8
separation of geodynamic systems and determination their metallogenic
features. The geological structures are being understood as geodynamic
systems of the Earth, in which there are processes of material differentiation
and structural modification. The uniform geodynamic systems of the
Earth
crust and the upper mantle, which have arisen at
the interplays of energy and
matter, have been evolving by interaction between the global (core-mantle)
and regional (crust) forces. The result of it is irreversible directed
development of our planet.
The main
features of any system, including the geodynamic system are:
s t r u c t u r e (complex relations between elements); f u n c t i o n
(complex reactions of the system on variations conditions of internal and
exterior environment) and h i s t o r y o f i t s d e v e l o p m e n t
(long-lived as a rule irreversible variations) (Gerar, 1865).
We have applied the systematic analysis for the purpose to the study of
development the geodynamic systems in the geological history of the Earth,
which sequentially includes three major aspects: s t r u c t u r a l analysis,
considering the complexity of the relations between system components, to
wit between geological bodies in time and space; f u n c t i o n a l analisis,
exploring the complex of reactions of the system under variations
conditions of internal and external environment; h i s t o r i c a l
analysis, studying the long-lived and unalterable variations of geodynamic
systems. As the final outcome of these analyses appeared the creation of the
models, which explained the pith of development of geodynamic systems
and connected with them metallogenic features on the basis of the concept
of primordial hydridic Earth.
The planet Earth is a natural self-developing geodynamic system of the
first order in which, under the influence of the external and internal
forces, processes of energy release have been taking place, as well as
material differentiation and structural reconstruction. The geodynamic
systems of II, III, IV, V, and more small orders
of the Earth crust and upper
mantle were generated by interaction of the earth’s energy and matter. They
are developed by influence of global (core – mantle) and regional (crust)
forces that had resulted to the directional unalterable evolution of the planet.
The geophysicists that analyzing the speeds of passing the lateral and
crosscut seismic waves starting up at the largest earthquakes, have found,
that our planet has a dense core, powerful mantle and rather thin crust.
Later, it was found that these spheres are complementary stratified else on
row shells (Table 1).
9
Table 1
The geophysical model of the Earth (Gutenberg, 1963)
Sphere
Strata Intervals of
depth’s, km
Intervals of
density, g/cm
3
Earth
volume, %
Earth
mass, %
Crust
A
0 – 33
2.70 – 3.00
1.55
0.8
Mantle
B
33 – 400
3.32 – 3.65
16.67
10.4
C
400 – 1,000 3.65 – 4.68
21.31
16.4
D
1,000 – 2,900 4.68 – 5.69
44.28
41.0
E
2,900 – 5,000
9.40 – 11.50
15.16
30.0
Core
F
5,000 – 5,100 11.50 – 12.00 0.28
0.5
G
5,100 – 6,371 12.00 – 12.30 0.76
1.0
Many geochemical models of the chemical composition of internal
spheres of the Earth were constructed, but to the present time only two were
consolidated. Both propose the silicate-oxide composition of the crust and
mantle, but differ in consistency of the core. In the first model the core is
iron, and in the second - has the same silicate composition, as the mantle,
but the oxygen joints at the center of the planet are consolidated and are
metalized under the power of superhigh stresses. In silicates and oxides
more than 90 % of the volume are occupied by anions of oxygen, the
vacancy between which the cations Si, Mg, Fe, Al, Ca and other metals are
involved. Therefore, both of the models postulate that oxygen is the most
prevalent element in the composition of the planet Earth.
According to V.N.Larin, the predominantly oxygen
construction of the
Earth is the major fundamental dogma in geology nowadays. What
are the facts that support this idea? At first,
the dense core and the
presence of
ferrous meteorites
has been the predetermined thought about the accumulation of iron in the
center of the planet, since iron alone has a high-gravity element widespread
in the nature. Secondly, the Earth’s crust and the plutonic magmatic rocks
have an oxygen-silicate composition. Thirdly, widely accepted view is that
the meteorites reflect the composition of planets of the earthy type and on
this presumption the «chondrite» model of the Earth is based (Marakushev,
1999).
V.N.Larin (1980) made the comparison of the compositions of the
Earth’s outer geosphere with the Sun’s composition, which revealed the
existence of the interconnection between deficiency of any element and
quantity of ionization potential of the first orbital electron. The deficiencies
of elements sharply increase when ionization potential increases (Figure 1).
That is to say, elemental concentrations in the Earth relative to their