around 80 million clients in Asian nations on some random day.
The World Wide Web or WWW is a part of the Internet. The WWW comprises of the considerable
number of destinations that can be accessed by utilizing an internet browser, for example, Mozilla,
Internet Explorer, Opera or Google Chrome. All together for a browser to get to a site, the site must
contain records that have a specific configuration built utilizing Hypertext Markup Language or HTML.
These destinations are regularly created utilizing specific web advancement applications, yet it is
possible to make a simple website utilizing a word processor by saving the file in HTML extension. The
HTML records are saved as site pages on extraordinary servers known as web servers. These run
special web server programming, for example, Apache Web Server or Internet Information Services.
The WWW enables the free stream of data over the world. Advancements in innovation have made
access to the Internet easier and quicker. Subsequently the WWW likewise ended up known as the
Information Super high way. The vast majority of the activities recorded under the Internet in the past
segment are presently done by utilizing the World Wide Web. The sites are designed in HTML or in a
similar format, are installed on web servers and are can be accessed by internet browsers.
The internet is an extraordinary device for building up the communication and coordinated effort
based abilities of learners and educators. Most importantly, the web is a viable means for building
language skills. Through email, chat rooms and group discussions, learners take in the essential
standards of communication in the composed frame. This offers the instructors a chance to include
web based activities or tasks into ordinary education programs and inculcate variety to their
instructing methodologies. Collective activities can be planned to enhance proficiency aptitudes,
generally through email informing with their peers from different schools or even different nations.
Collaborative projects are likewise helpful for engaging the learners and expose to huge learning
encounters. Along these lines, the web turns into a compelling method for advancing intercultural
understanding.
Benefits of Internet
• the internet is easy to use.
• It develops communication, collaboration and language skills.
• The internet is data and information loaded, including a range of medium.
• The Search engines that are available online are, fast and powerful.
• We can become researchers because of easier access to data.
• People are motivated to share their work online with the world.
• The internet appeals to different learning styles.
• Unlike paper the web can present dynamic data sources which change over time.
• The characters in an e-Mail don't get transposed or mixed up when they are sent over long distances.
• We can access libraries around the world.
The access of the internet can be accomplished through the following:
1.
Dial- up internet Access
2.
Cable internet Access
3.
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
4.
Power- Line internet
5.
Broadband internet Access
6.
Wi-fi Networks
7.
Satellite Broadband
8.
Li- Fi (Light Fidelity)
Browser
A browser is programming software that is utilized to get to the web. An internet browser is a PC
program application found on every single present day PC. They have additionally now turned into a
typical component of cell phones or other mobile devices and tablet PCs like the iPad or Android tablets.
An internet browser (generally known as a browser) is a product application for recovering, displaying,
and navigating data resources on the WWW World Wide Web. A data resource is recognized by a
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and it might be a site page, picture, video or other bit of
substance. Hyperlinks present in resource allow the users to effectively explore their programs to
related information. In spite of the fact that programs are fundamentally expected to utilize the World
Wide Web, they can likewise be utilized to get to data given by web servers in private systems or
records in document frameworks.
Search Strategies
Normally searching through the World Wide Web can be both useful and baffling. One may discover
huge measures of data, or you may not di
web will furnish you with an abundance of data, however not every last bit of it will be helpful or of the
most astounding quality.
Not the majority of the data situated on the Internet can be
Web data incorporates certain record groups, data contained in databases, and pages discarded from
web indexes. Along these lines, utilizing web search tools isn't the best way to discover material on the
Web, however these web search tools are one tool the user can utilize. Knowing a couple of strategy
systems and indications can make the search progressively useful.
Some of the recommended steps to be followed during the web search are as follows:
Usage of nouns in the queries
Avoid conjunctions, verbs, adverbs and adjectives.
Use keywords to be exact
Use phrases wherever is needed
Limit the words in search and narrow the concept in query.
Keep overall query length limited to
We realize that when we begin searching the web without a target, unwantedly the time will be lost
since it has tremendous data both related and undesirable. Most sites will be general in nature (i.e.,
serve a wide cross-area of users). Subject
the need and requirement. While choosing the data we have to initially choose what we need and as
needs be, with the help of the web indexes we can go to specific site and sel
Following are a few of the essential elements one need to consider while choosing resources in the web
and After selecting the resource, the user need to evaluate whether the source is consistent, legal, and
dependable resource to mention and quote.
Internet Explorer
Created by Microsoft
Corporation and
comes with in- built
Windows OS
Mozilla Firefox
Managed by Mozilla
Corporation and it
has many flexible
options for the user.
Normally searching through the World Wide Web can be both useful and baffling. One may discover
huge measures of data, or you may not discover the sorts of data one is searching for. Looking on the
web will furnish you with an abundance of data, however not every last bit of it will be helpful or of the
Not the majority of the data situated on the Internet can be found by means of web indexes. Invisible
Web data incorporates certain record groups, data contained in databases, and pages discarded from
web indexes. Along these lines, utilizing web search tools isn't the best way to discover material on the
er these web search tools are one tool the user can utilize. Knowing a couple of strategy
systems and indications can make the search progressively useful.
Some of the recommended steps to be followed during the web search are as follows:
the queries – who/what, when, where, how and why;
Avoid conjunctions, verbs, adverbs and adjectives.
Use phrases wherever is needed
Limit the words in search and narrow the concept in query.
Keep overall query length limited to six to eight keywords maximum.
We realize that when we begin searching the web without a target, unwantedly the time will be lost
since it has tremendous data both related and undesirable. Most sites will be general in nature (i.e.,
of users). Subject-explicit sites should be chosen by the educator according to
the need and requirement. While choosing the data we have to initially choose what we need and as
needs be, with the help of the web indexes we can go to specific site and select the data we need.
Following are a few of the essential elements one need to consider while choosing resources in the web
After selecting the resource, the user need to evaluate whether the source is consistent, legal, and
ntion and quote.
Types of Browsers
with Windows, Linux
& MAC Operating
Systems (OS)
Mozilla Firefox
Managed by Mozilla
Corporation and it
has many flexible
options for the user.
Opera
It is the fastest and
the simpler way to
get into web
Google Chrome
The most secure and
the widely used
browser.
Normally searching through the World Wide Web can be both useful and baffling. One may discover
scover the sorts of data one is searching for. Looking on the
web will furnish you with an abundance of data, however not every last bit of it will be helpful or of the
found by means of web indexes. Invisible
Web data incorporates certain record groups, data contained in databases, and pages discarded from
web indexes. Along these lines, utilizing web search tools isn't the best way to discover material on the
er these web search tools are one tool the user can utilize. Knowing a couple of strategy
Some of the recommended steps to be followed during the web search are as follows:
We realize that when we begin searching the web without a target, unwantedly the time will be lost
since it has tremendous data both related and undesirable. Most sites will be general in nature (i.e.,
explicit sites should be chosen by the educator according to
the need and requirement. While choosing the data we have to initially choose what we need and as
ect the data we need.
Following are a few of the essential elements one need to consider while choosing resources in the web
After selecting the resource, the user need to evaluate whether the source is consistent, legal, and
Google Chrome
The most secure and
the widely used
browser.
Searching Criteria:
Evaluation Criteria:
1.
Precision of the data
2.
The authority of data distributer
3.
The broadness and profundity of data
4.
The dependability and effectiveness of
hyperlinks on main page
5.
The quality of format and plan
6.
The originality of Information
7.
The working ability of primary page
8.
Site promptly open and the accessibility
9.
Downloads are speedy and simple.
10.
Route simple. (Navigation)
11.
Connections to applicable destinations.
12.
Copyright holder, if material is ensured by
copyright.
1.
Site entree and usability
2.
Resource ID and documentation
3.
Author proof of identity
4.
Authority of author
5.
Data structure and design
6.
Applicability and scope of content
7.
Validity of content
8.
Accuracy of the web content
9.
Navigation within document
10.
Quality of the links and
11.
Appealing and affective features
While searching the web, the user may come across any important web page. The web browsers provide
various options to track the history of the search. Bookmarking is one such option. There is a star mark
just beside the URL bar, by clicking that the URL of the desired page will be registered in the bookmarks
section. The user can retrieve that same old web page by going back to the bookmarks section which is
available in the tool bar.
Activity:
1.
As an instructor analyse the role of web in the conventional teaching.
2.
How are you going to give hands on experience for your learners?
3.
Conduct a class using mobile internet access and record it, on an experimental basis.
Analyse the results with that of regular classroom teaching
2.5. Multimedia
Information which is stored in different forms of media could be combined and used in different
applications. Media can be recorded and played, displayed, interacted with or accessed by media
processing devices, usually electronic devices. Unlike images and presentations, this process combines
different types of media formats making them into one single entity which came to be known as ‘Multi-
media’. For example, videos have different media like images, audio and the video itself. This
combination of different media formats for communication has influenced lifestyle and education
approaches, including the teacher and the learner. Multimedia has become an unavoidable part of any
presentation. It has been observed that there is wide range of applications from entertainment to
education. The development of internet has affected the demand for sight and sound content. It is
frequently used to portray any type of media. This leads to comprehend data at a quicker rate.
2.5.1 Intelligent Multimedia:
The Britannica Online Encyclopaedia defines “Interactive Multimedia" as, any computer conveyed
electronic framework that enables the client to control, join, and manage diverse kinds of media. It
coordinates computer memory storing, computerized (digital) information, phone, TV, and other data
advances. Their most common applications incorporate preparing programs, computer games,
electronic reference books, and travel guides. Intelligent, interactive media move the client's job from
spectator to member and are considered the next generation of electronic data frameworks.
2.5.2 Use of Multimedia in Education:
Multimedia is being used in number of applications today. It contributes to the way people relate
themselves with electronic information. Today, its applications are well known in education sector.
Teachers employ multimedia in different ways for different levels of learners. Some recognised ways are
for collaborative learning, individualized instruction, computerized assessments and Multimedia
presentations.
For example, open and distance learning has become a medium to deliver content and the courses to
the students. Some of the concepts that are used by educationists are webinars, podcasting, learning
management systems and many more.
Studies show that learners who use Multimedia learning have higher student involvement and more
retention of the concepts taught when compared to the traditional modes of teaching. It has also shown
that learner’s understanding also increased. Designing and using Multimedia material also helps
students to develop many skills, Connell, and Carver, Lehrer Ericksen (1992). Some of these skills are:
Project Management Skills
Planning timelines for the finishing projects.
Assigning resources to different modules of a project.
Assigning roles and responsibilities to team members.
Research Skills
Defining and identifying problem statements.
Defining questions about structures, models, cases, values, and roles.
Searching for material using text, search engines, electronic and pictorial information bases.
Analyzing and interpreting the information collected to identify data patterns.
Organization and Representation Skills
Deciding how to classify and categorize information to make it understandable.
Deciding how information will be represented (text, pictures, movies, audio, etc.).
Determining the information flow (hierarchy, sequence) and how it will be linked.
Presentation Skills
Designing presentations and implementing the ideas in multimedia.
Knowing and preserving the interests of the intended audience.
Summary
This chapter discussed that the evolution of knowledge and Communication Technology (ICT) is an
important milestone. Computers became an important part of today’s lifestyle and Computers are being
employed in nearly each field and everyday new areas of activities are being discovered. Application of
software in the teaching scenario and educational implications. The advantages of applications of
software, word processing and PowerPoint have been discussed in this chapter.
3. Digital Classroom and Teachers’ Preparation
3.1. The Concept of Teacher Professional Development
As educators, we as a whole know that the process of learning about instructive practices and specific
teaching is a progressing action. The field of educational practice is regularly developing and
consequently there is continually something new to learn. The majority of us begin finding out about our
profession through a formal educator preparation program. Since, any such planning is inadequate
without rehearsing the teaching, the learning proceeds even after the beginning the act of instructing.
Also, it is not practical to expect to learn everything through formal learning in a regularly rising field like
teaching. Beginning from the basic instructor preparation program to progressing educator learning
exercises, educator proficient advancement can be viewed as a continuum.
Teacher Professional Development (TPD) is
‘a systematized, initial and continuous, coherent
and modular process of professional development of educators in accordance with
professional competency standards and frameworks’.
Therefore the TPD involves a systematic activity for training with a clear purpose. In the Teachers’ area,
the teachers’ proficiency development plays a crucial role now-a-days. For this purpose, there are
different models in practise. The following is one model proposed by Hart J (2010) which speaks about
workplace learning. The below is the 5 stages of work place learning.
Objectives
Understanding teachers’ professional development
Pedagogical approach
Teachers perception
It had been identified that the usage of ICT in the professional development of a
categorised into 3 groups:
A focus of study
that enhances the instructors’ capabilities to utilize specific tools in ICT, such as
online platforms, usage of electronic devices etc.,
A delivery system (the teaching medium)
pedagogy and content mastery
A catalyst for new forms of teaching and learning
learning, and other forms of learner
For the development of Teachers’ Profession, in
bring out a quality outcome which in turn results in the quality enhancement of a teacher. The following
are the categories on which an instructor has to focus on.
Learning the usage of ICT
Using ICT in the process of Learning
Inculcation of ICT in teacher learning
ICT with its flexible nature has found its application in each movement identified with instructive
practice. Some basic questions the teacher may need to focus while figuring out
per the following:
How does a teacher use ICTs? (Procedural)
What can ICTs help in? (Practical)
How can an instructor use ICT tools in large classrooms? (Logistical)
How can the tools of ICT be used as a sub
process of teaching in the classroom? (Managerial)
How can an instructor learn from ICT and teach with the tools of ICT? (Conceptual)
Collaborative
learning
It had been identified that the usage of ICT in the professional development of a teacher can be
that enhances the instructors’ capabilities to utilize specific tools in ICT, such as
online platforms, usage of electronic devices etc.,
A delivery system (the teaching medium)
provision of data to the teachers to enhance
pedagogy and content mastery
A catalyst for new forms of teaching and learning
, Such as inquiry-based learning, collaborative
learning, and other forms of learner-cantered pedagogy.
For the development of Teachers’ Profession, incorporation of ICT in the process of enhancement will
bring out a quality outcome which in turn results in the quality enhancement of a teacher. The following
are the categories on which an instructor has to focus on.
the process of Learning
Inculcation of ICT in teacher learning and teaching
ICT with its flexible nature has found its application in each movement identified with instructive
practice. Some basic questions the teacher may need to focus while figuring out how to utilize ICT are as
How does a teacher use ICTs? (Procedural)
What can ICTs help in? (Practical)
How can an instructor use ICT tools in large classrooms? (Logistical)
How can the tools of ICT be used as a sub- part of what an instructor already does in the regular
process of teaching in the classroom? (Managerial)
How can an instructor learn from ICT and teach with the tools of ICT? (Conceptual)
Classroom
training
E- learning
Blended
learning
Social
learning
Collaborative
learning
teacher can be
that enhances the instructors’ capabilities to utilize specific tools in ICT, such as
to the teachers to enhance
based learning, collaborative
corporation of ICT in the process of enhancement will
bring out a quality outcome which in turn results in the quality enhancement of a teacher. The following
ICT with its flexible nature has found its application in each movement identified with instructive
how to utilize ICT are as
ructor already does in the regular
How can an instructor learn from ICT and teach with the tools of ICT? (Conceptual)
How can teaching through ICT help the advancement in the way of acquisition of the knowledge
in different ways? How can they support the curriculum? How can they aid teachers’ teaching
process? How should an instructor teach with the help of ICTs? (Instructional)
How is the student’s learning in ICT based projects assessed? (Evaluation)
Another approach to look at learning about ICT use in instructive intentions is to see the different
utilizations of ICT in educational setting. Following is a list of different territories of ICT application.
Learning ICT used for designing a teaching plan
Learning ICT used for encouraging learning
Learning ICT used for evaluation
Learning ICT used for the administration and management of the board
Learning ICT used for the classrooms which are inclusive
Learning ICT used for fortifying institutional network relationship
In every one of these zones of instructive practices, ICT can be definitively integrated; one must know
the ICT in any case. For instance, to create digital lesson plans, one must learn word processing
software. So as to create student record database, one have to learn some database software tools. An
instructor needs to learn a spreadsheet application such as Microsoft Excel with the goal that data can
be sorted out, processed and analysed.
Following figure gives a preview of demonstrative Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) tools that are
in availability for educational purposes:
3.2. Teacher Professional Development through ICT
The advent of new technology, exclusively web 2 technologies has paved many platforms for the instructors to
FOSS
TOOLS
CMS
Concept
Mapping
Authoring
Video
Graphics
Animation
Management
LMS
Audio
Tutor
Moodle
Word
press
H5P
Reload
Open
movie
editor
LMMS
Q Tractor
Free
plane
Cmap
Pencil
Blender
Open
Admin.
Ink scape
learn. Internet is a host for an extensive number of learning opportunities. Some of them give opportunities for
learning by offering complete online courses. There are free and in addition paid courses that one can choose. The
web based learning stage may supply the study materials and in addition chance to post your learning. Following
are a few examples of web based learning resources:
Khan Academy - https://www.khanacademy.org/
Sailor - https://learn.saylor.org/
EdTech Leaders Online - http://www.edtechleaders.org/
iEARN - http://www.iearn.org
FutureLearn
www.futurelearn.com
Edubuddy
www.edubuddycom
http://www.open.edu/openlearn/education
.
3.2.1 Massive Open and Online Courses (MOOCs)
Today a large group of platforms are accessible which offers open and online courses, again a significant
number of them are free. The fundamental component of MOOC is that it is offered through web based
learning stages, to anybody keen on learning, to any number of members, at a settled given time
allotment in a secluded shape. Generally, a course in a MOOC would long anyplace between 6 to about
four months. The course substances are organized on a week after week course of time. The course
members are required to experience the readings, recordings, workshops, exercises, assessment
activities to finish a course. The MOOCs are not as same as the internet learning stages; it could be said
that in MOOCs, one would register under a complete full-fledged course, comprising structure of the
course, instructional video, guided collaboration, observed assessment, evaluating of the assignments
finished and so forth. At the end of the day, the MOOCs give an entire learning background on the web.
An internet learning platform, may just give e-content and evaluation assignments which are not
evaluated.
There are many MOOC Platforms; here are a couple of them:
1. Coursera
Coursera is a for-benefit, instructive innovative organization that offers MOOCs. Coursera works with
best colleges and associations to make a portion of their courses accessible on the web and free, and
offers courses in numerous subjects. This can be accessed from the URL: https://www.coursera.org/
2. edX
edX is a MOOC supplier. It has online college level courses in a wide scope of controls to an worldwide
student body, including a few courses at no charge. It additionally directs examination into learning
dependent on how individuals utilize its stage. edX varies from other MOOC suppliers, for example,
Cousera- in that it is a non-profit association and keeps running on open source programming. Following
connection would take the user to edX home site.
https://www.edx.org/
Other famous MOOCs websites are:
Future Learn - https://www.futurelearn.com/
Stanford Online - http://online.stanford.edu/
European School Net - http://www.europeanschoolnetacademy.eu/
NovoEd - https://novoed.com/
3.2.2. Web 2.0 Technologies (Blog, Wiki, and Podcasts)
Web 2.0 innovations, for example, online journals, wikis, and digital recordings have been considered as
'social software' since they are seen as being all around linked, enabling user to create web content
collaboratively and open to general society. Web 2.0 tools are anything but difficult to utilize and
immediately designed and sorted out. Therefore, they permit powerful data sharing and direct
coordinated effort. Further, these tools have favourable position of requiring minimal technical skills to
utilize their features. Consequently, the users can concentrate on the data exchange and tasks without
making a big deal about technical learning.
Blog: Following a blog composed by others in the same profession as yours is a good path for one's
professional improvement. Since, blog additionally gives chances to interface asynchronously; there is a
plausibility of social learning. Since communication is non-concurrent, reactions would be more
reflective instead of unconstrained. Composing blog is another method for participating in professional
improvement. Methodical, articulated composing is just a result of keen commitment in the profession.
Wiki: Wiki is another web 2.0 innovation where educator could contribute and consequently take part in
professional improvement. Wiki is a sort of interactive site where the site pages are editable by the
users of the site. The users can alter existing pages and add new pages to the site. This enables groups to
work together on the production of online data. The wiki clients can keep the content enhancing till the
individuals from the network are happy with the content. Since assembling data on a specific subject
requires research, synthesis and presentation of the thought for others that aids educators to build up
their insight on the zone they are investigating, makes a wiki an integral tool for professional
advancement.
Useful wiki for the educators:
Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/
Wikimapia - http://wikimapia.org/
WikiHow - http://www.wikihow.com/
Social bookmarking:
Social bookmarking, an online administration through which adding, annotating, altering and sharing
bookmarks of online is possible. For example, Indian Freedom Movement is one of the themes of
History in Social Sciences. An instructor could distinguish different online sources and shortlist the most
helpful ones. Presently, the instructor could give an explanation (brief portrayal) for each of the sources.
This pool of sources is helpful to every instructor who is going to teach. Sharing such a pool of sources is
simple when social bookmarking administration is utilized. Since there is no single great collection,
coordinated effort among educators would help in exploring the accumulations, adding new sources to
the lists. Some of the most popular social bookmarking service providers are Diigo, stumble upon,
delicious.
podcasts:
Podcasts are other web 2.0 technologies that are helpful for educators. Since the documents of the
resources are constantly accessible for use, webcasts turn out to be extremely convenient when the
users are in need. Since t
he sound configuration can be played on cell phones, they are accessible
for instructors for helpful professional advancement, i.e., educators can choose what, when
and where they learn.
Here are some podcast links useful for an educator:
ISTE podcast - on how technology is changing the classroom -
Grammar Girl - http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/grammar-girl
Radio Lab - http://www.radiolab.org/
How stuff works - http://www.radiolab.org/
Teacher Created Materials - http://www.teachercreatedmaterials.com/podcasts/
Activity:
Explore any one web 2.0 technologies that are listed above.
List your learning from your exploration
3.3 ICT and Pedagogy
With the advent of ICT our teaching and learning patterns have been changed. The education system is
making use of the new trends along with the mixture of pedagogical approaches. This method of
teaching is fulfilling the digital literacy needs. Learners became more self-directed and active in their
own learning processes when teachers became facilitators with lot of technological skills. The traditional
teacher made the classroom ICT based learner- centred classroom. The system demands highly skilled
professionals who are proficient in technical skills. Let us know what pedagogy is it influences teaching
and learning process. An effective teacher must have a range of different teaching and learning tools
that can be drawn upon and used in the classroom.
For effective learning to take place, the teacher must have good subject knowledge along with effective
pedagogical skills. In the 1980s the educational psychologist Lee Shulman pioneered the idea that
teachers' subject knowledge and their knowledge of how to teach were not mutually exclusive fields and
came up with the term Pedagogical Content Knowledge. He talks on the links between teacher and
knowledge. How a teacher should teach by understanding the classroom context and the needs of the
individual knowledge. So an effective teacher must deliver the content with teaching strategies. ICT
makes the learning challenging. Providing good resources and for using them with best techniques is
exploring knowledge. Pedagogical knowledge is the knowledge of particular representations of the
subject matter and a knowledge of the sort of conceptions and difficulties learners might face in trying
to understand that subject matter. Pedagogy is the most powerful way of representing and formulating
the subject that makes it comprehensible for others. Alexander (1992) identifies teaching methods and
learner organisation as the two facets of pedagogy. These are included in Alexander's conceptual
framework for educational practices.
21st century pedagogy aims to develop the skills and knowledge students need to succeed in work, life
and citizenship. Teaching and learning with ICT demands teachers’ ideas, values, beliefs, and the
thinking that Observable elements. Use of ICT resources will differ from subject to subject at such
situations teachers may use their beliefs to filter their knowledge accordingly. Research has shown that
new representations, new ways of learning are presented to learners through ICT. Teacher should be in
the position to respond actively to the student initiative. Teacher should develop worthwhile learning
experiences with the use of ICT.
Objectives
Acquiring Pedagogical Content Knowledge
To know when it is appropriate to use ICT in the classroom
Use a wide range of strategies to stretch and challenge students
Check your understanding
1. Discuss with your partner, why ICT makes the learning challenging
2. What are the two facets of pedagogy?
3. “Scaffolding” – means.
Shulman’s model includes a range of pedagogical
reasoning skills:
• Comprehension – examining the content to be taught and considering its interrelationships with other
subject content.
• Transformation – transforming ideas of knowledge so that they can be learnt by pupils.
• Preparation – preparing the curriculum in relation to aims and objectives.
• Representation – thinking of ways that the ideas and skills may be made accessible to pupils.
• Adaptation – fitting the material to the characteristics of the pupils, taking account of age, gender,
culture, and so on.
• Tailoring – fitting the curriculum and teaching plans to a specific group of learners
• Instruction – performing a variety of teaching and class management activities.
• Evaluation – assessing the effectiveness of the teaching through the assessment of pupils, as well as
other types of evaluation.
Learning environment, depends on affordance, affordance is similar to scaffolding. ‘Scaffolding’ means
that learners build up knowledge and understanding by linking new concepts to those previous
understood through a mental framework of linked concepts. hat new ways of learning and new
representations are presented to learners through ICT. This indicates that the use of ICT changes the
role of the teacher and teaching pedagogy.
3.3.1 Transformation of Pedagogy for ICT
ICT has changed the nature of pedagogy and the roles of teacher are also changed as stated above.
‘Integrated pedagogy’ has to be designed. They are like, rotating roles, promoting student self-
management, supporting meta-cognition, fostering multiple perspectives and scaffolding.
Some pedagogical changes:
It will change from individual to communicative learning
It shows that teaching and learning are independent activities of a single activity
There will be a shift from the knowledge that suits to the individual, which calls for continual
self-monitoring to ensure sensitivity to unintended forms of bias and discrimination
Changes to from a sequential to an organic structuring of learning experiences and facilitates
learning activities.
Technology takes the role of a teacher and facilitator
The task of developing teachers’ effectiveness in using ICT is a long-term goal and it is established as a
regular part of their professional development. With the help of new software are learning new skills
and pedagogical approaches.
Professionalism of the Teacher: Developments in ICT Skills
Researches shows that the professionalism of the teacher is directly related to the progress of the
learner. Hay McBer’s report says that the characteristics of teachers the progress in learners. They found
that learner’s progress is most significantly influenced by a teacher who has high levels of professional
characteristics and good teaching skills surely can create good classroom environment. The identified
characteristics of good teachers are:
Thinking
Professionalism
Leading
Planning
Relating
to
others
Analytical
thinking.
Challenge and
support
Flexibility
Holding people
Initiative
Information
Impact and
influencing team
Conceptual
thinking.
Confidence
Creating trust
accountable
Managing pupils.
seeking
Improvement
drive
work
understanding
others
Various views on pedagogy suggested that teachers recognised the complexity of pedagogy and the
complex nature of classroom life. They devised a diagnostic assessment instrument to elicit learners
misconceptions of graphing and used it as a questionnaire for teachers. Finally it is understood that ICT
is pedagogical concept in teaching and learning process.
3.3.2 Digital Pedagogy:
A digital pedagogy includes planning for learning consists of less content than problem-solving based. It
can present knowledge as problematic rather than as fixed. As such it promotes higher order thinking
skills and students move from remembering content to gaining a deep understanding of concepts (Kent
&Holdway, 2009). It develops critical analysis, metacognition and reflection, often through creation,
editing and publishing online. (Luckin et al, 2009). Digital texts are accessed are also different. Instead
of a linear, sequential process, as in reading or writing a traditional paper based text, digital texts
encourage a browsing, selecting and sampling strategies incorporating images, sound and interactive
elements.
Traditional Pedagogy
ICT enabled Pedagogy
Activities prescribed by teacher
Individual
Apply known solution to problems
Teacher-directed
Summative
Activities determined by learners
Working in teams
Find new solutions to problems
Student-directed
Diagnostic
ICT based assessment is very important and difficult to measure attainment because the pupils are often
not on the products they produce at the end of ICT-based lessons.ICT based assessment is very
important and difficult to measure attainment because the pupils are often not on the products they
produce at the end of ICT-based lessons.
3.4.
Integrating ICT
ICT integration alludes to the utilization of ICTs (PCs and the Internet) to help teaching and learning over the
educational programs. Integrated utilization of innovation may include learners' working with PC efficiency tools to
finish learning assignments or surfing the Internet for the knowledge acquisition, however it is constantly linked to
the learners' proficiency of their school subjects. This meaning of ICT integration requires educators not just learn
with fundamental ICT skills as well as ought to figure out how definitively qualities and adaptability of technologies
can be converted into learning open doors for the students. This event from knowing fundamentals to integrating
ICT in instructing and learning is a moderate and drifting procedure.
3.4.1 Online Videos
There are numerous platforms like YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/) which give umpteen recordings which
can be added to the teaching exercises. They are prominently known as teaching channels. These enhance the
content for instructors as well as give a rich learning knowledge by exposing learners to expertly made instructive
educational recordings.
Another video lesson platform is MIT Blossoms (https://blossoms.mit.edu/). This source gives rich learning
encounters to students. This video Library contains more than 100 math and science exercises, all uninhibitedly
accessible to educators as streaming recordings and Internet downloads and as DVDs and tapes.
Here is a list of such teaching channels for the further reference:
TED Ed (http://ed.ted.com/)
Stellarium http://www.stellarium.org/)
TeacherTube - https://www.teachertube.com/
Pro Teachers Video - http://www.proteachersvideo.com/Home.aspx
Edutopia videos - http://www.edutopia.org/videos
Teaching channel (https://www.teachingchannel.org/)
3.4.2 Teacher Portfolio
Portfolios are additionally a great platform for instructor proficient advancement, as they can be utilized to record,
show, break down and think about individual educators' professional journey. E- Portfolio is explained in detailed,
in the next unit.
In a portfolio, as instructors one can collect records, reports and details of the teaching and their outcome in an
extremely innovative and precise way. These archived details offer us a chance to take a glance at them at an
alternate purpose of time. In this manner instructing can be viewed as a continuous procedure of inquiry,
reflection and experimentation. Since the educator portfolios give inn addition to the experience of an instructor, a
reflection on the experience, it offers a chance to enhance one's own proficiency in teaching. Along these lines,
portfolio management gives educator an express chance to ponder over the experience in teaching and learning,
making an instructor a reflective expert. Instructors could likewise meet up, to build up a common portfolio, for
which educators need to work in collaboration.
Components of a Teacher Portfolio
Following are few elements that are usually used in teacher portfolios:
Methodology About Teaching
Documentation of the ways an instructor used in the practical teaching
Effectiveness in teaching
Materials Representing Student Learning
Activities to enhance the standards of teaching
Honors, Awards, or Recognitions of an instructor
Reflections regarding one’s own teaching
3.4.3e-Publications
Proficient writing is one of the professional improvement phases which has been studied to the slightest
degree. Composing, even of a passage, requires sorting out thoughts and exhibiting them reasonably.
Subsequently the essayist needs to comprehend the thought even before composing, composing
prompts more elevated amount of comprehension. Since composing likewise allows others to comment
on it, cooperation on building up a comprehension is a possibility. Since there is no choice to begin
writing to end up as a good essayist, there is a requirement for space for composing and communicate
with others on the product of composing. With the advent of web services, there are numerous such
spaces where one can compose and speak with different individuals from the network.
The term e-Publication has been utilized in the sense a wide sense of publishing in an online platform on
the web. It could extend from distributing in a journal which is professional to distributing content in an
online site. It is considered as a range since distribution in a journal needs an earlier survey. Then again,
distributing in a site doesn't require this audit ahead of time. As the readers remark and express their
perspectives, the subject content could be modified and further enhanced.
Some of the service providers to publish blogs and websites are:
1.
Wordpress:
https://wordpress.com/
.
2.
Blogger -
https://www.blogger.com
.
3.
SimpleSite -
http://www.simplesite.com/
.
4.
GoogleSite -
https://www.google.com/sites/overview.html
.
3.4.4 Tele-conferencing: EDUSAT Experiment
EDUSAT is an educational satellite committed to serve the teaching segments offering a communicating
satellite based distance education system for the nation. EDUSAT was launched in 2004. It was planned
to make the availability of network to schools, universities, and other organizations. At first it was
proposed to utilize the offices in four states for achieving distinctive target groups. In Karnataka State
the EDUSAT was utilized to enhance classroom educating in all the basic and optional schools. Students
and Teachers of Elementary and Secondary Education were the targets of the program.
For support, the classroom educating and learning interactive radio program and interactive video
exercises were produced. Educators were prepared for utilizing these exercises. It is in this setting
instructor proficient advancement in integrating ICT was attempted and accomplished. Video chat mode
was utilized for reaching most extreme number of instructors.
Teleconference refers to a course of action of contacting different focuses from a focal place through
satellite connectivity. The centre could have outputs from video and audio format or just sound. The
specialists situated at the focal position collaborate with members situated at different focuses through
video or dedicated phone association.
While EDUSAT experiment is going on, an intensive training in the content region was given to the
instructors and additionally utilizing radio and TV as an educating tool. These trainings were in video
chat as well as the face-to-face mode. Aside from the content, model radio and video exercises were
utilized to assist the educators with getting a sense of how to lead the exercise in interactive radio
guidance (IRI) and interactive video guidance (IVI).
IRI and IVI trainings helped the educators since the exercises were created dependent on activity based
guidance. The exercises installed space for student tasks, educator talk, collaboration among the
learners, and assessments. As it were, these exercises exposed the instructors to more student driven
exercises. Since the exercises were organized around the tasks, educators were driving the classes
around these pre-planned exercises. This is a genuine case of ICT being utilized for professional
advancement of instructors for integrating ICT in classroom.
EDUSAT additionally encouraged the dispatch of dedicated Live TV slots, GyanDarshan 1 and 2 and a
radio channel Gyanvani. These channels aided in offering the distance education through virtual
classroom mode.
Activity:
Discuss on how did EDUSAT experiment help in teacher professional development?
3.5. E- Learning
A learning system based electronic resources is known as E-learning. computers and the Internet
forms the major component of E-learning. E-learning can also be termed as a network enabled transfer
of skills and knowledge, and the delivery of education is made to a large number of recipients at the
same or different times. With the rapid progress in technology and the advancement in learning
systems, it is now accepted by the present system of education. With the advent of ICT lot of
information will be provided to the learners through internet. E- content generated by the subject
experts will be uploaded and it can be accessed by teachers and learners through Internet. Students are
provided with internet facilities in the college computer labs. Students are using tablets, personal
computers, tablets, smart phones etc,. These devices now have an importance place in the classrooms
for learning. Books are gradually getting replaced by electronic educational materials in the digital era.
Characteristics of E- learning
E-learning is Learner-Centric Learning:
The learner centric e-learning model makes an array of
resources available to the learner.
E-learning for lifelong learning:
With increasing access to technologies.
E-learning is Flexible Learning:
E-learning is flexible because the learner can be accessed to the
e-resource irrespective of time and place.
E-learning is Social:
E-learning seeks to foster collaboration and peers interaction.
E-learning Involves Learning Objects:
E-learning uses reusable learning objects. The e-content
can be saved for reuse. As the learner can save it in Google Drive or can save in a folder and also
can attach to the miles.
E-learning is Personalized:
Usually e-learning system permits its users to personalize the
learning by tailoring its offerings to their learning style, job requirements, career goals, current
knowledge and personal preferences.
E-learning Involves Effective Communication:
The effectiveness of e-learning also depends on
establishing two-way communication between teachers and learners, and among learners
themselves.
E-learning is a form of education that is increasingly being used in higher education in the developed
world. However, the take-up and use of e-learning in developing countries is at a preliminary stage. The
higher education is able to adopt and use e-learning in educational activities is preferable. It takes the
learner beyond the textbook. The system of higher education is taking the help of subject experts to
generate E-content. The generated e- content will be uploaded in different web resources for the
availability of teachers or learners.
E- resources in umpteen number in various subjects. It is helping the scholars to browse different
resources and to get the information. One should know how to browse for the required content. These
days in the digital era teacher are given trainings to generate E- content. As the IQ levels of the students
are being increased to meet the knowledge of the learner’s extra inputs are introduced in the content.
The ICT enabled skills are making the learner to get accessed to the content from various web sites.
In this Digital era many Massive Open Online Courses have emerged. These MOOCs are giving lot of
scope for getting knowledge in particular related Subject or can work on other subjects and also on
general things like health, painting, weaving, knitting and academic related courses and programs on
teaching for success, how to face an interview etc. some web sites like FetureLearn, Coursera are
significant sites to where the department of higher education is encouraging the learners and teachers
to get accessed to the Free courses to increase their knowledge. Some certified MOOCs are also
available and the certificates are authentic. Once you are into the course you will be taken to various
resources, sites, courses and programs.
---------
Summary
This chapter says that educators should have a positive attitude toward technology and they should be
trained in using the modern technologies in their respective field of education. Teacher is catalyst
between student and technology. Teacher should implement the changes that are occurring in the
teaching scenario. To make it success teacher must have motivation to acquire the essential skills for the
information age. Teachers with these skills can make their learners appropriate to the digital era.
4. ICT Based Assessment Methods
4.1 ICT in Assessment
Objectives
• revise the fundamentals related to assessment
• elucidate the role of ICT in assessment
• list a few of technological tools and possible chances for assessment
• designing a digital assessment portfolio
• Using rubrics with the help of software tools
• exploring the different digital assessment tools available
• discuss the trends in assessment practices based on technology
In the learning process of a student,
Assessment
plays a crucial and a major role. With an emphasis on
the learning process and its consequent result, there are various types of new approaches to the
assessment. Execution based realistic assessment is emphasized worldwide. In India likewise there is a
prominence on ceaseless and complete assessment of the learning process of a learner. The
development in the ICT has opened umpteen chances for assessing the learning process of a student
and giving back the feedback on their performance. This chapter discusses the assessment practices
basics and brings out how various types of technological tools can be combined effectively with the
assessment of students in the process of learning. The concept below gives an overview of how ICT can
be used for assessment.
An overview of how ICT can be used for assessment
Assessment and its types:
ICT for
educational
assessment
Computer
adaptive
testing
Using
surveys
embedded
assessments
Digital
assistive
devices
Online
assessment
tools
Office
applications
integrated
assessment
Peer and
self
assessment
web 2.0
tools
The process of recognizing, collecting and understanding information about the learning process of a
student is called Assessment. It includes usage of wide varieties of tools and methods to ca
measure, and file the student learning. The process of assessment is considered as an important way to
aid the student in enhancing the effectiveness of the learning process.
Types of Assessment
The classification of assessment is done based on va
being designed.
It can be categorized as follows:
The Following Activities will help you to understand more and reflect about the assessment and its
types.
Activity:
View the video on assessment from the
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9yaZDM1Nzo
Formative
It provides
feedback and
information
during the
learning process
Summative
It takes place
after the
learning process
is finished &
gives feedback
on the teaching
and learning.
The process of recognizing, collecting and understanding information about the learning process of a
student is called Assessment. It includes usage of wide varieties of tools and methods to ca
measure, and file the student learning. The process of assessment is considered as an important way to
aid the student in enhancing the effectiveness of the learning process.
The classification of assessment is done based on various approaches and the purpose for which it is
The Following Activities will help you to understand more and reflect about the assessment and its
View the video on assessment from the following link and prepare a flow chart.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9yaZDM1Nzo
TYPES OF ASSESSMENT
Summative
It takes place
after the
learning process
is finished &
gives feedback
on the teaching
and learning.
Diagnostic
It helps in
recogizing the
learners'
current
standard of a
subject, their
skills and
abilities. In
return it helps
the instructor to
plan what to
teach
Authentic
It represents
the various
forms that
reflect learners'
learning and
their activitiies.
It includes tasks
for learners and
a rubric through
which their
performance on
task will be
estimated.
Performance
The process of recognizing, collecting and understanding information about the learning process of a
student is called Assessment. It includes usage of wide varieties of tools and methods to calculate,
measure, and file the student learning. The process of assessment is considered as an important way to
rious approaches and the purpose for which it is
The Following Activities will help you to understand more and reflect about the assessment and its
following link and prepare a flow chart.
Performance
It asks learners
to perform
what they have
learnt.
Open the following link of the video and View this video on assessment and types of assessment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JI-YgK-l4Sg
After watching and check your progress
4.1.1 Current Trends in Assessment
Conventional multiple choice question based tests have gone under a lot of analysis as of late, yet
whatever flaws in it may be, they are a develop innovation that offers some distinct focal points. They
will in general be dependable. Likewise, in contrast with some different types of evaluations, they don't
require a great deal of time or cost a ton of cash to regulate, and they produce scores that are familiar
to teachers. Almost certainly, multiple choice question based tests will keep on being generally utilized
for quite a while to come, as proved by the way that a large portion of the placement tests and board
examinations keep on including things of this sort in addition to some new types.
Conversely, the recent assessment initiatives introduced by NCERT and CBSE are more extensive and
complex, intended to produce not just a normal learner who demonstrates discrete literacy and
numeracy skills but a well- literate, well- rounded student. Therefore, for example they have designed in
such a way that it includes the output oriented ways related to creative thinking, effective perception of
the information and problem solving and not just the content related to academic knowledge.
The major features of assessment are:
• Fundamental to classroom culture
• Clear learning goals oriented
• Incremental and collaborative
• Giving timely feedback in a specific situation
• Concentrated on the learning process along with the effective outcome
• Usage of various methodologies to broaden the learning aspects and fulfil needs of the heterogeneous
groups of students.
4.1.2 Role of ICT in Assessment:
Technology has a pivotal task to carry out in compelling and proficient learning assessment. Modern
innovations offer teachers an assortment of new tools that can be utilized in the classroom. Technology
can enable educators to evaluate their learners' learning as well as their classroom performance.
Utilization of ICT in assessment includes the utilization of computerized gadgets to aid the development,
conveyance, stockpiling or reporting of student evaluation assignments, answers, feedback or grades.
In the ICT based evaluation there can be involvement of the many electronic devices like a conventional
personal computer or a laptop aided with communicative devices which are portable such as smart
phones, ipad, presenting the PPTs through the projector etc.., It is carried out in various formats like
usage of text documents soft copies and hard copies, multimedia formats like the audio and visual
representations. It aids the instructor to manage large heterogeneous classrooms and one can aspire for
an effective outcome.
ICT lends a hand to the teachers in designing their evaluation tasks, in delivering these assignments to
the learners and in providing the grades and feedback on their work. The evaluation using ICT can be
utilised to assess various abilities and skills that are being acquired by the students.
Two conceptually different approaches to assessing Key Competencies using ICT were identified.
1.
Computer-Based Assessment (CBA)
2.
Embedded assessment
Computer-Based Assessment (CBA) is going beyond multiple choice question based formats using many
different approaches. The wide range of core competencies can be evaluated with this new
‘transformative’ testing which comprises of questions with more complexity and more authentic
problem contexts.
A promising path has been offered to the embedded assessment of the complex dimensions of
competencies, by the enhanced learning technology environments based on the analytics of learning.
The recreation of the learning situation by the existing technologically developed learning environment
needs complex thinking, strategies with collaboration and problem solving which allows the
enhancement of generic skills.
Christine, R. (2013) provided an overview of developments and trends in technology-
enhanced assessment by elaborating the work of Bunderson (1989), Martin (2008)
and Bennett (2010)).
Computer Assisted Assessment (CAA):
Computer-assisted assessment refers to the assessment of the learning progress of the students and
their performance using a computer. CAA is a term that covers all forms of assessments, whether it is
summative or
formative
. Both the evaluation processes delivered through online or offline computer
and the marked answers using OMR (Optical Mark Reading) are addressed.
CAA is basically a formative type where it aids the learners in discovering their standards of learning, in
an effective knowledge acquisition and receiving feedback in the necessary situations etc.., it can also be
summative with a feedback which is usually given after the completion of the course. It can also be
diagnostic as it also tests the pre-knowledge of the learner.
Advantages
• Computer assisted testing offers high reliability because the test can be marked objectively and is
more likely considered as the objective testing.
• The main advantage of it is, the evaluation can be done at a high speed and it is easy.
Disadvantages
• Knowledge and skills are being tested rather than the understanding of the concept, because the
MCQs are frequently used which has the capability of testing only the lower level of understanding.
• It consumes more time for designing a good objective assignment which definitely need good skill and
thorough practice.
• The system’s Hardware and software should be supervised with utmost care to avoid any
malfunctioning during examinations;
• There may be security issues in Web based CAA;
• Students are expected to show adequate IT skills and experience in using it, in order to take the
assessment.
Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT)
One of the current encroachments in assessment is the usage of computer – adaptive tests and their
designing, which are considered as a huge deal in making the process of testing efficient. It is designed in
such a way that according to the response for the learner, the difficulty level of the question varies, for
example, if the performance of the learner is a bit average, the software automatically gives the easier
questions in the test vice versa. Additionally, the designed software can also assess the content from the
previous classes and the acquired grades in it which is useful for the quantification of the acquired
knowledge and skills
CAT components
:
There are five technical components for designing a CAT.
1.
Standardized item pool
2.
entry level
3.
algorithm for the selection of the item
4.
Procedure for scoring
5.
Criterion for termination
Advantages
• These tests can deliver consistently accurate scores for the most test-takers.
• An adaptive test can be reduced by 50% and can still uphold an effective level of accuracy than a fixed
version.
• Usage of CAT saves time for the student who is taking the evaluation test.
• Just like many other CBT Computer Based Tests, the scored grade will be displayed immediately.
Disadvantages
• The standardization of the item pool is the major issue in CAT.
• Even though the exposure is controlled by the CAT algorithms in order to prevent the over usage,
often the exposure conditioned regarding skill is not controlled.
• In these tests, with the element of time limit, the test- taker is left in uncertainty regarding the amount
of time he/she has spent on each question and whether they are on correct pace of the test to compete
or not.
4.2 Assessment: Digital Tools and Options
LMS based assessment option:
A large variety of ICT tools are there for these kinds of assessment activities. Most of these are available
based on LMS learning management systems (LMS) such as Moodle that allows the handling of question
banks and the content material all at one place for the effective administration and internet-based test
delivery. The evaluation questions which are provided under LMS just as in MOODLE are available in the
format of calculations, descriptive essays, match the following, cloze tests, fill in the blanks, multiple
choice based questions, short answers, true or false questions, jumbled sentences, multiple selection
questions etc.,
Assessment embedded in designing the tools:
Most of the designing software tools gives a provision to the instructors to generate, assemble, manage
and score digital tests, including, for e.g., eXelearning, xerte, adapt and Learner Activity Management
System (LAMS). All the tools that are mentioned previously are an open access sources and are capable
of creating various evaluation tests as discussed in the above topics.
Activity: Visit the websites of some of this assessment tools and make a comparative analysis of the
features of these tools.
4.2.1 Standalone assessment systems:
There are inclusive assessment management systems with
specific concentration on summative and formative evaluation.
4.3E-Portfolio
An
electronic portfolio
which is also known as an
pool of digital proofs gathered and managed by a user online. Such electronic evidence may comprise
input text, digital files, pictures, multimedia, blog
exhibit the user’s capabilities and it provides a clear platform to express oneself and can be maintained
dynamically when it is online. An e
which has the collection of actual evidences of the achievements.
Meaning and Types
What is Portfolio Assessment?
Portfolios are utilized in numerous ways and despite the fact that there are various definitions in the
writing; in general a portfolio can be depicted as, "an
endeavours and advancement". There are diverse kinds of portfolio including evaluation, employment,
learning, and instructing portfolios, the format eventually relying upon the reason for which it is
designed. Portfolios are considered as a learning and assessment tools.
Portfolios are seen both as reflective tools to archive learners' academic advancement and in addition
•Developed by the University of Nottingham e
•Supports full process from designing the question paper to the analysis of the result.
•It supports for quizzes, summative exams, surveys, graphics, audio
Concordance test, T/F, etc..,
•Another such tool just like Rogō is TAO
1. Rogō
•It includes six applications which allows the users to desigh interactive MCQs, short answer type
questions, junmbled sentences, puzzles, fill in the blanks for the WWW.
•and it is a freeware which provides a huge range of accessability
2. The Hot Potatoes
•It is a Open Source Computer Adaptive Testing System
•The OSCATS executes Item reponse Theory (IRT) and Cognitively Diagnostic models andselection
algorithms used in CAT
•It helps in the development of CAT by providing the ready to use software code for the execution of
the CAT assessment tests
3. OSCATS
•It is an online adaptive web based and R
•It is a combination of HTML presentation and the computing power of the R language.
•It is free for commercial and academic use and it is an open resource.
4. Concerto
•It is a technology enabled active learning environment and a evaluation platform
•Besides the conventional question types, it also provides engineering concepts that could be used for
designing the oriented language for the learner
•and also used for the evaluation of the analytical skills
5. E-Box
•It is used to create an own online private tests and be shared through online publicly
•therefore the accessability of the test is on a wide range.
6. myexambox
also known as an e-portfolio, digital portfolio, or online portfolio
pool of digital proofs gathered and managed by a user online. Such electronic evidence may comprise
input text, digital files, pictures, multimedia, blog entries, and hyperlinks. E- portfolios can be utilized to
exhibit the user’s capabilities and it provides a clear platform to express oneself and can be maintained
dynamically when it is online. An e- portfolio can be considered as a record of the learning process
ction of actual evidences of the achievements.
Portfolios are utilized in numerous ways and despite the fact that there are various definitions in the
writing; in general a portfolio can be depicted as, "an intentional collection and reflection of one's work,
endeavours and advancement". There are diverse kinds of portfolio including evaluation, employment,
learning, and instructing portfolios, the format eventually relying upon the reason for which it is
igned. Portfolios are considered as a learning and assessment tools.
Portfolios are seen both as reflective tools to archive learners' academic advancement and in addition
Developed by the University of Nottingham e-Assessment management system
Supports full process from designing the question paper to the analysis of the result.
It supports for quizzes, summative exams, surveys, graphics, audio- visualformats, SCT - Script
Another such tool just like Rogō is TAO
It includes six applications which allows the users to desigh interactive MCQs, short answer type
questions, junmbled sentences, puzzles, fill in the blanks for the WWW.
and it is a freeware which provides a huge range of accessability
It is a Open Source Computer Adaptive Testing System
The OSCATS executes Item reponse Theory (IRT) and Cognitively Diagnostic models andselection
It helps in the development of CAT by providing the ready to use software code for the execution of
It is an online adaptive web based and R - based Adaptive Testing Platform
It is a combination of HTML presentation and the computing power of the R language.
It is free for commercial and academic use and it is an open resource.
It is a technology enabled active learning environment and a evaluation platform
Besides the conventional question types, it also provides engineering concepts that could be used for
designing the oriented language for the learner
and also used for the evaluation of the analytical skills
It is used to create an own online private tests and be shared through online publicly
therefore the accessability of the test is on a wide range.
online portfolio
is a
pool of digital proofs gathered and managed by a user online. Such electronic evidence may comprise
portfolios can be utilized to
exhibit the user’s capabilities and it provides a clear platform to express oneself and can be maintained
portfolio can be considered as a record of the learning process
Portfolios are utilized in numerous ways and despite the fact that there are various definitions in the
intentional collection and reflection of one's work,
endeavours and advancement". There are diverse kinds of portfolio including evaluation, employment,
learning, and instructing portfolios, the format eventually relying upon the reason for which it is
Portfolios are seen both as reflective tools to archive learners' academic advancement and in addition
It includes six applications which allows the users to desigh interactive MCQs, short answer type
The OSCATS executes Item reponse Theory (IRT) and Cognitively Diagnostic models andselection
It helps in the development of CAT by providing the ready to use software code for the execution of
Besides the conventional question types, it also provides engineering concepts that could be used for
sorted out reviews of artifacts recording proficient improvement. Portfolios incorporate relics
supporting proof of individual reflection on and encapsulation of results. Different uses of portfolios
comprise program exit - level evaluation, exhibition of the core competency, accomplishment, and
documentation of self-improvement and social advancement.
Like a Learning Management System (LMS), e- Portfolios exist on the web and aid learners learning.
They vary from Learning Management Systems in two key ways: to be specific, ownership and control. In
a college course, the Learning Management System is "possessed" and controlled or overseen by the
educator who decides who approaches the content, what tools can be accessed etc. With an e-Portfolio,
the learner is in control: the learner chooses who can see the e Portfolio, what elements or records get
included, how it is structured, etc. Normally, a learner loses access to the LMS when courses end; in
contrast, e-Portfolios remain the learner's property in the wake of completing of the course.
E- Portfolios produce learning content since they give a chance and virtual space for students to critically
evaluate their academic knowledge, to think about that work, and make associations among various
courses, assignments, and different exercises, for example, understanding of the work, extracurricular
interests, volunteering opportunities, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. E-Portfolios are viable
learning tools which aid learners' very own insight enhancement, make generally undetectable parts of
the learning procedure visible, which encourages students' inspiration.
4.3.1 Types of e-portfolio
A few instructors see e-Portfolios fundamentally as a tool for producing new or more profound learning
while others see them as a device for evaluation. The major difference between student-centred and
institution-centred e-Portfolios is Institution-focused e-Portfolios, are driven by '
Assessment of learning
'
whereas Student-focused e-Portfolios, are driven by '
Assessment for learning
,' which alludes to
academic tasks that satisfy the conventional role of evaluating learners' learning as well as provides a
chance to the student to learn as they finish the assessment.
The following are the types of e-porfolios:
4.3.2 Best Practises for the instructors:
At the point when e-Portfolios have more extensive
the majority of their courses to utilize their e
between the majority of their courses and academic encounters. Thus, e
are set up as an organization or program
individual course level. To guarantee this achievement, it's critical to watch various prescribed
procedures.
•Show the progression and improvement of learner abilities over some undefined time frame.
•Formative portfolios are viewed as works
components.
•The basic role is to give correspondence among learners and educators.
1. Developmental Portfolios
:
•Demonstrate learners' ability and expertise for well
•These may be end-of-course or program evaluations primarily for assessing the learners' performance.
•The main role is to assess learners' competency as designed by program results and standards.
2. Assessment Portfolios
:
•demonstrate excellent work and learners' abilities.
•This sort of portfolio is desingned at the finish of a program to feature the learners' standard of work.
•Learners commonly demonstrate this portfolio to potential managers to pick up work at the end of a
degree program.
3. Showcase Portfolios
:
Walk the
discussion
Tie e-portfolio
to evaluation
4.3.2 Best Practises for the instructors:
Portfolios have more extensive institutional take-up, learner will be encouraged in
the majority of their courses to utilize their e-Portfolio, and to think about and make associations
between the majority of their courses and academic encounters. Thus, e-Portfolios are best when they
re set up as an organization or program-wide activity, however they can at present be effective at the
individual course level. To guarantee this achievement, it's critical to watch various prescribed
Show the progression and improvement of learner abilities over some undefined time frame.
Formative portfolios are viewed as works-in-advance and incorporate both self-check and reflection
The basic role is to give correspondence among learners and educators.
Demonstrate learners' ability and expertise for well-characterized areas.
course or program evaluations primarily for assessing the learners' performance.
The main role is to assess learners' competency as designed by program results and standards.
demonstrate excellent work and learners' abilities.
This sort of portfolio is desingned at the finish of a program to feature the learners' standard of work.
Learners commonly demonstrate this portfolio to potential managers to pick up work at the end of a
Best Practises
for the
instructor
Explain the
advantages of
e-portfolios to
the learners
Establish clear
expectations
Provide
examples of
effective e-
portfolios
designed by
the students
Give a proper
frame for the
student
learning
up, learner will be encouraged in
Portfolio, and to think about and make associations
Portfolios are best when they
wide activity, however they can at present be effective at the
individual course level. To guarantee this achievement, it's critical to watch various prescribed
check and reflection
course or program evaluations primarily for assessing the learners' performance.
The main role is to assess learners' competency as designed by program results and standards.
This sort of portfolio is desingned at the finish of a program to feature the learners' standard of work.
Learners commonly demonstrate this portfolio to potential managers to pick up work at the end of a
4.3.3 Tools for designing an e-portfolio
There are various digital portfolio tools. A simple portfolio can be designed using presentation software
like power point. There are many advanced portfolio systems that are available.
Asymetrix Toolbook (http://www.asymetrix.com/products/
SuperLink (http://www.alchemediainc.com/
E-portfolio Tool: Mahara:
Mahara is a completely evolved web application to design your digital
portfolio. You can design journals,
and work together with different clients in groups. It can be downloaded from
https://mahara.org/
Advantages of e-portfolio
• A professional e-portfolio progra
• It designs students' personal and academic development as they finish complex exercises.
• It encourages the incorporation of learning as learners associate across courses
• It enables students to design their
previous knowledge and what they can do and what is lacking and the things that they are yet to learn.
4.4 Digital Rubrics
Rubrics is a tool that is used in grading criteria for assessment. In other words, it is a scoring tool that
lists the criteria for a piece of work done by students and offers description of levels of performance
quality on the criteria. It can be used to assess an
an assignment. Rubrics can be used for a variety of assignments: research papers, group projects,
portfolios and presentations. To define quality of work, rubrics help students and teachers.
It will lessen the time and make it easier for the teachers in grading students. It also provides an
opportunity to the teachers to explain each individual on the weak areas and where they can improve to
get a good grade. Students can use rubrics regularly to judge
see that learning is about gaining specific skills and they give opportunity to do self
reflect on the learning process. Students can assess the works while it is in progress and can work
accordingly to improve their performance. Rubric could also be used as a peer assessment tool.
A rubric for assessment, usually in the form of a matrix or grid, is a tool used to interpret and grade
students' work against criteria and standards. Rubrics are sometime
Some commercially
available electronic
portfolio templates
• Macromedia Authorware
• (http://www.macromedia.com/software/authorware/)
• Macromedia Director
• (http://www.macromedia.com/software/director/)
• Adobe Page Mill
• (http://www.adobe.com/products/pagemill/main.html FileMaker/)
• Home Page
• (http://www.filemaker.com/products/hp_home.html Macromedia/)
• DreamWeaver
• (http://www.macromedia.com/software/dreamweaver/)
• Netscape Composer
• (http://home.netscape.com/communicator/composer/v4.0/Adobe)
• Acrobat portable document format (PDF) files
• (http://www.adobe.com/products/)
portfolio
There are various digital portfolio tools. A simple portfolio can be designed using presentation software
like power point. There are many advanced portfolio systems that are available.
http://www.asymetrix.com/products/)
http://www.alchemediainc.com/)
Mahara is a completely evolved web application to design your digital
portfolio. You can design journals, transfer records, install online media resources from the web
and work together with different clients in groups. It can be downloaded from
portfolio program is a good device for higher education.
It designs students' personal and academic development as they finish complex exercises.
It encourages the incorporation of learning as learners associate across courses
It enables students to design their own pathways regarding their academics as they comprehend the
previous knowledge and what they can do and what is lacking and the things that they are yet to learn.
a tool that is used in grading criteria for assessment. In other words, it is a scoring tool that
lists the criteria for a piece of work done by students and offers description of levels of performance
quality on the criteria. It can be used to assess and articulate specific components and expectations for
an assignment. Rubrics can be used for a variety of assignments: research papers, group projects,
portfolios and presentations. To define quality of work, rubrics help students and teachers.
ssen the time and make it easier for the teachers in grading students. It also provides an
opportunity to the teachers to explain each individual on the weak areas and where they can improve to
get a good grade. Students can use rubrics regularly to judge their own work. Rubrics also help students
see that learning is about gaining specific skills and they give opportunity to do self
reflect on the learning process. Students can assess the works while it is in progress and can work
to improve their performance. Rubric could also be used as a peer assessment tool.
A rubric for assessment, usually in the form of a matrix or grid, is a tool used to interpret and grade
students' work against criteria and standards. Rubrics are sometimes called "criteria sheets", "grading
Macromedia Authorware
(http://www.macromedia.com/software/authorware/)
Macromedia Director
(http://www.macromedia.com/software/director/)
Adobe Page Mill
(http://www.adobe.com/products/pagemill/main.html FileMaker/)
Home Page
(http://www.filemaker.com/products/hp_home.html Macromedia/)
DreamWeaver
(http://www.macromedia.com/software/dreamweaver/)
Netscape Composer
(http://home.netscape.com/communicator/composer/v4.0/Adobe)
Acrobat portable document format (PDF) files
(http://www.adobe.com/products/)
There are various digital portfolio tools. A simple portfolio can be designed using presentation software
Mahara is a completely evolved web application to design your digital
transfer records, install online media resources from the web
and work together with different clients in groups. It can be downloaded from
It designs students' personal and academic development as they finish complex exercises.
own pathways regarding their academics as they comprehend the
previous knowledge and what they can do and what is lacking and the things that they are yet to learn.
a tool that is used in grading criteria for assessment. In other words, it is a scoring tool that
lists the criteria for a piece of work done by students and offers description of levels of performance
d articulate specific components and expectations for
an assignment. Rubrics can be used for a variety of assignments: research papers, group projects,
portfolios and presentations. To define quality of work, rubrics help students and teachers.
ssen the time and make it easier for the teachers in grading students. It also provides an
opportunity to the teachers to explain each individual on the weak areas and where they can improve to
their own work. Rubrics also help students
see that learning is about gaining specific skills and they give opportunity to do self-assessment to
reflect on the learning process. Students can assess the works while it is in progress and can work
to improve their performance. Rubric could also be used as a peer assessment tool.
A rubric for assessment, usually in the form of a matrix or grid, is a tool used to interpret and grade
s called "criteria sheets", "grading
schemes", or "scoring guides". Rubrics can be designed for any content domain
A teacher can use rubrics to structure deliberations with students about different levels of performance
on an assessment task and can take more responsibility for their own learning. During peer assessment
and self-assessment, to generate and justify assessments they can employ rubrics. If you make the
students familiarised with the idea of rubrics, you can have them assist in the rubric design process.
Students self-assessment done using rubric is formative, it helps them to ass while the work is in
progress. Teachers can either provide a rubric or create one with students.
4.4.1 Rubric Development Guidelines
• Examine an assignment for your course.
• Outline the elements or critical attributes to be evaluated (these attributes must be objectively
measurable).
• Create an evaluative range for performance quality under each element; for instance, "excellent,"
"good," "unsatisfactory."
• You can reinforce a developmental approach by students by using a developmental scale in your
rubric, like "Beginning", "Emerging" and "Exemplary."
• Add descriptors that qualify each level of performance:
• Avoid using subjective or vague criteria such as "interesting" or "creative"; instead, outline objective
indicators that would fall under these categories.
• The criteria must clearly differentiate one performance level from another.
• Assign a numerical scale to each level.
• Give a draft of the rubric to your colleagues for feedback.
• Train students to use your rubric and solicit feedback; this will help you judge whether the rubric is
clear to them and will identify any weaknesses.
• Rework the rubric based on the feedback.
A sample rubric by Stevens, D. D. & Levi, A. J. (2005) is given below
Changing Communities in Our City
Table : Description of Dimensions with all levels of performance
described. © Stevens, D. D. & Levi, A. J. (2005).Introduction to Rubrics. Sterling, VA: Stylus Press.
Task Description: Each student will make a 5
community over the past 30 years. The student may focus the presentation in any way s/he wishes, but
there needs to be a thesis of some sort, not just a chronological expositi
include appropriate photographs, maps, graphs, and other visual aids for the audience.
Scoring Guide Rubric Example
Task Description: Each student will make a 5 minute presentation on the changes in one Portland
community over the past 30 years. The student may focus the presentation in any way s/he wishes, but
there needs to be a thesis of some sort,
include appropriate photographs, maps, graphs, and other visual aids for the audience.
Table : Description of Dimensions with all levels of performance
described. © Stevens, D. D. & Levi, A. J. (2005).Introduction to Rubrics. Sterling, VA: Stylus Press.
n: Each student will make a 5-minute presentation on the changes in one Portland
community over the past 30 years. The student may focus the presentation in any way s/he wishes, but
there needs to be a thesis of some sort, not just a chronological exposition. The presentation should
include appropriate photographs, maps, graphs, and other visual aids for the audience.
Changing Communities in Our City
Task Description: Each student will make a 5 minute presentation on the changes in one Portland
community over the past 30 years. The student may focus the presentation in any way s/he wishes, but
there needs to be a thesis of some sort, not just a chronological exposition. The presentation should
include appropriate photographs, maps, graphs, and other visual aids for the audience.
described. © Stevens, D. D. & Levi, A. J. (2005).Introduction to Rubrics. Sterling, VA: Stylus Press.
minute presentation on the changes in one Portland
community over the past 30 years. The student may focus the presentation in any way s/he wishes, but
on. The presentation should
include appropriate photographs, maps, graphs, and other visual aids for the audience.
Task Description: Each student will make a 5 minute presentation on the changes in one Portland
community over the past 30 years. The student may focus the presentation in any way s/he wishes, but
not just a chronological exposition. The presentation should
include appropriate photographs, maps, graphs, and other visual aids for the audience.
Table : Scoring Guide Rubric: Description of Dimensions at highest level of performance.
© Stevens, D. D. & Levi, A. J. (2005).Introduction to Rubrics. Sterling, VA: Stylus Press
4.4.2 Tools for Creating Digital Rubrics
There are many Digital Rubric tools to measure the knowledge of the student. They carefully
explain the criteria that will be used to judge a particular piece of student work. Students
clearly understand what is expected of them Students can clearly see the areas of their writing
1. Go through this video on what and how of a rubric and develop a
rubric for any activity of your choice.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vEldvPK6rc
2. Also take this tutorial on how to make a rubric
http://health.usf.edu/publichealth/eta/Rubric_Tutorial/def
ault.htm#step
3.
https://teaching.unsw.edu.au/assessment-rubrics
that need improvement.
Model Activity
In this activity, you will build a customizable rubric that can be used for any writing activity in
the class. Follow the score grid given below. you can print your rubric, save it on your own
computer, or email it.
Sample rubric of Annenberg Learner
Evaluating the Hamburger Experience
Excellent-5
Acceptable-3
Poor-1
Appearance
Carefully plated and
presented
Showing some care in
presentation
Thrown on the plate
without any care
Taste
Juicy flavorful
A bit dry but still
flavorful
Tasteless
Toppings and side dishes
Served with all
requested items
Served with some
requested items
Served with no
requested items
Cooking
Cooked as requested Almost cooked as
requested
Not cooked to order
Cost
Good value for the
money
Fair value for the money
Poor value for the
money
http://www.learner.org/workshops/hswriting/interactives/rubric/sample.html
Each criterion can be evaluated in the pattern given below
Appearance:
Scoring:
Fully satisfactory-5 points
Satisfactory - 3 points
Unsatisfactory – 1 point
Score
__________
Activity 1: Ask your student to write an essay on “Role of ICT in Learning process” and
prepare a Rubric Chart on criteria, Knowledge, Content, Coherence, and cohesion.
Activity 2: Ask your student to write an essay on “How a student is benefited by
MOOCs” and prepare a Rubric Chart on criteria, Knowledge, Content, Coherence, and
cohesion.
The following are the tools for designing:
4.5 Digital Assessment Alternatives
Various digital assessment alternatives are available for assessing students' performance. Some of the
Web 2.0 tools available can serve as
reflect and share what they are learning. Some of the digital assessment alternatives are considered
here.
Web 2.0 tools are:
Web 2.0 tools are tools of education technology that allow teache
collaborate, edit and share content on
•http://www.rcampus.com/rubricshellc.cfm
•R-Campus: aids in group and individual websites
•R-Campus is a far reaching Education Management System.
•It makes a group and synergistic learning condition.
•R-grounds has a computerized rubric feature known as iRubric and can be
accessed from the given link.
•iRubric is a far reaching rubric development, evaluation, and sharing tool.
•Structured starting from the earliest stage, iRubric supports a collection of
applications in a simple to
•iRubric is accessable to the instructor and learner; it is free.
•iRubric School
checking student learning results and lining up with standards.
1. R-Campus
•Is another digital rubric creation tool available online and can be accessed
from https://www.essaytagger.com/commoncore
2. EasyTagger
•http://rubistar.4teachers.org/index.php
•It provides templates thereby decrease the strain in designing the rubrics
from the scratch.
•The template can be modifies from the six skill categories: Multimedia,
Products, Experiments, Oral Projects, Research and Writing, and Work Skills.
3. Rubistar
•http://www.quickrubric.com/
•It is a quick, intuitive way to create rubrics on any subject.
•Once created, they can be saved, printed, and edited with ease.
4. Quick Rubric
Activity:
Create a rubric using any one of the software mentioned above for
anyactivity of your choice and share it with your friends and on your blog
4.5 Digital Assessment Alternatives
Various digital assessment alternatives are available for assessing students' performance. Some of the
Web 2.0 tools available can serve as alternative assessment tools. They can engage students as they
reflect and share what they are learning. Some of the digital assessment alternatives are considered
Web 2.0 tools are tools of education technology that allow teachers and students alike to create,
collaborate, edit and share content on-line that is user-generated. They can include tools for
http://www.rcampus.com/rubricshellc.cfm.
Campus: aids in group and individual websites
Campus is a far reaching Education Management System.
It makes a group and synergistic learning condition.
grounds has a computerized rubric feature known as iRubric and can be
accessed from the given link.
iRubric is a far reaching rubric development, evaluation, and sharing tool.
Structured starting from the earliest stage, iRubric supports a collection of
applications in a simple to-utilize package.
iRubric is accessable to the instructor and learner; it is free.
iRubric School-Edition engages schools with a simple to-utilize framework for
checking student learning results and lining up with standards.
Campus
Is another digital rubric creation tool available online and can be accessed
from https://www.essaytagger.com/commoncore
2. EasyTagger
http://rubistar.4teachers.org/index.php
It provides templates thereby decrease the strain in designing the rubrics
from the scratch.
The template can be modifies from the six skill categories: Multimedia,
Products, Experiments, Oral Projects, Research and Writing, and Work Skills.
3. Rubistar
http://www.quickrubric.com/
It is a quick, intuitive way to create rubrics on any subject.
Once created, they can be saved, printed, and edited with ease.
4. Quick Rubric
Activity:
Create a rubric using any one of the software mentioned above for
activity of your choice and share it with your friends and on your blog
Various digital assessment alternatives are available for assessing students' performance. Some of the
alternative assessment tools. They can engage students as they
reflect and share what they are learning. Some of the digital assessment alternatives are considered
rs and students alike to create,
generated. They can include tools for
Campus is a far reaching Education Management System.
grounds has a computerized rubric feature known as iRubric and can be
iRubric is a far reaching rubric development, evaluation, and sharing tool.
Structured starting from the earliest stage, iRubric supports a collection of
iRubric is accessable to the instructor and learner; it is free.
utilize framework for
checking student learning results and lining up with standards.
Is another digital rubric creation tool available online and can be accessed
It provides templates thereby decrease the strain in designing the rubrics
The template can be modifies from the six skill categories: Multimedia,
Products, Experiments, Oral Projects, Research and Writing, and Work Skills.
It is a quick, intuitive way to create rubrics on any subject.
Once created, they can be saved, printed, and edited with ease.
Create a rubric using any one of the software mentioned above for
activity of your choice and share it with your friends and on your blog
presentation, research, collaboration, audio, video, slideshow, images, music, drawing, writing,
organizing, mapping, quiz and test generation, file storage and web pages, and also tools for graphing
and conversion. New tools are being developed all the time, so it is important to be informed about the
newest trends in education in order to keep up with the technology that surround
students. They are increasing then learning capability.
Fig. 8 Great Web 2.0 tools to support you in the classroom:
Using Google Forms for Assessment
To get started, you need to go to your gmail account (www.gmail.com) OR sign up for
account at www.gmail.com
What are Google Forms?
Cloud-based online assessments with free data storage
Viewable from any computer with internet access
Enables you to share the results with others and even create assessments collaboratively
Data is stored: eco- friendly (No paper usage)
How can Google Forms can be Used for Assessment?
Forms used for self -grading quizzes
Embed practice quizzes on a blog or website to give students additional practice before a big
test.
Form to keep track of classroo
Graph the results of a survey using the embedded graphing tools
Students could create their own google form assessment after a unit of study. this could
strengthen their understanding about effective questions. Idea taken from
http://edte.ch/blog/2008/08/23/10
Get feedback from parents. Ask them for their insights or opinions on certain topics.
Collect book reports
Use as exit tickets (See example on the right).
Keep track of discipline referrals
Glogster.
Kidblog.
Linoit.
presentation, research, collaboration, audio, video, slideshow, images, music, drawing, writing,
est generation, file storage and web pages, and also tools for graphing
and conversion. New tools are being developed all the time, so it is important to be informed about the
newest trends in education in order to keep up with the technology that surrounds the lives of your
students. They are increasing then learning capability.
Fig. 8 Great Web 2.0 tools to support you in the classroom:
Using Google Forms for Assessment
To get started, you need to go to your gmail account (www.gmail.com) OR sign up for
account at www.gmail.com
based online assessments with free data storage
Viewable from any computer with internet access
Enables you to share the results with others and even create assessments collaboratively
friendly (No paper usage)
How can Google Forms can be Used for Assessment?
grading quizzes
Embed practice quizzes on a blog or website to give students additional practice before a big
Form to keep track of classroom behaviour.
Graph the results of a survey using the embedded graphing tools
Students could create their own google form assessment after a unit of study. this could
strengthen their understanding about effective questions. Idea taken from
http://edte.ch/blog/2008/08/23/10-google-forms-for-the-classroom/
Get feedback from parents. Ask them for their insights or opinions on certain topics.
as exit tickets (See example on the right).
Keep track of discipline referrals
8 Great Web
2.0 tools to
support you
in the
classroom for
kids
Linoit.
Skype.
Storybird.
VoiceThread
presentation, research, collaboration, audio, video, slideshow, images, music, drawing, writing,
est generation, file storage and web pages, and also tools for graphing
and conversion. New tools are being developed all the time, so it is important to be informed about the
s the lives of your
Fig. 8 Great Web 2.0 tools to support you in the classroom:
To get started, you need to go to your gmail account (www.gmail.com) OR sign up for a FREE
Enables you to share the results with others and even create assessments collaboratively
Embed practice quizzes on a blog or website to give students additional practice before a big
Students could create their own google form assessment after a unit of study. this could
Get feedback from parents. Ask them for their insights or opinions on certain topics.
Here's a sample form that could be used to collect peer feedback on class presentations:
https://spreadsheets.google.com/viewform?formkey=ck1KaF9MSFRyT3B4aEd2QkJOM3VuTmc6
MA
.
Kern Kelly's Google Forms templates - includes self-grading quizzes, response to Literature form,
Science Fair judging forms etc.,
https://sites.google.com/site/kernkelley/forms
Online Assessment
: Online assessment is the process used to measure certain aspects of information
for a specific purpose where the assessment is delivered via a computer connected to a network.
Generally, the assessment is educational. With the emergence of read write web and the development
in software as a service (SaaS), it is possible to design and conduct online assessment. There are many
online service providers both free and paid for designing and developing online tests and quizzes.
Survey Tools:
There are many online survey tools like survey monkey, poll daddy or lime survey. These
tools can be used as an assessment tool and also to collect feedback from learners. A survey can be
useful for measuring the entire class's grasp of course concepts, since survey answers are aggregated.
This survey is handy for course evaluation.
Wikis:
A wiki is a website that allows users to collaboratively edit and create content. The most
prominent example of a wiki is Wikipedia, a collaboratively created online encyclopaedia. Wikis have
become very popular environments for collaborative projects in formal education and training. The
learners' contribution in wiki can be assessed by the teachers. This can also be a tool for self and peer
assessment.
Summary
This chapter is about online assessment and how it delivered via computer and what are the digital tools
used for assessment. Digital Rubrics assessment charts are explained in a detailed manner. Digital
assessment alternatives usage in system of education. With the emergence of read write web and the
development in software as a service (SaaS), it is possible to design and conduct online assessment.
There are many online service providers both free and paid for designing and developing online tests
and quizzes.
5. ICT Based Teaching Methods: Students Success
Explain the following
Wikis
Survey Tools
Online Assessment
Web 2.0 means
5.1 Internet resources: student opportunities
The Internet resources are igniting the minds of students and the resources are treasures of knowledge.
They are expanding the knowledge of students in manifold ways. An importance of the Internet is a
learning tool for the students all over the globe. The development of Internet technologies has upraised
the system of education in all countries and it has changed the teaching learning strategies. Students
are being taught in schools with Internet resources. Teachers are not depending only on Text books and
work books they have started ICT enabled teaching. Teachers updated their technical skills to use
internet resources. Every primary school is a Techno School. Integrating the internet into curriculum is a
paradigm shift. The learners are able to thrive in the 21st century.
The Internet has immense potential to improve the quality of education. Education is both a basic
human right and a core element of sustainable development. Education enables individuals to build
more prosperous and successful lives and societies to achieve economic prosperity and social welfare.
Internet improves the quality of education. It opens door ways to explore information and acquire
knowledge. Educational resources will take the learner beyond the classroom teaching. Students extend
their range of knowledge access to the internet administration, improves the quality of the educational
institution.
Teachers use online materials to prepare lessons, for research and reflections. The resources help
students to extend their range of learning. Interactive teaching methods, supported by the Internet,
enable teachers to give more attention to individual students’. It supports in sharing learning.
Educationalists are exploring more knowledge in various subjects to provide extra inputs to the learners.
Discovering new ways improve educational outcome
Web search engine
A web search engine is a software system that is designed to search for information on the World Wide
Web. Google Search, also referred to as Google Web Search or simply Google It is a web search engine
developed by Google LLC. It is the most used search engine on the World Wide Web across all platforms.
It provides many different options for search. It provides accessible documents data and database.
Database is the largest online directories, such as Google and Yahoo. Utilization of thousands of
computers to process billions of website documents using web crawlers or spiders (software), returning
results for thousands of searches per second. They will Process high query volumes require software to
run in a distributed environment. Yahoo and Google were providing search services.
Many educational resources are the resources which are freely accessible, openly licensed text, media
and other digital assets which is used for acquiring knowledge, teaching, sharing your knowledge,
learning as well as for research purposes. Using the Internet as a reference resource in teaching classes
has the immediate advantage. It provides quick access to the required resources. It can be used as a
communication tool. In both cases, as a resource or a communications tool. The Internet is superior to
the conventional educational tools.
YouTube is one of the best educational resources:
YouTube is a treasure trove of educational content that can lead to an interactive discussion. It makes
the class lively. It is the best used sites on the web.
Some important youTubes that can be used in the classroom:
o
Trigger interesting and unique discussion.
o
Access high quality educational instruction videos for free.
o
Play videos of poets reading their own works.
Objectives
It develops the learners’ confidence levels
Facilitates the learners’ in providing needed resources
Develops the learners’ employable skills Learners’ are digital literates
o
Use short clips from documentaries to provide context to a topic.
o
Take advantage of YouTubeEdu
o
Find clips to use as an archive resource
o
Create playlists to help with future lesson planning and share amongst your department.
o
Engage visual learners with your lesson content.
o
Set an assignment that requires students to research and make their own videos
to be later played in class.
o
Use video infographics as a compelling way to introduce a lot of information in a
o
short amount of time.
o
Set a ‘video watch’ homework to prepare students for new material in the classroom.
o
Use videos as a writing prompt.
o
Honing listening skills.
o
Deconstruct adverts.
o
Set a research assignment.
Edutopia.org Free Resource: All can access this link opens in a new window
This is applicable to K 12 students. K-12, a term utilized in the education sector in the United States,
Canada, and perhaps other nations, is an abbreviation for the freely upheld school grades before
college. These evaluations are kindergarten (K) and the first through the twelfth grade (1-12). K-12.
This website helps a lot and can be used as a guide to the teacher as well as learner. It consists many
case studies. They can be taken out and can be given as handouts in a workshop.
Here are some points to be noted and read this case study and you can give this task to your students
and can go for reflections.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Activity 1
By watching a video on - Deconstruct adverts, divide the class in to
groups and ask them to prepare and advertisement on the poster and
present it to the class. The group with caption will be given prize.
Activity 2
https://www.educationalappstore.com/blog/top-20-ways-to-use-youtube-
in-classroom/
Ask your student to listen this video and check his understanding by
asking the student to share it in the group.
Teaching Communication Skills
https://www.edutopia.org/article/teaching-students-disagree-productively
A framework for exploring with students what good communication looks like and for helping them
develop the necessary skills. By Alice Stott, December 21, 2018
A Framework for Looking at Communication
Academics at Cambridge University and teachers at my school created a framework for describing good
communication skills in different contexts. It divides these skills into four distinct but interlinked strands:
Physical: How a speaker uses their body language, facial expressions, and voice.
Linguistic: The speaker’s use of language, including their understanding of formality and
Rhetorical devices.
Cognitive: The content of what a speaker says and their ability to build on, challenge, question,
and summarize others’ ideas.
Social and emotional: How well a speaker listens, includes others, and responds to their
audience.
“The most powerful tool of communication in the classroom, and it’s fundamentally central to the acts
of teaching and learning.” Said Professor Frank Hardman
Learning is a process of sharing, engaging with, and responding to new and different ideas. In this
manner many resources are available. Along with resources Coursera, Future Learn are some on line
resources for providing free MOOCs. They are providing opportunity for Continuous Professional
Development (CPD) for teacher.
List of some important resources
Edutopia.org Free Resource: All can access this link opens in a new window
Annenberg Learner Free Resource: All can access This link opens in a new window
Common Core State Standards Initiative Free Resource: All can access This link opens in a new
window provides an overview of the Common Core Standards by grade level and subject, as well
as links to individual states implementing the standards.
Webex tool: This is an online broadcasting tool
International Archive of Educational Data Free Resource: All can access This link opens in a new
window
National Centre for Education Statistics (NCES) Free Resource: All can access This link opens in a
new window
Online publications and statistical data from NCES, the primary federal entity for collecting and
analyzing data related to education in the United States and other nations.
National Education Associatio. Free Resource: All can access This link opens in a new window
All aspects of public education are addressed including improving the quality of teaching and
increasing student achievements. Resources and statistics are given for each of the fifty states.
National Library of Education (NLE) Free Resource: All can access This link opens in a new
window
National Library of Education serves as the federal government's primary resource center for
education information.
Open Educational Resources(OER) Commons Free Resource: All can access This link opens in a
new window
5.2 Presentation Software: PowerPoint
What is a PPT?
PPT is a file extension used by MS (Microsoft) PowerPoint for the presentation file format. This software
is quite famous and is commonly used for office presentations and educational slide shows. The text
images, audio visual forms utilized in the presentation can be linked to the PPT file directly. PPT files can
be presented through PowerPoint, PowerPoint Viewer or the Open Office software suite. A PowerPoint
slideshow is commonly viewed as simple to make, as no learning of configuration is required to make
slideshows. PowerPoint slideshows can incorporate inserted pictures, sound and video to give better
visual effect. PowerPoint slideshows are additionally adaptable, enabling presenters to customize the
slides to meet their requirements. Microsoft gives numerous standard formats and topics for
PowerPoint slideshows so as to help the presenters in creating slides.
PowerPoint slideshows are viewed as one of the simplest, most useful and most accessible techniques
to make and present visual aids. Reordering the introduction is simple with the simplified component.
For presenters, it enhances the audience concentration, increase visual effect and furthermore increases
collaboration and immediacy during the presentation. For specific themes, PowerPoint slideshows help
learners in dissecting and blending complexities. It supports the process of teaching and learning.
5.2.1 The following are the steps to design a Power Point Presentation:
Step 1: Getting started
When you first open PowerPoint, you will see a clear "
slide
" with a space for a title and a caption in two
boxes. You can utilize this page to start making your presentation immediately. You can put a title and
caption in the provided boxed (click inside and type), however you could erase them and embed
anything you need.
To add a new slide, click on
‘new slide’
which is present in the tool bar and there is a provision of various
layouts for the slides as shown in the figure above. You can choose the desired layout and to get a
second slide, click on
‘new slide’
again.
Step 2: Inserting pictures
If there is a need to insert a picture and you don’t want any written text on the slide, just right click on
the empty text boxes on the slide, and click
‘delete’
. To insert a picture, there are many ways as it was
mentioned earlier; the software is user friendly and flexible. The easiest way to insert a picture is,
‘copy’
the desired picture from the internet resource or from the desktop and come back to the PPT file, give
right click and choose
‘paste’
, resize as desired. The other way to insert a picture is, click on
‘insert’
option from the tool bar and under that you can find-
‘tables, pictures, clipart, photos, word art,
symbols, audio and video’.
The user can choose the option and make things work.
The above picture shows the inserted clipart in the power point presentation. The picture can be
resized, edited and the software also provides many options to edit the inserted picture. To resize the
picture, click on the picture and drag any edge inwards.
Step 3: Bullets and Paragraphs
To add the text on the slide, click on
‘click here to add text’
and start typing. There is a provision of
options in the tool bar for adding bullets, numbers, alignment of the paragraph, font style, font size, font
colour under
‘Home’
. The window’s appearance is similar to the MS Word with all the options included
regarding the text.
The text can be moved to any corner of the slide and to do that, click on the box in which the text is
typed and move the box using the mouse or the navigation keys (
) from the keyboard.
Step 4: Background of the Slide
To change the background of the slide, click on
‘Design’
option just beside
‘Home’ & ‘Insert’
options
from the tool bar where you can find various options in different colours which can make the slide
appealing.
The user can experiment with the colours and templates and can change at any time while designing.
Step 5: Transitions and Animations
These two options are used for the theatrics in the presentation. The option
‘Transitions’
is related to
the whole slide, the user can select the options such as
‘cut, fade, push, wipe, split etc..,’
they make the
whole slide act according to the option selected. Coming to the next option,
‘Animations’
, it is related to
the typed text on the slide. To activate the animation, select the text box and click on the options under
‘Animations’
such as,
‘Grow/ Shrink, Appear, Fade, Float in, Fly in etc..,’
.
The above picture shows the application of animation to the text on the slide,
‘Grow/ Shrink’
.
Step 6: Slide Show
To watch the slide show, click on the option
‘Slide Show’
from the tool bar. Under this option, there is a
provision of
‘Rehearsal Timings, Record Slide Show Time, Automatic Slide Show, and Pace of the slide’
.
Using these options, a user can incorporate automatic flipping of the slide or can use the navigation keys
to go to the next slide during the presentation. The figure below shows the slide when it is presented
under the slide show option.
Forget not to save the file with an appropriate file name.
Activity:
Design a PowerPoint Presentation on any topic of your choice.
5.3 Microsoft Word
Microsoft word is the most critical word-handling office application utilized by students, educators, IT experts and
organizations and so forth around the globe. Microsoft word is utilized to make and alter professional looking
records, for example, resume, text- books, College admission forms, letters, paper, documents, reports and
booklets, cover pages, notes, assignments, pamphlets and even online pages.
Microsoft word is an important education application. It plays a crucial role in processing raw information into
significant data. Microsoft word can be beneficial to both the instructors and learners to make new effective and
innovative strategies for learning and educating. Microsoft word and Microsoft office suite for learners help to
transmit academic materials and practice in educational institutions quicker with higher quality.
Microsoft
application is a teaching tool for teachers and it
can help students to correct the mistakes in real time and
develop self-learning.
5.3.1 How to create a blank new word document?
Give a right click on the desktop screen, move the cursor onto
‘new’
and then to
‘Microsoft Word Document’
as
shown in the figure below
Soon after clicking on the
‘Microsoft Word Document’
, the computer displays an empty document on the screen.
Open the empty document by giving a double click on it. After opening the document, click on
‘File’
and on
‘Save
As’
to give a name to the document. The screen displays a destination box, in which the user can select the file
storage destination such as
‘Desktop, Documents, Downloads, Local C, Local D etc..,’
and give a name to the
document and click on
‘save’
as shown below.
The user can immediately start typing the content in the newly created document. One has to save it frequently
while generating the content in order to retain the recent changes made by pressing
and then
‘Save’
. The user can open the document at any time and one can
can also
delete
(right click on the document, select ‘Delete’).
5.3.2 The below are the benefits of using MS Word in the teaching methodology:
1. By giving the hardcopies as the handouts to the learners, an educator can improve the Close Reading Skill in the
learners while teaching in the classroom.
2. The same document can be attached to a mail and can be sent to the learners so that they can have access to
the file all the time. The software is so flexible that it allows the users to edit at any time; therefore the learner can
add any important text or any other information to the existing file.
3. Using MS Word Document’s ‘Insert’
instructor in conveying the information more effectively and so on..
5.3.3 The following are the options that MS Word provides:
1. To add a new font style:
2. To insert a picture:
3. To Re-size pictures:
Select the text.
In the main menu, select
'Home'
In Home, select
Styles
.
Click on the down arrow to open the drop down menu.
Now the Styles menu is available. Click on a style.
In the main menu, select
Insert
.
In the Insert menu, click on
Picture
A new window will open.
Select the picture file from the computer storage.
Click
Insert.
The user can immediately start typing the content in the newly created document. One has to save it frequently
while generating the content in order to retain the recent changes made by pressing
‘ctrl+S’
or else click on
n open the document at any time and one can
edit, share via mail or hard
(right click on the document, select ‘Delete’).
5.3.2 The below are the benefits of using MS Word in the teaching methodology:
as the handouts to the learners, an educator can improve the Close Reading Skill in the
learners while teaching in the classroom.
2. The same document can be attached to a mail and can be sent to the learners so that they can have access to
he time. The software is so flexible that it allows the users to edit at any time; therefore the learner can
add any important text or any other information to the existing file.
‘Picture’ feature stimulates the learners’ Visual ability and aids the
instructor in conveying the information more effectively and so on..
5.3.3 The following are the options that MS Word provides:
'Home'
.
.
Click on the down arrow to open the drop down menu.
Now the Styles menu is available. Click on a style.
Picture
.
A new window will open.
Select the picture file from the computer storage.
Insert.
The user can immediately start typing the content in the newly created document. One has to save it frequently
or else click on
‘file’
edit, share via mail or hard-copies
and
as the handouts to the learners, an educator can improve the Close Reading Skill in the
2. The same document can be attached to a mail and can be sent to the learners so that they can have access to
he time. The software is so flexible that it allows the users to edit at any time; therefore the learner can
ers’ Visual ability and aids the
The software provides many other options like the margins of the page, page layout, orientation of the
page, watermark, page back ground colour, page borders, inserting
pages, tables, symbols, header, footer, page numbers etc.., It is user friendly and is self
There is no need for the users to attend a professional course to design a word document.
5.3.4 Here are the simple examples
1. When the user type a wrong spelling in the MS word, the software automatically spots out the error
and shows it with a red underline, then the user gives aright click on the word and corrects it. Similarly,
the students will observe the spelling
choose, they observe, judge which spelling is the correct one. This works as a self
eventually improves the word power and the brain power.
2. As there is a provision of inserting the pictures, smart art, charts and tables etc.., the visual
explanation tools, these can be used to teach the concept in a defined and effective way. Conversion of
the data into the pictorial format makes the students learn the concept in a
transformation of the data into the pictorial form, the students will have the scope to improve their
critical thinking.
3. The accessibility of the software and the range of opportunities it provides, pave an effective path
towards the acquisition of the knowledge. The software saves time from the conventional maintenance
of the classwork, passing on the academic material to everyone involved in the knowledge acquisition
etc..,
Double click on the
picture.
“Circles” will
appear in the
corners and
“squares” in the
middle points of
the picture.
As shown in the picture below
The software provides many other options like the margins of the page, page layout, orientation of the
page, watermark, page back ground colour, page borders, inserting – shapes, smartart, charts, cover
r, footer, page numbers etc.., It is user friendly and is self
There is no need for the users to attend a professional course to design a word document.
examples about the importance of Microsoft Word in Education:
When the user type a wrong spelling in the MS word, the software automatically spots out the error
and shows it with a red underline, then the user gives aright click on the word and corrects it. Similarly,
the students will observe the spelling mistake in the real time. It allows the students to decide what to
choose, they observe, judge which spelling is the correct one. This works as a self- learning practice and
eventually improves the word power and the brain power.
of inserting the pictures, smart art, charts and tables etc.., the visual
explanation tools, these can be used to teach the concept in a defined and effective way. Conversion of
the data into the pictorial format makes the students learn the concept in a precise way. During the
transformation of the data into the pictorial form, the students will have the scope to improve their
3. The accessibility of the software and the range of opportunities it provides, pave an effective path
the acquisition of the knowledge. The software saves time from the conventional maintenance
of the classwork, passing on the academic material to everyone involved in the knowledge acquisition
“Circles” will
appear in the
corners and
“squares” in the
middle points of
the picture.
Place the cursor
over one of the
corner “circles”,
the cursor will turn
into a “two-way
arrow” shape.
Move the cursor to
the center to
decrease the size
of the picture
The software provides many other options like the margins of the page, page layout, orientation of the
shapes, smartart, charts, cover
r, footer, page numbers etc.., It is user friendly and is self-explanatory.
There is no need for the users to attend a professional course to design a word document.
Education:-
When the user type a wrong spelling in the MS word, the software automatically spots out the error
and shows it with a red underline, then the user gives aright click on the word and corrects it. Similarly,
mistake in the real time. It allows the students to decide what to
learning practice and
of inserting the pictures, smart art, charts and tables etc.., the visual
explanation tools, these can be used to teach the concept in a defined and effective way. Conversion of
precise way. During the
transformation of the data into the pictorial form, the students will have the scope to improve their
3. The accessibility of the software and the range of opportunities it provides, pave an effective path
the acquisition of the knowledge. The software saves time from the conventional maintenance
of the classwork, passing on the academic material to everyone involved in the knowledge acquisition
Adjust the image
to the desired size
5.4 ICT Skills for Higher Education Learners
To meet the demands of the knowledge driven society Higher Education system is trying to enrich ICT skills
among the teacher as well as learner. Classrooms have become learner centred classrooms with ICT
based teaching. The education institutions are equipped with needed Infra structure. Many workshops
refresher courses; Orientation Courses are being conducted to enrich ICT skills of the teacher. As
teacher is the resource teacher should enhance the knowledge of ICT. Just as it is said in the above unit
teacher will have prepared PPT in a pen drive or a hard disk. Along with some video clippings. ICT based
teaching is very interesting. The learners will grasp quickly. The colourful slides the videos will draw the
attention of the learners’. Teacher will make less usage of board and more ICT. The institutions are
providing internet facility to all the students. They are able to give presentations by preparing PPTs.
Their public speaking levels are being increased. The confidence levels are also increasing. The students
are doing their study projects with the help of internet. Teachers are creating Blogs and up loading the
needed material. For Example, some Moodle on the MOOC is a platform where teacher is uploading the
lessons and facilitating the students to do the work at their convenience, if a student is absent due to
some personal reasons s/he can learn from the uploaded video of the teacher and it provides the
opportunity for the learner to listen again and again for reference. ICT skill set that is required by
learners to effectively engage in Higher Education in preparation for their future careers. ICT can be
used as a tool in the process of education in the following ways:
1. Informative tool: It provides vast amount of data in various formats such as audio,
video, documents.
2. Situating tool: It creates situations, which the student experiences in real life.
Thus, simulation and virtual reality is possible.
3. Constructive tool: To manipulate the data and generate analysis.
4. Communicative tool: It can be used to remove communication barriers.
ICT facilitates the links across the world in all subject matter and made social networking. The
growth in bandwidth and computing power provide opportunities to download huge amount of data
and can perform complex computations on them in a fast manner to get an accurate and reliable data.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can contribute to not only local but universal access
to education, equity in education, the delivery of quality learning and teaching, teachers’ professional
development and more efficient education management, governance and administration (UNESCO,
2015). According to (Boukelif, 2013) one of the basic requirements for education in the 21st century is to
prepare populations for participation in a knowledge-based economy. The digital era is the vibrant
interface between social and technological issues in the Educational field is an important area of
discourse.
ICT holds the potential to transform the education system of a country to a great extent. Its
implementation in some places is challenging. Training the teachers for the usage of ever evolving
technologies, upgrading their skills continuously and keeping them up-to-date of the latest
Can technologies replace the teacher? Why? why not?
This is a question to be discussed with your partner or in a group
.
Objectives
It develops the learners’ confidence levels
Facilitates the learners’ in providing needed material
Learners’ are digital literates
developments is very essential. Availability of latest hardware and software facility determines the
efficient usage of technology and maintaining it in schools involves a lot of financial investments. These
technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies have been boosted as
potentially powerful enabling tools for educational change and reform. When used appropriately,
different ICTs are said to help expand access to education, strengthen the relevance of education to the
increasingly digital workplace, and raise educational quality by, among others, helping make teaching
and learning into an engaging, active process connected to real life.
1.Innovative Practices: This is from real life situation
The innovative practice that an experience teacher used on the campus is to train some advanced
learners. The teacher has shown how to connect LCD projector to the CPU or to the lap top. Students
will carry the movable LCD projector to the CPU. If there is no screen they will project it on the wall.
Then ever there is leisure they will play animation films some time action movies.
Peer teaching through ICT is practiced on the campus. student teachers will come prepared with PPTs or
some video clippings to teach in the class. The peer observation and the feedback is helping the
students to become attentive in the class, becoming bold, presenting papers in the seminars and
actively participating in student research products and summer study products.
The best practice the department of English is teaching communicative skills through animation films
like “the Lion King” “Tangled” etc.,
After watching the movies teacher will ask them to divide in groups try to practice the dialogues, with
correct accent and intonation.
Literature students watch Shakespeare’s Plays, novels like “Pride and Prejudice” etc
Teachers of Life Sciences are showing dissections through videos or through PPTs. By using ICT to show
dissections we are able to save Earthworms and Frogs and became echo friendly.
It is finally concluded that learners and teachers and parents consider that ICT has a positive impact on
the learners’ learning. There has been an improvement on their learners’ achievement of subject-
related performance and their basic skills like calculation, reading and writing. In addition, teachers
consider that academically strong students benefit more from ICT use.
The given table will help you in learning some ICT related vocabulary
App: An application – typically a small,
specialised programme downloaded onto
mobile devices
Blended learning:
The use of both classroom teaching and
online learning in education
Asynchronous:
Activities (such as online conversations,
debates, wikis etc) where individuals join
in at whatever time suits them rather
than at the same sitting.
Citation:
The author and date details of a reference
(eg Jones, 1994), provided in the text of a
document to acknowledge the source of an
idea or knowledge. The full details are then
provided in a reference list at the end of
the document
Bibliographic database:
A collection of entries about published
research articles (such as journal and
newspaper articles, conference
proceedings, books, patents etc). These
can be searched using keywords and
contain links to the full text of those
articles.
A digital resource:
A digital resource providing access to
information or research in a variety of
formats.
Discussion board
A tool that allows multiple individuals to
share information and communicate online
(often asynchronously), organised by
themes or topics. It is also called message
board or chat room
Electronic whiteboard:
A tool that allows multiple individuals to
view (and draw on) a virtual whiteboard.
They are often used within collaborative
learning tools or virtual learning
environments
Flash:
A platform for delivering multimedia (eg
audio, video, animation) interactive
content
Formative assessment:
A test or quiz that does not count
towards a module/course mark and
which helps the learner to develop their
knowledge and understanding
Hashtag:
A labelling system used with the social
media tool Twitter. The symbol # (hash) is
used with a keyword to search for themes
or topics eg #onlinelearning
iTunesU:
A dedicated area of iTunes for academic
material, such as podcasts
Micro-blogging:
Short, text-based messages often
containing URLs, used within social
networking tools such as Twitter.
Plagiarism:
The act of copying the work or ideas of
other people without the correct
acknowledgement or reference.
Podcast:
A series of audio files published on the
internet in a file format that can be
accessed by podcasting software or tools
Rating:
Quantitative feedback provided by users
on online content they have viewed. It
can be numerical (ie 1 - 10) or stars,
which are then averaged for other users
to see.
Thread:
In the context of discussion boards, a series
of messages (posts) around a particular
topic or theme
5.5 Case study
Title: Embedding ICT for effective teaching and learning
Government Degree College
Banaganapalle, Kurnool District
Andhra Pradesh
Facilitator: Dr. A. MadhaviLatha
This case study is on a
Rural college of Higher Education in Andhra Pradesh
where many of them are
first generation students. They are from an environ are familiar with Facebook and mobile technologies
such as SMS messaging and MP3 players, but they are lacking the primary skills of using ICT to research
and write their assignments and to be effective learners and communicators.
It is very difficult for them to learn ICT skills to get employability. Teacher is the facilitator for them. They
look up at the teacher for intellectual help. Teacher must be in apposition to explain. Hence teachers are
given continuous training on advanced technical skills. Workshops conducted by the department of
Higher Education is providing trainings to the faculty. These faculty development programmes are
enriching the knowledge of the teacher. The infrastructure of the institutions are developed to facilitate
the learners. Colleges are provided with computer labs, language labs with a specific software to
develop communicative skills and soft skills.
Campus placement missions are established with computers and internet facility. The students are given
training on ICT out of the college hours with the help of the Mentors. Students are trained from basic
skills of MS Office. To submit digital assignment, they are given training by installing Type Master
Software. They all could become computer literates and are able to give seminars with PPT
presentations and are submitting digital assignments.
Teachers are given trainings on ICT and Pedagogy
. Workshops are conducted on Digital literacy by
MHRDC. Teachers are trained on Virtual classrooms, MOOCs etc., Higher education Department has
taken MoU with Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) and trainings were given to selected teachers.
Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education (APSCHE) MoU with British Council and selected
teachers were trained as Master Trainers to train the Technical and Non- Technical teacher on Learn
English Select (LES) to develop communicative skills and employable skills among the students.
The Andhra Pradesh State Skill Development Corporation (APSSDC) has collaborated with AWS Educate
Program in its mission to provide a skilled workforce across high-priority and emerging sectors. The
learning program has reached students in every district of the state to build critical skill. It offers a
comprehensive, innovative and a systemic change in developing skills along with the regular curriculum.
APPSSDC has established Skill Development wing in all the Government Degree Colleges.
Analysis :
Government Colleges are gate ways of employability.
Problems Founded with SWOT analysis:
1.
No sufficient infrastructure.
2.
Old buildings
3.
Lack of Commitment in Teachers
4.
Rural students go for work on daily wages
5.
Teachers and students commute from nearby places
6.
Nobody likes to work after or before College hours
7.
Lack of commitment in the staff
Solutions:
1.
Teacher must be dedicated, selfless and service oriented.
2.
Strict rules
3.
Make it mandatory
4.
Sensitisation programs
5.
Campus drives
6.
Every teacher must have ICT enabled skills
7.
Orientation programs
8.
Refresher courses
9.
Frequent workshops
10.
Extension lectures
The success story
is many of them could secure jobs in TCS and others who aimed for further studies left
the colleges with so many takeaway skills. Every student became a knowledge kit.
Latest development in the classroom teaching is using smart phones.
Activity: See the picture and describe the method of teaching.
Summary
This chapter is about how the education with ICT skills is helping the students of digital era in their
prosperity and wellbeing. It says that, Internet has immense potential to improve the quality of
education and promotes learning opportunities for all. Education enables individuals to build more
prosperous and successful lives and societies to achieve economic prosperity and social welfare. Skill
based education the opens door ways to explore information and acquire knowledge. Educational
resources will take the learner beyond the classroom teaching. Students extend their range of
knowledge access to the internet administration improves the quality of the educational institution.
Higher Education is putting efforts to develop teachers’ knowledge in ICT related skills and establishing
infrastructure on the campus and trying to get society needed output. Every student is coming out as a
knowledge kit. This chapter gives the success story of ICT
----------------------------------
References:
8.
The Economic Times
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/e-learning
December 21
st
2018
9.
BlankaKlimova, ICT Versus Traditional Approaches to
Teachinhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/257716276_ICT_Versus_Traditional_Approache
s_to_Teachingg
10.
Allan H.K. Yuen (University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China) ICT implementation and school
leadership: Case studies of ICT integration in teaching and learning
11.
Madhavilatha. A, Communicative language Teaching: New Trends. AvishkarPublishers,Jaipur, India.
ISBN 978-81-7910-411-8
12.
https://www.riemysore.ac.in/ict/
13.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwRNaPDgGs0
14.
Kent, Peter, Literacy Learning: The Middle Years: Interactive Whiteboards, Productive Pedagogies
and Literacy Teaching ACADEMIC JOURNAL ARTICLE
15.
Lukin Rosemary, Do Web 2.0 tools really open the door to learning? Practices, perceptions and
profiles of 11–16-year-old students .Learning, Media and Technology. Journal: Volume 34, 2009 -
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