Lexical semantic characteristics of pronouns in old turkish language

Analysis and discussions.
Personal pronouns. Personal pronouns are a lexically-semantically known category of words, and according to grammatical features, they are represented by various affixes, except for some phonetic variants of personal pronouns, the majority of them are used in the modern Uzbek language. First person singular of personal pronouns: me. In most written sources, the pronoun me is written by mimu yo-yu nun, and in some written monuments of the 17th and 19th centuries it is expressed by mim-u nun. In both writing forms of the pronoun me, the front middle wide e sound is used: in some written sources of the 19th century, the form of the pronoun ben is sometimes used as a historical-dialectal phenomenon. Other words performed the function of the pronoun I in the monuments. The forms banda and bu banda are used in the works of Alisher Navoi, Muqimiy, Yaqiniy, Makhmur, and are used in the sense of humility towards the listener: B a n d a shafaq-tek qan yiglab ke. (Approximate). I was in Bukhara (ShN) at that time. If I do B a n d a bayan gar (Makhmur). The words poor and this poor are preserved in the works of Navoi, Abolgozi Bakhodirkhan, Ogakhi, and Muqimi: I was able to reach the poor (Navoi MN). I lied to the poor (Sh Turk)
26 From the 15th century, the combination of the words faqiri-khakir and faqiru-khakir began to be used instead of the pronoun me. Sometimes this pronoun is used before the words fakir khakir in the works of Navoi and Ogakhi: Faqiri-khakir yad tuttum kim. (Navoi MN). Who is this great family, an ancient servant and a sincere friend of this high heaven? (Ogakhiy). In the written sources of the 18th and 19th centuries, the combinations of fakir-khakir kamina, kamina, this kamina, and me kamina are also used instead of the pronoun I: Fakir-khakir kamina taganiz Muhammad Aminkhoja Muqimi (Muqimi). I saw it with my own eyes (Furqat). Second person singular: sen. The form of the personal pronoun sen is written with sinu or nun. In the written sources of the 18th and 18th centuries, when the pronoun you is combined with agreement affixes, it is not written: like you (Lutfiy); you (Amiri). Although the pronoun "sen" is written through "sinu" and "yo" or "yo", in the written sources of the old Uzbek language it is pronounced as "sen" instead of "san". Third person singular: ul, sometimes u, an form is used. In the written sources of the 15th and 19th centuries, the variant ul was mainly used. sometimes it was formed by dropping the -l consonant in the pronoun al. The personal pronoun a is found in some places in the works of Baburnoma and Khuvaydo: har kim ne kim ir ir olturdi (BN). Who saved it? (Huwaydo). The variant an of the third person personal pronoun unit (ul>al>an) is sometimes found in Furqat's works: An hama is similar to foreigners; First person plural: we. The pronoun "biz" has a general character for the written sources of the 18th century, it is pronounced softly, it is used in plural and singular meanings. The pronoun "Biz" is plural: We are also people (BN). We are two people (Sh Turk.). A Muslim was born to us both (Sh translation). The pronoun we is also used in the sense of unity: I showed mercy to all the begs we knew (BN). You did not remember us at all (Nadira). In order to further increase the feature of plural expression, the affix lar is added to the pronoun we: Maulana Kabali, who bequeathed us with a wish, this night is fine (Navoi MN). Second person plural: you. The pronoun "you" is used in the plural sense: "We have fallen for you" (ShN).
When we deliver this saridin, they will not blame you for coming out from inside (BN). In order to strengthen the plural meaning of the pronoun you, the affix lar is added: Who are your relatives, join us together (Sh tar). Shadman s i z l a r d i n - I am grateful until he gets it (Furqat). 3rd person plural: alar, they, anlar, sometimes they are used. The pronoun Alar is widely used in most written sources written in the 18th century: Al ar n i n idisin olturub (Navoiy). Everyone said that Uzbek has a proverb (Gulkhani). The variant of alar can be found in the works of Lutfiy, Babur, Abolgozi Bahadur Khan: alar mendin yashurub (BN). alarnin knli (Sh.tar.). The pronoun Anlar was used in the works of Lutfiy, Nusratnama, Abolgozi Bahadirkhan, Gulkhani, and Furqat: a n l a r ashyani; A n l a r d i n otub juices are poured into the pool. A n l a r will give these things for many years (Sh.tar.). The following is noticeable in the historical development of the third person plural: in the 13th-14th centuries, they and anlar variant were widely used, but from the 15th century the alar variant became active. At the end of the 19th century, they and anlar variants began to become active again, and later they became singular in the third person plural.
In the classification of personal pronouns in the old Uzbek language, there are distinctive features: Classification of personal pronouns: Classification of conjugations Main conjugation Men, sen, ul, us, you, they, anlar, alar accusative conjugation My, senin, anin, bisnin //ours, yours//yours, theirs //theirs, theirs//theirs, theirs, ours, yours. sanar), ana, us, you, them(qa), them(qa), algar (manga, sanqa), us, siza place-conjugation I, you, then, we have, you, they, they, they, they Conjugation Mendin, sendin, andin, usdin, themdin, anlardin, alardin. In the 13th-14th centuries, in the monuments after the 19th century, the variant of the conjugation dan/-, sometimes dun/-dun was preserved. minority pronoun. The pronoun z was actively used in the old Uzbek language. Pronoun z was originally a word related to the noun family and expressed meanings such as identity, body, soul, spirit. In the old Uzbek language, these meanings of the pronoun z have been preserved in some poems: zumdin hayat baray (Navoi). O my dear, zni (body) is not used for us (avaysiy). The word z in the old Uzbek language means that the process of adding a pronoun to a person has been completed, that it belongs to a person, that it is characteristic, that it is a part of it: the form of zin is one (Navoiy, XA). He demanded me to be present (F.). z kilichinboynuma (Navoi, LT). The pronoun z can be used repeatedly. In this case, the return to the subject of the action is understood, that is, the action belongs to the subject himself: Tolganmagi oz zina girdab (Navoi), qilur oziga ozi ishtibakh (Muq.). The pronoun z accepts possessive and agreement affixes. At the beginning, the possessive affix is left, and then the agreement affix is left: zumnin called my two good people (Sh. translation). Let a person who is happy listen to it (Furqat). Tushum, orin-pait and exiting affixes are added directly to the pronoun z: z d a y o q e r d i m (Navoiy). how many days will you curse me (Nadira). zdin tawba aysa (Navai). In such use, its pronominal function is more evident. in the ancient Turkic written sources and in the early periods of the old Uzbek language, the pronoun kentu (kentu) was used and this pronoun was equivalent to the pronoun z: Kerak bolsam ana men, kendya kelsun (Khisrav and Shirin). The pronoun kendu also remains with the pronoun z: zi kendu yekrak (worse) bilur erdi (Tafsir). Pronoun kendu has gone out of use in the old Uzbek language, and this pronoun has been preserved in modern Turkish in the form of kandi (kendi). In the old Uzbek language, together with the pronoun z, the pronoun hud, reduced from the Persian language, was also used: Tenri taala hud karam bila gunakhinizdin tti (Navoi). Mirzakhan is the grandson of Shah Begim (Babur). Demonstrative pronouns. In the written sources of the old Uzbek language, demonstrative pronouns such as bu, bol, ul, oshal, oshul, shul, izte, hamul, sometimes u, ush, shu, shubu, hamun, hamin are composed of simple and complex forms in terms of structure. Simple demonstrative pronouns: it consists of forms ul(u), ush. The words bol, shul, (shu), this, shubu, oshal, oshul, oshu, hamul are complex forms of demonstrative pronouns.
Demonstrative pronouns are derived from Persian languages. In the written sources of the indicated periods, the scope of use, lexical-semantic and grammatical features of each demonstrative pronoun are different. This demonstrative pronoun is widely used, it indicates a person, thing, events in the near distance present during the speech: бу бенава (Lutfiy), б u rasad (BN). Pronouns perform three different semantic functions: Deictic function, i.e. it means pure presentation: This verse is okubdur (Navoi, MN). The anaphoric function, i.e. the person mentioned before, indicates the subject: It went well (Boburnoma). Preparatory task, that is, it shows the objects and persons that will be mentioned later: I don't know him, I'm srupturkim, bolar is what sultandur (Boburnoma). When this demonstrative pronoun is classified with agreements and receives a plural affix, various phonetic changes occur in its structure. When it is formed by other consonants than the initial consonant, the consonant b at the beginning of the word changes to m: bunu-muni, bunun-munun, etc. Also, the intercalary n consonant can be added between the base and the agreement and the plural affix in the conjugations of the genitive, orin-time, and exit. In the case of conjugations, the addition of the n consonant is constant (static), but it is not constant in the plural form. Examples: Introduction to Sayyid in Bolar (Shayb.). The boys' names are munlar turur (Sh.tar.). Don't do more than that (Lutfiy). The transition of b to mga at the beginning of the word is also not permanent: All the people heard this. (Sh. tar.). This pronoun also remained in the bol variant in the 18th-19th centuries. its details are given below. The pronoun al is used to indicate an object and its sign that is further away from the modifier than the aspect and creates an opposition (opposition) with this pronoun from the aspect: Hamza birla tkti qanim ul sanam (Lutfiy). That variant of the pronoun al was also in use: in Maksharda galibakim, u kun krmagay azab (Lutfiy). In the scientific literature, there is an opinion about the variant of the pronoun ul (u), in fact, the pronoun an has been reduced from the Persian language, and from the phonetic point of view, it is closely related to the pronoun ul. The characteristics of the pronoun al with agreements are exactly the same as the personal pronoun ul. about ash. In scientific literature, this word is included in pronouns, but its remaining features in the text do not meet the morphological requirements imposed on other pronouns, that is, it does not accept agreement and plural affixes, but it can correspond to the semantics of demonstrative pronouns, so it is the main requirement of grammar, i.e. As it does not accept categorical markers, there is a debate about its composition of pronouns. ash sound is equivalent to the modern Uzbek word mana1.