10
abundances in the Sun sharply decrease in parallel with rising ionization
potentials. It should be noted, that in this case, as well as elsewhere in the
context of our analysis, we are considering only the ionization potential of
the first orbital electron.
The meteorites as compared to the Earth are enriched with elements
with high potentials of ionization (Au, Pt, Hg)
and became poor by elements
with low potentials of ionization (U, Rb, Cs, K). The matching
compositions of basalts of the Earth and the Moon have not revealed any
dependence in allocation of elements from their potential ionization that
testifies to forming them from the same cosmos material.
Thus, comparisons among chemical compositions of the Earth-Moon
system, the Sun and the asteroid belt, as represented by meteorites, led to
the discovery of a clear elemental order that is functionally related to the
ionization potentials of the elements. This point needs specific emphasis.
Elemental distributions depend exclusively on the ionization potentials, not
upon other physical characteristics, such as atomic mass, atomic volume,
melting temperature, volatilization temperature and so forth. This
regularity’s evidence that during the process of elemental differentiation,
matter was
in ionized state, plasma, in the other words.
A plasma state was possible only during the earliest period of the solar
system. The coordination of element distribution with the ionization
potential seems quite natural, because it is known that most of the present
mass of the universe is in the plasma state. However, element separation
within
plasma is brought about by, and only possible in, a magnetic field.
Scientific cosmology during the last two centuries has accumulated
enough facts to invalidate most theories such as: 1) the accretion of
protoplanetary matter around the Sun, and 2) the ejection of protoplanetary
matter from the Sun by a cataclysmic event of some sort. The facts that
confound these theories include the coincidence of the solar equator and the
flatness of the ecliptic, the right-hand rotation of the planets, the small
eccentricities of planetary orbits, the orientations and distribution of
planetary momentum in the solar system, and other facts of cosmological
science.
The nebular concept, which comprises the idea of simultaneity in origin
for the Sun and planets from a single nebular cloud, is supported by modern
cosmo- logical facts. It maintains that the creation of the solar system
commenced with a nebular cloud of dust and gas that made up the intra-
stellar medium of our galaxy. Approximately 4.7 billion years ago, a
supernova star exploded in the neighborhood of this nebula. As a result of
this event, the nebula lost its gravitational stability and commenced to
collapse. From its initial angular momentum, the nebular collapse moved to
faster and faster rotation as collapse progressed. At the instant when
centrifugal force equaled gravitational attraction, matter at equatorial
latitudes started to flow outward. From this beginning the protoplanetary
disk, oriented in the plane of the ecliptic, proceeded to form. Evolution
from that point of instability turned the proto Sun into our star, its
protoplanetary disk emerging with the full complement of planets.
11
The theory of simultaneous origins of the planets and the Sun has
prevailed generally for the last two centures (Kant & Laplace),
notwithstanding that it fails to explain why 98% of the momentum of the
system is concentrated in planets which have aggregate mass of less than
1/700 the mass of the Sun. Fred Hoyle developed a resolution of the
enigma in 1958. He suggested that, during formation of the protoplanetary
disk, a dipole magnetic field existed in which the magnetic flux lines were
linked rapidly with partially ionized nebular matter, like “spokes of a
wheel”. In this way the system could conserve rotational velocity at
different distances from the axis of rotation. This model provides the
appropriate mechanism for the transfer of momentum from the central
regions of the collapsing nebula to peripheral regions (Hoyle, 1960).
This aspect of Hoyle concept can be used to explain the origin of the
previously recognized Cosmo chemical order. During protoplanetary disk
formation, primordial matter, which had been “leaking” from the proto-Sun
and spreading outward in the Sun’s equatorial plane, moved perpendicular
to the lines of magnetic flux. Ionized particles, having only inherent thermal
velocities, were unable to move through the flux and compelled to remain
within the inner regions of the protoplanetary disk. At the same time,
neutral particles were propelled outward, fractionated magnetically, that is
to say, into peripheral regions of the disk. Particle conditions depended on
ionization potential. If the ionization potential had been lower, there would
have been more probability for an ionized particle to be captured by the
magnetic field. Higher ionization potentials define higher likelihood for
neutrality.
The possibility for differentiation of ionized protoplanetary matter by
the magnetic field has been suggested in earlier studies. Astrophysicist
V.I.Moroz speculated that this process explains the differences between the
inner and outer planets. The inner (“Earth-type”) planets are enriched in
easily-ionized metals which could have been retained by the magnetic field
of the proto-Sun; the outer (gas-giant planets), as their name implies, are
made up mainly of gases, which have generally higher ionization potentials
(Moroz, 1967). Deficiencies of inert gases also amenable to being explained
as fractionation effects on these elements in the innerregions of the inner
regions
of the protoplanetary disk
At forming the protoplanetic disk the protosubstance, draining from the
proto-Sun and spreading in plain of its equator, moved across magnetic
power lines. The charged ions should be caught by a magnetic dipole and
remain in the sun’s space. The neutral elements, on the contrary, should be
extruded and left in exterior zones of the disk on its peripherals. Thus, there
was a magnetic separation of charged ions on their potentials of ionization,
in light of which the cosmochemical regularities of allocation elements in
planets of the Solar System get simple and natural argument (Larin,1980).
The nature of the location of metals with potentials of ionization lower
than 8 ev on the diagram (Figura 1) demonstrates, that all elements are
lower than the potential of ionization Si = 8,15 ev should be completely
ionized. According to dependence Е = 3/2 kТ, where Е - ionization energy