Karl Marx and the Anarchists Paul Thomas

5 Marx, Bakunin and the International

1. 
   Stuart Christie, quoted in Anthony Masters, Bakunin, the Father
   of Anarchy, New York, Saturday Review Press, 1974, p. 262.
   
2. 
   Marx, The Civil War in France, in Marx-Engels Selected Works
   (henceforward cited as MESW), Moscow, Foreign Languages
   Publishing House, 1962, vol. i, p. 542; and in The First
   International and After, ed. with an introduction by David
   Fernbach (henceforward cited as Fernbach), Harmondsworth,
   Penguin (Karl Marx Library, vol. iii), 1974, p. 233.
   
3. 
   On this, see the exchange between John P. Clark (‘Marx,
   

Bakunin and the Problem of Social Transformation’) and Paul
Thomas (‘Marx’s Response to Anarchist Theories of Social and
Political Change’), Proceedings of the 73rd Annual Meeting of
the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC,

\-4 September 1977.

4. 
   See Clark, ‘Marx, Bakunin and the Problem of Social Transform-
   ation’. Alsq cf. Michel Bakounine, ‘Articles ecrits pour le
   journal L Egalite’ in Oeuvres, ed. Max Nettlau and James
   Guillaume, Paris, Stock, vol. v, pp. 13 ff., especially ‘Politique
   de l’lnternationale’, pp. 169-99;L ’Empire Knouto-Germanique
   et la revolution sociale, in Oeuvres, vol. ii, pp. 287-455; ‘Trois
   conferences faites aux ouvriers du Val de Saint-Imier’, Oeuvres,
   vol. v, pp. 299 ff.; ‘Lettre au journal La Liberte de Bruxelles’,
   Oeuvres, vol. iv, pp. 341-90, or in Arthur Lehning et al.,
   Archives Bakounine, Leiden, Brill, vol. ii (1965), pp. 145-68;
   ‘L’Allemagne et le communisme d’etat’, in Archives, vol. ii,
   

pp. 107-19.

5. 
   See Robert Michels, Political Parties, a Sociological Study of
   the Oligarchic Tendencies of Modern Democracy, trans. Eden
   and Cedar Paul, New York, Dover, 1959, esp. pp. 377 ff.
   
6. 
   E.H. Carr, Michael Bakunin, New York, Vintage, 1961, pp.
   341-457.
   
7. 
   There is no adequate institutional history of the International,
   though many of what would be the sources for such a history
   

are readily enough available. Jacques Freymond, La Premiere
Internationale: Recueil de documents, Geneva, Droz
(Publications de l’lnstitut Universitaire de Hautes Etudes
Internationales, no. 39), 2 vols, 1962 (cited hereafter as
Freymond), contains minutes of the Congresses, which some-
times can be supplemented usefully with the material in James
Guillaume, L 'Internationale: documents et souvenirs 1864-1878,
2 vols, Paris, Comely (Societe nouvelle de librairie et de
l’edition), 1905-7 (cited hereafter as Guillaume). Guillaume was
present as a delegate at some of the Congresses he recalls from
a French-Swiss anarchist viewpoint. The only Congress minutes
available in English are those of The Hague Congress, in two
editions. Hans Gerth, ed. and trans., The First International,
Minutes of The Hague Congress of 1872 with Related
Documents, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1958
(henceforward cited as Gerth), needs complementing with
the fuller compendium, The Hague Congress of the First
International, Sept. 2- 7, 1872: Minutes and Documents,
trans. Richard Dixon and Alex Miller, Moscow, Progress
Publishers, 1976. Discrepancies between these sources are
generally indicated in the footnotes of the latter, which is in
general the better documented of the two. Documents of the
First International, 1864-72 (henceforward cited as
Documents), trans. Nina Nepomnyashchaya, Molly Pearlman
and Lydia Belyakova, 5 vols, Moscow, Progress Publishers,

1974, contain General Council documents and minutes,
together with most of what came from the pen of Marx
(except letters, an invaluable source). Selections of these
documents may also be found in Fernbach, and in Karl Marx
and the First International, ed. and trans. Saul K. Padover
(henceforward cited as Padover), New York, McGraw-Hill
(Karl Marx Library, vol. iii), 1973; also in Karl Marx und die
Griindung der 1. Internationale: Dokumente und Materialen,
Berlin, Dietz, 1964. The most useful English language accounts
of the International are G.D.H. Cole, Marxism and Anarchism,
1850-1890, London, Macmillan (A History of Socialist Thought,
vol. ii), 1969; Julius Braunthal, History of the International,
1864-1914, trans. Henry Collins and Kenneth Mitchell, London,
Nelson, 1966. Less general but still useful are Henry Collins
and Chimen Abramsky, Karl Marx and the British Labour
Movement: Years of the First International, London,

Macmillan, 1965, and (despite the inaccuracy of some of its
citations) Richard Hostetter’s The Italian Socialist Movement, 1,
Origins (1860-1882), Princeton, Van Nostrand, 1958, which
contains a wealth of information. Of political biographies of
Marx the most useful in adequately covering the International
are David Riazanov, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, an
Introduction to Their Lives and Work, trans. Joshua Kunitz,
London and New York, Monthly Review Press, 1973; Otto


Ruhle, Karl Marx, trans. Eden and Cedar Paul, New York,

Viking, 1929, and Boris Nicholaevsky and Otto Maenchen-
Helfen, Karl Marx, Man and Fighter, trans. Gwenda David and
Eric Mosbacher, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1976.

8. 
   For the text of the Rules, see Documents, vol. i, pp. 288-91.
   
9. 
   Cole, Marxism and Anarchism, pp. 103, 102.
   
10. 
    Ibid., p. 90.
    
11. 
    Collins and Abramsky, Karl Marx and the British Labour
    Movement, p. 80.
    
12. 
    Cole, Marxism and Anarchism, p. 88.
    
13. 
    Marx to Engels, 4 November 1864, in Marx-Engels Werke
    (henceforward cited as MEW), Berlin, Dietz, vol. xxxi, pp. 10-16;
    also in Marx-Engels Selected Correspondence (henceforward
    cited as MESC), Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House,
    1965, pp. 146-9; and Padover, pp. 367-70.
    
14. 
    For a thought provoking examination of the relationship
    between Marx’s ‘productivity’ as a writer, his political activity
    and his personal life, cf. Jerrold Siegel, Marx’s Fate: The Shape
    of a Life, Princeton University Press, 1978, passim.
    
15. 
    Marx to Joseph Weydermeyer, 29 November 1864, in MEW
    xxxi, p. 428; also in Padover, p. 372, and in Marx and Engels,
    Letters to Americans 1848-95, New York, International
    Publishers, 1969, p. 65.
    
16. 
    Cf. the little known (partly because misleadingly titled) study
    of Marx’s internationalism by Solomon F. Bloom, A World of
    Nations, New York, Columbia University Press, 1941, passim ;
    and, for a much briefer discussion, Paul Thomas, ‘The Mao-
    Marx Debate: A View from Outside China’, Politics and
    Society, vol. vii, no. 3, 1977, pp. 331-41.
    
17. 
    Nicholaevsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, Man and
    Fighter, p. 284.
    
18. 
    Marx, ‘Inaugural Address of the Working Men’s International
    Association’ (1864), in Documents, vol. i (1864-6), p. 286;
    also in MESW i, p. 385.
    
19. 
    Marx to Engels, 4 November 1864, MEW xxxi, p. 16; MESC,
    pp. 139-40; Padover, p. 370.
    
20. 
    Engels to Marx, 7 November 1864, MEW xxxi, p. 17.
    
21. 
    Marx to Engels, 4 November 1864, ibid.
    
22. 
    Cole, Marxism and Anarchism, p. 95.
    
23. 
    Bakunin to Nabruzzi, 23 January 1872, quoted in Hostetter,
    

The Italian Socialist Movement, p. 248.

24. 
    Marx to Engels, 4 November 1864, MEW, xxxi, p. 17.
    
25. 
    For the text, cf. Documents, vol. i, pp. 277-87; Padover,
    pp. 5-12; Freymond, vol. i, pp. 3-9.
    
26. 
    On the role of the German movements, the definitive work in
    English is Roger P. Morgan, The German Social Democrats and
    the First International, 1864-72, Cambridge University Press,
    1965.
    
27. 
    Marx to Weydermeyer, 29 November 1864, MEW xxxi,
    

pp. 428-9, Padover, p. 372; Marx to Lion Philips, 29 November
1864, MEW xxxi, pp. 431-33, Padover, p. 371.

28. 
    Fernbach, p. 1 5.
    
29. 
    Documents, vol. i, pp. 281-2; Collins and Abramsky, Karl Marx
    and the British Labour Movement, p. 46.
    
30. 
    Marx ‘Preface’ to the first German edition of Capital, vol. i,
    trans. Ben Fowkes, Harmondsworth, Penguin (Pelican Marx
    Library), 1976, pp. 91-2.
    
31. 
    Cf. Documents, vol. ii, p. 346, n. 67;Documents vol. iii,
    pp. 401-2. For further developments, see Nicholaevsky and
    Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, Man and Fighter, pp. 361-2,
    

379; Cole, Marxism and Anarchism, pp. 197-8, 207-8; and
Henry Collins, ‘The English Branches of the First International’
in Asa Briggs and John Saville, eds, Essays in Labour History

in Memory of G.D.H. Cole, London, Macmillan, 1960,
pp. 242-75.

32. 
    Raymond Postgate, The Workers' International, London,
    Swarthmore Press, 1926, pp. 33, 23-4.
    
33. 
    Marx to Kugelmann, 9 October 1866, MEW xxxi, 529-30, cf.
    Padover, p. 423, and Nicholaevsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl
    Marx, Man and Fighter, p. 281. Cf. also Marx to Engels, 5
    March 1869, MEW xxxii, pp. 273^1, and in MESC, pp. 219-21,
    and Padover pp. 466-7; and Engels’s reply, 7 March 1869, MEW
    xxxii, p. 276.
    
34. 
    Nicholaevsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, Man and
    Fighter, p. 283.
    
35. 
    Ibid., p. 287.
    
36. 
    Ibid., p. 283.
    
37. 
    Ibid., p. 284.
    
38. 
    Ibid.
    
39. 
    Quoted in E.-E. Fribourg, L 'Association Internationale des
    Travailleurs, Paris, Le Chevalier, 1871, p. 33. Cf. Jules L. Peuch,
    Le Proudhonisme dans VAssociation Internationale des
    Travailleurs, Paris, Alcan, 1907, p. 112.
    
40. 
    Marx, letter to Schweitzer, 24 January 1865, in The Poverty of
    Philosophy, New York, International Publishers, 1973,
    

pp. 194-202. Cf. Marx to Engels, 25 January 1865, MEW xxxi,
p. 42; Padover, pp. 377-8.

41. 
    Cf. Cole, Marxism and Anarchism, pp. 89-90; Nicholaevsky and
    Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, Man and Fighter, pp. 281-3,
    287-9; Documents, vol. i, pp. 170, 374-7; Collins and
    Abramsky, Karl Marx and the British Labour Movement,
    

pp. 40-4; Hostetter, The Italian Socialist Movement, pp. 50-69;
Padover, pp. 22, 386-7.

42. 
    Documents, vol. ii, p. 342.
    
43. 
    Documents, vol. i, pp. 288-9; Padover, pp. 13-14; Fernbach,
    

p. 82.

44. 
    For the French text, see Freymond, vol. i, pp. 3-9; Guillaume,
    vol. i, pp. 11-21, usefully lists English and (successive) French
    

texts alongside one another in a table. See also Documents,
vol. iii, pp. 405-6, and Cole, Marxism and Anarchism,

pp. 101-2.

45. 
    See Guillaume, vol. i, p. 12n; Riazanov, Karl Marx and
    Friedrich Engels, p. 160.
    
46. 
    Marx to Engels, 4 November 1864, MEW xxxi, pp. 10-16;
    Padover, p. 367; Marx to Engels, 25 January 1865, MEW xxxi,
    pp. 42-3, Padover, p. 377.
    
47. 
    Marx to Engels, 20 June 1866, MEW xxxi, pp. 228-9; also in
    Padover, pp. 418-19, and Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism,
    Selected Writings by Marx, Engels and Lenin, ed. N.Y. Kolpinsky,
    New York, International Publishers, 1972, pp. 41-2.
    
48. 
    Marx to Engels, 5 January 1866, MEW xxxi, p. 169; Padover,
    p. 403.
    
49. 
    Marx to Kugelmann, 9 October 1866, MEW xxxi, pp. 529-30;
    Padover (pp. 422-3) gives ‘attacked’ for ‘attracted’: this is a
    mistake. See also Guillaume, vol. i, pp. 26-7; Anarchism and
    Anarcho-Syndicalism, pp. 43-4;MESC, pp. 183-4.
    
50. 
    For the text, cf. Freymond, vol. i, pp. 85-107.
    
51. 
    Marx to Kugelmann, 9 October 1866, MEW xxxi, pp. 529-30;
    MESC, pp. 183-4; Padover, pp. 422-3.
    
52. 
    For the text, cf. Documents, vol. i, pp. 340-51; Padover,
    pp. 23-32; (in French) Freymond, pp. 25-36.
    
53. 
    On this, see Marx to Engels, 6 April 1866, MEW xxxi, pp. 304-5;
    Padover, p. 412, Also Marx to Engels, 26 December 1865,
    

MEW xxxi, pp. 162-4; Padover, p. 402. Cf. Collins and
Abramsky, Karl Marx and the British Labour Movement,

pp. 63-5.

54. 
    Fernbach, p. 17.
    
55. 
    Riazanov, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, pp. 171-2.
    
56. 
    See Marx, The Critique of the Gotha Programme in MESW ii,
    p. 36.
    
57. 
    For the proceedings at Geneva, cf. Freymond, vol. i, pp. 27-57;
    Guillaume, vol. i, pp. 4-27.
    
58. 
    Max Nomad, ‘The Anarchist Tradition’ in Miloran M.
    Drachkovitch, ed., The Revolutionary Internationals 1864-1943,
    Stanford University Press, 1966, p. 61.
    
59. 
    Marx to Buchner, 1 May 1867, MEW xxxi, pp. 544-5; Padover,
    p. 425.
    
60. 
    Marx to Engels, 12 September 1867, MEW xxxi, pp. 346-7;
    Padover, p. 429.
    
61. 
    Max Nomad, ‘The Anarchist Tradition’, pp. 61-2.
    
62. 
    Cf. Freymond, vol. i, pp. 231-3.
    
63. 
    Freymond, vol. i, p. 234, Documents, vol. iii, pp. 322-4.
    
64. 
    Cole, Marxism and Anarchism, p. 113.
    
65. 
    Marx to Engels, 4 September 1867, MEW xxxi, pp. 337-9;
    Padover, p. 426.
    
66. 
    The English and French texts may be consulted in Documents,
    vol. ii, pp. 285-7 and 288-91, respectively.
    

67. 
    Freymond, vol. i, p. 235; Guillaume, vol. i, p. 37; Cole,
    

Marxism and Anarchism, pp. 114-15.

68. 
    Bakunin, quoted by Eugene Pyziur, The Doctrine of Anarchism
    of Michael A. Bakunin, Chicago, Gateway, 1968, p. 11.
    
69. 
    Quoted by Carr, Michael Bakunin, p. 1 57. (Caussidiere was the
    revolutionary Prefect of Police in the Paris of 1848.) See also
    Alexander Herzen, My Past and Thoughts: The Memoirs of
    Alexander Herzen, trans. Constance Garnett, revised by
    Humphrey Higgins, with an Introduction by Sir Isaiah Berlin,
    

New York, Knopf, 1968, vol. iii, p. 1353.

70. 
    I am following the scheme laid down in Benoit-P. Hepner,
    Bakounine et le Panslavisme revolutionnaire, cinq essais sur
    I'histoire des idees en Russie et en Europe, Paris, Riviere,
    

1950, p. 57. This fine study is of broader application than its
title might suggest. Hepner’s is one of the best books on
Bakunin. The most accessible biographies are those of E.H.

Carr (Michael Bakunin) and of H.-E. Kaminski, Michel
Bakounine, la vie d’un revolutionnaire, Paris, Aubier, 1938.

Each is more reliable than Anthony Masters’s Bakunin, the
Father of Anarchy; Carr’s is more scholarly, Kaminski’s more
lively and sympathetic. Of other sources, Franco Venturi’s
Roots of Revolution, a History of the Populist and Socialist
Movements in Nineteenth-Century Russia, trans. Francis
Haskell, with an introduction by Isaiah Berlin, New York,

Knopf, 1964, is a valuable source, R.M. Hare, Portraits of
Russian Personalities, Oxford University Press, 1959, is a
useful source, and E. Lampert, Studies in Rebellion, London,
Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957, is an invaluable one. Pyziur’s
The Doctrine of Anarchism of Michael A. Bakunin is a useful,
well-documented interpretive essay which contains a good (but
not exhaustive) bibliography; see note 83 below for further
bibliographic details.

71. 
    See Isaiah Berlin, ‘A Marvellous Decade (ii) 1838-48: German
    Romanticism in Petersburg and Moscow’, Encounter (London),
    November 1955, pp. 24 ff.; Hepner, Bakounine, pp. 74-103;
    Venturi, Roots, pp. 40 ff.; Herzen, My Past and Thoughts, vol. ii,
    pp. 397 ff. The best study of Bakunin’s early intellectual develop-
    ment is Peter Scheibert, Von Bakunin zu Lenin, vol. i, Leiden,
    Brill, 1956.
    
72. 
    Quoted by Hare, Portraits of Russian Personalities, p. 32.
    
73. 
    Isaiah Berlin, ‘Introduction’ to Venturi, Roots, p. ix. See also
    Berlin’s essay, ‘Herzen and Bakunin on Liberty’, in Continuity
    and Change in Russian and Soviet Thought, ed. and with an
    introduction by Ernest J. Simmons, Harvard University Press,
    1955, pp. 473-99.
    
74. 
    Berlin, ‘Introduction’, to Venturi, Roots, p. x; The Confessions
    of Michael Bakunin (with the marginal comments of Tsar
    Nicholas I), trans. Robert C. Howes, with an introduction by
    L. D. Orton, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1977, pp. 39-40.
    

75. 
    Bakunin, Confession, pp. 79-80; Hepner, Bakounine, pp. 144-5 ;
    Venturi, Roots, p. 52.
    
76. 
    Quoted in Murray Bookchin, The Spanish Anarchists: The
    Heroic Years 1868-1936, New York, Harper & Row, 1977,
    p. 22. See also Can, Michael Bakunin, pp. 254-5; Lampert,
    Studies in Rebellion, pp. 117-19; Pyziur, The Doctrine of
    Anarchism, p. 5; Herzen, My Past and Thoughts, vol. ii, p. 951,
    vol. iii, p. 1358.
    
77. 
    Vyrubov, quoted by Carr, Michael Bakunin, p. 343, and
    James Joll, The Anarchists, London, Eyre & Spottiswoode,
    

1964, p. 98.

78. 
    George Woodcock, Anarchism, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1962,
    p. 135.
    
79. 
    Thomas Masaryk, Russland und Europa, Jena, Fischer, 1913,
    vol. ii, p. 34; quoted by Pyziur, The Doctrine of Anarchism,
    p. 10.
    
80. 
    Bakunin, Confession, p. 92; cf. Kaminski, Michel Bakounine,
    p. 18; Hostetter, The Italian Socialist Movement, p. 177, n. 41;
    Lampert, Studies in Rebellion, p. 133.
    
81. 
    Venturi, Roots, p. 36.
    
82. 
    Quoted by Paul Avrich, The Russian A narchists, Princeton
    University Press, 1967, p. 21.
    
83. 
    Hare, Portraits of Russian Personalities, p. 24. The quotation is
    from Michel Bakounine, Oeuvres, vol. i, p. 69. The Oeuvres are
    in five volumes (out of a projected seven); volume i was edited
    by Max Nettlau, the other four by James Guillaume; these,
    together with M. Dragomanov, ed., Correspondance de Michel
    Bakounine: lettres a Herzen et a Ogareff, trans. from the
    Russian by Marie Stromberg, Paris, Perrin, 1896, provide what
    are still the most important primary sources for Bakunin, at
    least for the reader who does not know Russian. Ignorance of
    Russian is not a crippling disadvantage in any case, since
    Bakunin tended to write in French. The Archives Bakounine,
    ed. Arthur Lehning, A.J.C. Riiter and Peter Scheibert for the
    Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis at
    Amsterdam, Leiden, Brill, 1965 et seq., will displace these
    sources in time. The Archives provide a mine of information,
    authoritatively documented and presented in French and
    Russian. To date, four volumes of a projected fifteen (vol. i
    being in two parts) have appeared. Of these, vol. ii, Michel
    Bakounine et les conflits dans I’lnternationale, is most
    directly relevant to our present concerns. (Some puzzles about
    the chronology of the volumes that thus far have appeared are
    cleared up in the ‘Introduction’ to vol. iv, p. x; Lehning’s
    introductory essays must be read cautiously, since they
    editorialize shamelessly on Bakunin’s behalf.) The closest
    approximation to the limited comprehensiveness of the
    Oeuvres in German is Michael Bakunin, Gesammelte Werke,
    

3 vols, ed. with an introduction by Max Nettlau, Berlin, Der


Syndikalist, 1921-4. In English, the problem is worse. Only
the Confession, Marxism, Freedom and the State, and God and
the State have been translated in their entirety. G.P. Maximoff’s
The Political Philosophy of Bakunin: Scientific Anarchism,
Chicago, Free Press, 1953, which is an unrepresentative set of
ahistorically selected snippets, should be complemented with
Michael Bakunin, Selected Writings, trans. Steven Cox and
Olive Stevens, with an introduction by Arthur Lehning,

London, Cape, 1976, and with Sam Dolgoff, ed., Bakunin on
Anarchy, New York, Vintage, 1971, to whose excellent
selected bibliography (pp. 401-5) - which is much fuller than
Pyziur’s for the non-Russian sources-the reader is referred for
further details.

84. 
    Bakunin, quoted by Hepner, Bakounine, p. 180.
    
85. 
    Annenkov, quoted by Hepner, Bakounine, p. 205.
    
86. 
    Quoted by Venturi, Roofs, p. 45.
    
87. 
    See Hepner, Bakounine, p. 180.
    
88. 
    Bakunin, The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State, quoted
    by George Lichtheim, A Short History of Socialism, New York,
    Praeger, 1970, p. 1 29.
    
89. 
    Quoted Hare, Portraits of Russian Personalities, , p. 65.
    
90. 
    Oeuvres, vol. i, pp. 76, 91; cf. vol. iii, pp. 88-9, 92-5, 98-9, and
    Lampert, Studies in Rebellion, pp. 140-1.
    
91. 
    Bakunin, in Maximoff, The Political Philosophy of Bakunin,
    p. 76.
    
92. 
    Berlin, ‘A Marvellous Decade’, pp. 26-7.
    
93. 
    Venturi, Roots, p. 37.
    
94. 
    Pyziur, The Doctrine of Anarchism, p. 7; Lampert, Studies in
    Rebellion, p. 122; Herzen, My Past and Thoughts, vol. iii,
    

p. 1357.

95. 
    Peter Kropotkin’s Mutual A id: A Factor of Evolution (1902)
    was an attack on Huxley’s ‘The Struggle for Existence: A
    Programme’, The Nineteenth Century (London), vol. xxiii,
    February 1888, pp. 161-80.
    
96. 
    Bakunin to Herzen, 23 June 1867, in Dragomanov, Correspon-
    dance, p. 273.
    
97. 
    Bakunin, quoted in Joll, The Anarchists, p. 86.
    
98. 
    Berlin, ‘Introduction’ to Venturi, Roots, pp. xiii-xiv.
    
99. 
    Alexander Blok, ‘The Intelligentsia and the Revolution’, in
    Russian Intellectual History: An Anthology, ed. Marc Raeff,
    with an introduction by Isaiah Berlin, New York, Harcourt,
    Brace, 1966, pp. 366-7.
    
100. 
     Pyziur, The Doctrine of Anarchism, p. 27; Lichtheim, A Short
     History of Socialism,p. 123; Carr, Michael Bakunin, pp. 115-16.
     
101. 
     Cf. Beno!t-P. Hepner, ‘Nihilisme: mot et idee’, Syntheses
     (Brussels), January 1949; and, on Stimer and Bakunin, the
     pointed words of Thomas Masaryk, The Spirit of Russia, trans.
     Eden and Cedar Paul, London, Allen & Unwin, 1955,
     

pp. 73-4.

102. 
     Bakunin, Secret Statutes of the Alliance, London, Darson and
     Hamburg, Otto Meisner, 1873, p. 65.
     
103. 
     Oeuvres, vol. ii, pp. 233-4. The obvious Dostoevskian parallels
     are usefully discussed in Lampert, Studies in Rebellion,
     

pp. 125-8.

104. 
     Albert Camus, The Rebel, trans. Anthony Bower, Harmonds-
     worth, Peregrine, 1962, p. 127;cf. Philip Pomper, The Russian
     Revolutionary Intelligentsia, New York, Crowell, 1970, p. 95,
     and Nicolas Berdaiev, Les Sources et le sens du communisme
     Russe, trans. from the Russian by L.J. Cain, Paris, Gallimard,
     

1951. 
      p. 129.
      

105. 
     Oeuvres, vol. v, p. 252; cf. Venturi, Roots, pp. 59-60, 436.
     
106. 
     George Lichtheim, The Origins of Socialism, New York,
     

Praeger, 1969, p. 1 27.

107. 
     Bakunin to Herzen and Ogarev, 19 July 1866, in Dragomanov,
     Correspondance, pp. 212-41. See also Pyziur, The Doctrine of
     Anarchism, pp. 60-1, Venturi, Roots, pp. xviii and 54-5.
     
108. 
     Alexander Herzen, From the Other Shore, trans. Moura Budberg,
     with an introduction by Isaiah Berlin, London, Weidenfeld &
     Nicolson, 1956, p. 175; cf. pp. 183-6, 203.
     
109. 
     See MEW xix, pp. 242-3, 296, 384-406; MESC, pp. 339^40;
     

P.W. Blackstock and B.F. Hoselitz, eds, Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels: The Russian Menace to Europe, Chicago, Free Press,

1951. 
      pp. 218-26; and, for interpretations, Maximilien Rubel,
      ‘Marx et le socialisme populiste russe’, Revue Socialiste (Paris),
      May 1947, and Paul Thomas, ‘The Mao-Marx Debate: A View
      from Outside China’, Politics and Society, vol. vii, no. 3, 1977,
      pp. 331^11.
      

110. 
     See Pyziur, The Doctrine of Anarchism, pp. 60-1, n. 62; A.P.
     Mendel, Dilemmas of Progress in Tsarist Russia, Cambridge,
     Mass., Harvard University Press (Russian Research Center
     Studies, no. 43), 1961, p. 108, cf. p. 121; Samuel H. Baron,
     Plekhanov, the Father of Russian Marxism, Stanford
     University Press, 1963, pp. 13-14, n. 39. See also Turgenev to
     Herzen, 8 November 1862, quoted in Isaiah Berlin, ‘Fathers
     and Children: Turgenev and the Liberal Predicament’,
     published as an ‘Introduction’ to Ivan Turgenev, Father and
     Sons, trans. Rosemary Edmonds, Harmondsworth, Penguin,
     

1977, pp. 18-19.

111. 
     Oeuvres, vol. iv, p. 32; Archives Bakounine, vol. iii, pp. 206-7;
     Joll, The Anarchists, p. 92; Hepner, Bakounine, p. 287.
     
112. 
     See Carl Wittke, The Utopian Communist: A Biography of
     Wilhelm Weitling, Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University
     Press, 1950, p. 44.
     
113. 
     Bakunin, quoted by Postgate, The Workers’ International, p. 48.
     
114. 
     Quoted in Venturi, Roots, p. 57. Such sentiments were later to
     be held against Bakunin; see The Hague Congress of the First
     International, p. 573.
     
115. 
     Venturi, Roots, pp. 53-4.
     

116. 
     Oeuvres, vol. v, p. 180.
     
117. 
     Oeuvres, vol. ii, p. 92.
     
118. 
     Bakunin, quoted by Venturi, Roots, pp. 368-9 and Carr,
     

Michael Bakunin, p. 395. See also Franz Borkenau, The Spanish
Cockpit, London, Faber & Faber, 1937, pp. 21-2, 14-15; and
E.J. Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of
Social Movement in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,

New York, Norton, 1965, p. 28, n. 1. Cf. Venturi, Roots, p. 506;
Hare, Portraits of Russian Personalities, p. 66; Carr, Michael
Bakunin, p. 497.

119. 
     Confession, p. 111; cf. Oeuvres, vol. iv, p. 37: ‘If the human
     race were on the point of extinction, the Swiss would not
     resuscitate it.’
     
120. 
     Berlin, ‘Herzen and Bakunin’, p. 495.
     
121. 
     Cf. n. 137 below; and, for further details, Venturi, Roots,
     pp. 354-88; Carr, Michael Bakunin, pp. 390-409; The Hague
     Congress of the First International, pp. 366-480, 567-610;
     Archives Bakounine, vol. iv (1971), Michel Bakounine et ses
     relations avec Sergej Necaev (1870-2), passim; Lampert, Studies
     in Rebellion, pp. 151-4. For an English translation of the
     Catechism of the Revolutionary, see Max Nomad, Apostles of
     Revolution, Boston, Beacon Press, 1939, pp. 228 ff.
     
122. 
     Bakunin, ‘Politique de l’lnternationale’ in Oeuvres, vol. v, p. 1 88.
     
123. 
     Oeuvres, vol. iv, p. 252.
     
124. 
     Venturi, Roots, pp. 46-7; see also Archives Bakounine, vol. ii,
     p. 199n; Dolgoff, Bakunin on Anarchy, p. 314; and Herzen,
     

My Past and Thoughts, vol. ii, pp. 812, 423.

125. 
     Venturi, Roots, pp. 46-7.
     
126. 
     Quoted by James Guillaume, ‘Michael Bakunin: A Biographical
     Sketch’, in Dolgoff, Bakunin on Anarchy, p. 26.
     
127. 
     Oeuvres, vol. i, pp. 39-40; in English, Dolgoff, Bakunin on
     Anarchy, pp. 116-17.
     
128. 
     Oeuvres, vol. ii, p. 49.
     

1 29 Bakunin, quoted in Joll, The Anarchists, pp. 86-7.

130. 
     Bakunin, quoted in Hare, Portraits of Russian Personalities, p. 50.
     
131. 
     Bakunin, quoted by Max Nettlau, ‘Bakunin und die Inter-
     nationale in Italien bis zum Herbst 1872’, Grunbergs Archiv fur
     die Geschichte der Sozialismus und die Arbeiterbewegung,
     

vol. ii, 1911 —12; cf. Venturi, Roots, pp. 46-7, and Avrich, The
Russian Anarchists, p. 26. Guillaume’s ‘Biographical Sketch’
omits the final sentence (see Dolgoff, Bakunin and Anarchy,
p. 26), though this is quite characteristic of Bakunin’s thinking.

130. 
     Quoted in Dolgoff, Bakunin and Anarchy, p. 25; cf. Archives
     Bakounine, vol. i, part 2, pp. 1 22 ff.
     
131. 
     Dolgoff, Bakunin and Anarchy, p. 26.
     
132. 
     Cf. ibid., p. 314.
     
133. 
     Carr, Michael Bakunin, p. 359.
     
134. 
     Lichtheim, A Short History of Socialism, p. 58.
     
135. 
     See Michel Confino, ‘Bakounine et Necaev, les debuts de la
     

rupture’, Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique, vol. viii,
October-December 1966, pp. 581-699; and his Violence dans
la violence: Le debat Bakounine-Necaev, Paris, Maspero,

1973, passim.

130. 
     Lichtheim, A Short History of Socialism, p. 135; Carr, Michael
     Bakunin, p. 193.
     
131. 
     See, for example, Hostetter, The Italian Socialist Movement,
     pp. 251-3. Lehning’s ‘Introduction’ to t\\e Archives Bakounine,
     vol. iv, Michel Bakounine et ses relations avec Sergej Necaev,
     

p. xxix, attributes Marxist and Blanquist ideas to Nechaev,
which is insupportable.

130. 
     Marx to Engels, 11 April 1865, MEW xxxi, p. 105; Padover,
     p. 386.
     
131. 
     For the details, cf. Guillaume, in Bakunin, Oeuvres, vol. ii,
     

pp. xvi ff.; Herzen, My Past and Thoughts, vol. iii, pp. 1161 ff.;
Nicholaevsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, Man and
Fighter, p. 469, n. 4. See also Hostetter, The Italian Socialist
Movement, p. 78, n. 35, and David Riazanov, ‘Marx als
Verleumder’, Die Neue Zeit, 2 December 1910.

130. 
     Marx to Engels, 4 November 1864, MEW xxxi, p. 16; MESC,
     pp. 139—40; Padover, p. 370.
     
131. 
     This was Bakunin’s recollection in 1871. See Archives
     Bakounine, vol. i, part 2, p. 128 (the whole fragment,
     pp. 121-30, is a valuable source). See also Hostetter, The
     Italian Socialist Movement, p. 78 (although he mistranslates
     this passage), and Guillaume, vol. i, p. 292, n. 2, for part of
     the fragment.
     
132. 
     Hostetter, The Italian Socialist Movement, pp. 79-85; David
     Riazanov, ‘Bakuniniana’, Grunbergs Archiv fur die Geschichte
     der Sozialismus und die Arbeiterbewegung, vol. v, 1915, p. 187;
     Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels, pp. 93-4.
     
133. 
     Hostetter, The Italian Socialist Movement, p. 90.
     
134. 
     Dragomanov, Correspondance, pp. 214-15.
     
135. 
     See Marx to Engels, 24 March 1866, 17 May 1866, in MEW xxxi,
     pp. 193-5, 219; Padover, pp. 409-11,417.
     
136. 
     Marx to Engels, 11 September 1867, MEW xxxi, pp. 342-3;
     Padover, pp. 427-8. Cf. David McLellan, Karl Marx: his Life
     and Thought, London, Macmillan, 1973, pp. 380-1.
     
137. 
     Marx to Engels, 4 September 1867, MEW xxxi, pp. 337-9;
     Padover, p. 426,Documents, vol. ii, p. 152.
     
138. 
     Marx to Engels, 4 October 1867, MEW xxxi, pp. 352-6 (passage
     omitted from Padover); Hostetter, The Italian Socialist Move-
     ment, p. 113.
     
139. 
     Guillaume, vol. i, pp. 74-5.
     
140. 
     These are the words of a letter of Bakunin’s written in 1872;
     see Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth, Cambridge
     University Press, 1972, p. 137. On the foundation of the
     Alliance, see Guillaume, vol. i, pp. 132-3.
     
141. 
     Bakunin to Marx, 22 December 1868, Guillaume, vol. i, p. 153;
     

Padover, p. 460; Hostetter, The Italian Socialist Movement,
p. 119; Joll, The Anarchists, p. 102. Marx to Engels, 15
December 1868, MEW xxxii, p. 234; Hostetter, The Italian
Socialist Movement, p. 119, Padover, p. 459.

154 See Documents, vol. iii, pp. 379-83; Padover, pp. 157-61.

1 55 Documents, vol. iii, pp. 299-301 (in French), pp. 387-9
(in English); quoted (in part) in Guillaume, vol. i, pp.

103-4.

1 56 Documents, vol. iii, p. 50; cf. p. 389n.

157. 
     Documents, vol. iii, pp. 3 10-11; Guillaume, vol. i, pp. 140-1.
     
158. 
     Marx to Engels, 5 March 1869, in MEW xxxii, p. 273; MESC,
     pp. 219-21; Padover, p. 466.
     
159. 
     Marx to Engels, 14 March 1869, MEW xxxii, p. 279; Padover,
     p. 467.
     
160. 
     Carr, Michael Bakunin, pp. 364, 352.
     
161. 
     See Oeuvres, vol. v, pp. 13-218. Some are translated in Dolgoff,
     Bakunin on Anarchy, pp. 160-74. For four of the articles in
     Progres, see Oeuvres, vol. i, pp. 207-60.
     
162. 
     Marx to Engels, 30 October 1 869, MEW xxxii, p. 380; Padover,
     p. 478.
     
163. 
     On this, the best source is Guillaume, vol. i, p. 208.
     
164. 
     Cole, Marxism and A narchism, p. 131.
     
165. 
     Ibid., p. 128; cf. the General Council’s crowing report, in
     Documents, vol. iii, pp. 326-42.
     
166. 
     Documents, vol. iii, pp. 322-4.
     
167. 
     Guillaume, vol. i, p. 194.
     
168. 
     Hess’s article, ‘Communists and collectivists at the Bale Congress’
     appeared in Le Reveil, 2 October 1869. See Guillaume, vol. i,
     pp. 220 ff.; Carr, Michael Bakunin, pp. 383-4; Nicholaevsky and
     Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, Man and Fighter, p. 312.
     
169. 
     Quoted in Oeuvres, vol. v, p. 223.
     
170. 
     Carr, Michael Bakunin, p. 383.
     
171. 
     See Oeuvres, vol. v, pp. 239-94.
     
172. 
     Oeuvres, vol. v, pp. 232-5; Guillaume, vol. i, pp. 220-1; Carr,
     

Michael Bakunin, p. 385.

157. 
     Marx to Engels, 17 December 1869, MEW xxxii, pp. 421-2;
     Padover, p. 486. The articles are summarized in MEW xxxii,
     p. 785, n. 483.
     
158. 
     MEW xxxii, pp. 622-3; Padover, pp. 486-7.
     
159. 
     Documents, vol. iii, pp. 354-63, 399-407; cf. p. 195.
     
160. 
     MEW xvi, pp. 409-20.
     
161. 
     Documents, vol. iii, pp. 226, 469; cf. Miklos Molnar, Le declin
     de la premiere internationale: la conference de Londres de 1871,
     Geneva, Droz, 1963, Annex I, pp. 199-204; Guillaume, vol. ii,
     pp. 3 ff.
     
162. 
     Documents, vol. iii, p. 412; Guillaume, vol. ii, pp. 55-6; Carr,
     Michael Bakunin, p. 431; Archives Bakounine, vol. i, part 2,
     p. 361.
     
163. 
     Guillaume, vol. ii, p. 10.
     
164. 
     Marx to Engels, 24 March 1870, MEW xxxii, p. 466; Padover,
     

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

158

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

p. 491; Archives Bakounine, vol. ii, p. xviii.

See Guillaume, vol. ii, pp. 13-17.

This phrase is wrested from Karl Polyani’s fine study of the
industrial revolution in England, The Great Transformation,
the Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, Boston,

Beacon Press, 1957. See, especially, part ii, pp. 33 ff.

Borkenau, The Spanish Cockpit, pp. 21, 24.

Quoted in Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth, pp. 139-40.
Borkenau, The Spanish Cockpit, pp. 18-19, 20—1. See also
Nicholaevsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, Man and
Fighter, p. 355; Guillaume, vol. i, p. 285, n. 3.

Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism, a Reinterpre-
tation of American History 1900-1916, New York, Free Press,
1963, pp. 288 ff.

See Documents, vol. iii, pp. 268-70, 477, 372.

Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth, p. 138.

Ibid., p. 140. On Spanish anarchism the reader is also referred
to Bookchin, The Spanish A narchists, 1977; Temma Kaplan,
Anarchists of Andalusia, 1868-1903, Princeton University
Press, 1977; and (for a detailed account of a shorter period)

Max Nettlau’s monumental La Premiere Internationale en
Espagne (1868-1888), trans. with an introduction and notes
by Renje Lamberet, Dordrecht, Reidel (for the Internationaal
Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis), 1969.

Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth, pp. 137-43.

Ibid., p. 136.

For details, see Henry Collins, ‘The International and the
British Labour Movement’, Bulletin no. 9 of the Society for the
Study of Labour History, London, Autumn 1964, pp. 26-39.
Hostetter, The Italian Socialist Movement, p. 213.

For the text, see Freymond, vol. ii, pp. 261-5; Cf. Archives
Bakounine, vol. i, part 2, pp. 401 ff.; vol. ii, pp. 269-96;
Oeuvres, vol. ii, pp. xlix-1; and Nicholaevsky and Maenchen-
Helfen, Karl Marx, Man and Fighter, p. 368.

Documents, vol. v, pp. 356—409; Freymond, vol. ii, pp. 266-96.
Documents, vol. v, p. 572, n. 313.

Ibid., p. 356.

Ibid., p. 360.

Ibid., p. 361.

Ibid., p. 393.

Ibid., pp. 398-9.

Ibid., pp. 398, 390.

Ibid., p. 407.

Ibid., p. 399.

Archives Bakounine, vol. ii, pp. 123-5; Oeuvres, vol. ii, p. 1;
cf. Joll, The Anarchists, pp. 106-7.

Marx to Bolte, 23 November 1871, MEW xxxiii, p. 329; Padover
pp. 544-5 ;MESC, p. 254.

MEW xxxiii, pp. 330-1; Padover, pp. 545-6 (dropped from
MESC).

208. 
     Marx to de Paepe, 24 November 1871, MEW xxxiii, p. 339;
     Padover, p. 549.
     
209. 
     Marx to Kugelmann, 29 July 1872, MEW xxxiii, p. 505; Padover,
     p. 569.
     
210. 
     Documents, vol. v, pp. 418—19; 437—8.
     
211. 
     See Hostetter, The Italian Socialist Movement, pp. 245-6.
     
212. 
     Ibid., p. 284; Nicholaevsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx,
     

Man and Fighter, p. 381; The Hague Congress of the First
International, p. 555; Archives Bakounine, vol. ii, pp. 313 ff.

208. 
     See Guillaume, vol. ii, pp. 345-7; cf. Archives Bakounine, vol. ii,
     pp. 321 ff.
     
209. 
     See Gerth, pp. 225-7; Freymond, vol. ii, p. 365.
     
210. 
     For details, see Marx to Danielson, 15 August 1872 and 12
     December 1872, MEW xxxiii, pp. 516, 548; Nicholaevsky and
     Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, Man and Fighter, pp. 373-4;
     Archives Bakounine, vol. ii, p. xlix.
     
211. 
     Nicholaevsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx, Man and
     Fighter, p. 377.
     
212. 
     Marx to de Paepe, 28 May 1872, MEW xxxiii, pp. 479-80; to
     Danielson, 28 May 1872, MEW xxxiii, pp. 477-8.
     
213. 
     Morgan, The German Social Democrats and the First Inter-
     national, p. 203.
     
214. 
     Postgate, The Workers' International, p. 74; cf. Drachkovitch,
     

The Revolutionary Internationals, pp. 14-15.

208. 
     Engels to August Bebel, 20 June 1873, MEW xxxiii, pp. 590-1;
     MESC.pp. 266-7.
     
209. 
     See Jacques Freymond and Miklos Molnar, ‘The Rise and Fall
     of the First International’, in Drachkovitch, The Revolutionary
     Internationals, pp. 3-35, for an excellent discussion of this
     point.
     
210. 
     Marx, Speech to Central Committee of the Communist League,
     

15 September 1850, in MEW viii, pp. 412-13;also in Marx,

The Revolutions of 1848, ed. and introduced by David Fernbach,
Harmondsworth, Penguin (Pelican Marx Library, vol. i), 1973,
p. 341, and in Marx and Engels, The Cologne Communist Trial,
trans. with an introduction and notes by Rodney Livingstone,
London, Lawrence & Wishart, 1971, pp. 62-3.

208. 
     Freymond and Molnar, ‘The Rise and Fall of the First
     International’, p. 15.
     
209. 
     Marx to Bolte, 23 November 1871, MEW xxxiii, pp. 329 ff.;
     

(in part) MESC, pp. 253-5.

208. 
     Marx, The Critique of the Gotha Programme, in MESW ii, p. 28.
     
209. 
     Archives Bakounine, vol. ii, p. 147; also in Oeuvres, vol. iv,
     p. 342.
     
210. 
     The Hague Congress of the First International, p. 154; Gerth,
     

p. 212.

208. 
     Marx to Sorge, 1 September 1870, MEW xxxiii, pp. 139-40;
     Padover, pp. 516-17.
     
209. 
     For the text, cf .Archives Bakounine, vol. iii (1967), pp. 201-380.
     

208. 
     See Lehning, ‘Introduction’, ibid, pp. xxv-xxvi.
     
209. 
     Marx’s conspectus of Bakunin’s Etatisme et anarchie may be
     found in MEW xviii, pp. 630-6. The two English translations
     are those of Fernbach (in Marx, The First International and
     After [Political Writings, vol. iii,] Harmondsworth, Pelican
     Marx Library, 1974, pp. 333-8) and Mayer (‘Marx on
     Bakunin: A Neglected Text’, Etudes de Marxologie (Paris,
     Cahiers de 1’ISEA, 2nd series, no. 2, October 1959, pp. 107-17).
     This quotation may be found in Mayer, ‘Marx on Bakunin’,
     

pp. 112-13; Fernbach, pp. 336-7.

208. 
     Mayer, ‘Marx on Bakunin’, pp. 110-111, Fernbach, p. 335.
     
209. 
     Mayer, ‘Marx on Bakunin’, p. 112; Fernbach, p. 336.
     
210. 
     Mayer, ‘Marx on Bakunin’, pp. 114, 110. Fernbach, pp. 337,
     

335.

208. 
     Fernbach, pp. 333-4 (omitted from Mayer).
     
209. 
     Mayer,‘Marx on Bakunin’, pp. 114-15; Fernbach, p. 338.