July 28, 2018 Dear Reader

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355 Buchanan, “What Should Economists Do?” Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 30, January 1964, pp. 213-22

356original date? Correspondence, p. 221.

357 cite. Search Lib Fund.

358 For the international comparisons Maddison 1991, 2001; for Britain itself Feinstein 1978, 1988 and Crafts 1985a.

359 Maddison 2001, p. 264, Table B-21.

360 Boswell, Life, 1763, Aetat. 54, Everyman ed., I, p. 273.

361 Hist Ec Anal, p. 571.

362 cite Levy and Sandra Peart

363 personal correspondence, quoted in Cameron.

364 1830: I, ii, 185

365 HisEcAnal 1954, p. 572n5.

366 Hist Ec Anal p. 572.

367 Lindert and Williamson 1983a.

368 1971: 41 2.

369 1941 :41.

370 Jones 1981, 1988; Mokyr 1990a.

371 cite

372 Crafts 1985a and Harley 1982

373 McCloskey 1991.

374 Berg 1985; Hudson 1986, 1989

375 Musson 1978: 8, 61, 167 8.

376 Macaulay, 1830, p. 185.

377 Tusser, Five Hundred Points, 1580, p. 13. I modernize spelling and punctuation in quoting earlier English. The past is a foreign country, but the fact should show in its strange behavior and strange ideas, not in its spelling conventions.

378 Introduction by A. L. Basham, p. 120, to in Embree, ed., Sources of Indian Tradition, Vol. I. The passage below is Dīgha Nikāya 3.182ff., reprinted p. 123

379 Walter, late 13^th century, in Oschinsky, 1971, p. 309.

380 Senechaucy, late 13^th century, in Oschinsky, 1971, p. 269.

381 Tusser, Five Hundred Points, 1580, p. 18.

382 Dickens, David Copperfield, 1849-50, Chapter 12.

383 McCloskey and Nash, "Corn at Interest, " 1984. Cf. Cipolla, 1993, p. 89.

384 Fogel, Escape from Hunger, 2004.

385 Innes, "Introduction," 1988, TITLE, p. 5.

386 Weber 1923 [trans Frank Knight 1927], p. 355.

387 Weber, Protestant Ethic, 1904-05, p. 17.

388 Boswell's Life, April 14, 1778, quoted in Mathias, p. 302.

389 Marx, Capital, 1867, Chp. 24, Sec. 3, p. 651.

390 E.g. Marx, Capital, 1867, Chp. 24, Sec. 1, p. 641; and Chp. 26, p. 784, "We have seen how money is changed into capital; how through capital [a] surplus-value is made, and from surplus value more capital."

391 Santhi Hejeebu and I have laid out the case against Polanyi's economic history in "The Reproving of Karl Polanyi," 2000.

392 Heilbroner, Worldly Philosophers, DATE, p. 201. Compare p. 156, "an owner-entrepreneur engaged in an endless race," and so forth.

393 Weber, Protestant Ethic, 1904-05, p. 53.

394 Marx, Capital, 1867, Chp. 24, p. 652. And "accumulation for accumulation's sake, production for production's sake."

395 Lawrence, Studies, 1924. The most well-known of the amused ironies is his comment on a late addition to his list of virtues, Humility: "I cannot boast of much success in acquiring the reality of this virtue; but I had a good deal with regard to the appearance of it” Claude-Anne Lopez remarked once that Franklin will lack a full biography until someone with a sense of humor attempts it.

396 Weber, Protestant Ethic, 1904-05, p. 51, italics supplied.

397 Tronto, Moral Boundaries, 1993, p. 29.

398 Haskell's remark is quoted in Innis, "Introduction," 1988, p. 39n61.

399 Macfarlane, Culture of Capitalism, 1987, p. 226.

400 Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759 1790, III.6.6, p. 173.

401 Marx, Communist Manifesto, 1948, p. 59.

402 Mathias 1973, “Capital, Credit and Enterprise in the Industrial Revolution," where exactly?

403 Rostow, Stages, 1960; Easterly, Elusive Quest, 2001.

404 McCloskey, "Industrial Revolution," 1981.

405 Jones, Increasing Returns, 1933 should be better known among economists. A student of Marshall, he anticipated the mathematics of the "residual." He died young, and his work was forgotten except by economic historians.

406 Pomeranz, Great Divergence, DATE

407 Marx, Capital, 1867, p. 784.

408 Gerschenkron, "Reflections on the Concept of `Prerequisites,'" 1957, p. 33.

409 Marx, Capital, 1867, Chp. 24, Sec. 3, p. 656.

410 Crafts, Leybourne, and Mills, 1991, Table 7.2, p. 113.

411 Postan is quoted with approval by another great student of the times, Carlo Cipola in Cipola, 1993, p. 91.

412 Capital, p. 785.

413 Capital, p. 833.

414 Wallerstein TTLE DATE

415 Augustine, Confessions, 398 AD, IV, x.

416 See Douglass North's Under the Process, 2004, and Ogilvie's devastating empirical inquiry Ogilvie, 2004 into the Panglossian hypothesis.

417 Hist Ec Anal 1954, p. 572n2.

418 Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development 1926 [1934], p. 72.

419 Capital, p. 794.

420 Mokyr, Gifts of Athena, 2002, p. 297.

421 See for instance Baechler, 1971; McNeill, 1982; Jones, 1988; Tilly, 1990; Macfarlane, 2000.

422 Winthrop quoted in Innes, "Puritanism and Capitalism," 1994, p. 106.

423 Simmel, Philosophy of Money, 1900 1907, p. 444.

424 Quoted in Wood, Broken Estate, 1999, p. 262.

425 Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws 1748, I, p. 321, Book XX sec. 7, quoted in Innes 1994, p. 96.

426 Pat Hudson gives a brief but penetrating introduction to the issue in pp. 218-225 of her lucid classic, The Industrial Revolution 1992.

427 As has been argued in detail by David Edgerton in Science, Technology, 1996 and Warfare State, 2005.]

428O’Brien and Engerman 1991 demur.

429 Ippolito 1975

430 Pollard 1973, 1981a; within Britain cf. Hudson 1989 and Crafts 1989a.

431 Mokyr 1985b: 175

432 Mokyr 1985b: 22 3 and works cited there

433 André Comte-Sponville, A Small Treatise on the Great Virtues 1996, trans. Catherine Temerson; New York: Henry Holt, Metropolitan/Owl Books, 2001, p. 89. The fount of such views in France is said to be the philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Raymond Aron complains in his Memoirs 1983, trans. George Holoch, abridged edition; New York: Holmes and Meier, 1990, p. 216 that when Merleau-Ponty writes in 1947 "as though it were an obvious truth, that 'the moral and material civilization of England presupposes the exploitation of colonies,’ he flippantly resolves a still open question."

434 The locus classicus for these calculations is Lance E. Davis and R. A. Huttenback, Mammon and the Pursuit of Empire: The Economics of British Imperialism Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

435 Edelstein statistics from Floud and McC

436 citation

437 McCloskey 1972; Allen 1992.

438 McCloskey 1975; Wordie 1983

439 Kussmaul cite.

440 E.g. Wrigley 1988;

441 1776: Lix.15: 112; cf. 1776: Lviii.24: 89.

442 Greenfeld 2001, p. 1.

443 Greenfeld 2001, p. 57.

444 Greenfeld 2001, p. 23.

445 Greenfeld 2001, p. 24

446 Greenfeld 2001, p. 23.

447 Greenfeld 2001, p. 58.

448 Greenfled 2001, p. 57.

449 Wheeler 1601, quoted in Greenfield 2001, p. 40.

450 Greenfeld 2001, p. 15.

451 Greenfeld 2001, p. 16; the phrases quoted just below are from the same paragraph.

452 Greenfeld 2001, p. 45.

453 Greenfeld 2001, p. 23.

454 Greenfeld 2001, p. 52.

455 Defoe, DATES, p. NNN, quoted in Greenfeld, p. 51.

456 Defoe DATES, Complete English Tradesman, p. NNN [about 140 or so], quoted in Greenfeld 2001, p. 55.

457 McCloskey 2006, pp. 243-244.

458 Greenfeld 2001, pp. 50, 57

459 Greenfeld 2001, p. 24.

460 Fiske 1991, p. 13; he means "marked" in the grammatical sense, that is, "specially acknowledged".

461 Geertz 1979, p. 137, quoted in North 1991, p. 104, italics supplied.

462 Clark 2007 is good on this, pp. 10, 212.

463 Easterly 2001, p. 47.

464 Easterly 2001, p. 67.

465 Easterly 2001, p. 26f.

466 Easterly 20001, pp. 83, 77.

467 Quoted in Niebuhr, The Irony of American History (1952), Chap. 3, introduction. This is not the way the economists at the time were talking, not at all.

468 Greif 1989, pp. 868-69.

469 Greif, pp. 871, 880.

470 Gerschenkron 1970, p. 19.

471 quoted in Gerschenkron, p. 45.

472 22: 261-263.

473 1790 [1982], VII.iv.25, p. 336.

474 Mann 1901 [1952], p. 247.

475 Gay 2002, p. 117n.

476 Gay 2002, p. 114n.

477 p. 210.

478 pp. 147-148.

479 p. 207.

480 p. 77.

481 p. 20.

482 p. 125.

483 p. 72.

484 p. 78.

485 p. 181.

486 p. 137.

487 p. 164.

488 Lavoie 1990d, pp. 170, 169.

489 Hirschman 1970.

490 Fisher 1989, esp. p. 122

491 Levinson 1983, p. 112.

492 1988.

493 Farrell p. 19.

494 p. 336, italics supplied

495 p. 336.

496 Life, I, p. 272; get date.

497 cf. Austin 1955 [1965], Searle 1969; Petrey 1990.

498 Petrey 1990, p. 17.

499 Cosgel and Klamer 1990.

500 Trump 1987, p. 53.

501 Trump 1987, p. 122.

502 Ingalls 1965, Number 1470.

503 Mann p. 210.

504 Wu 1989.

505 cf. Madison 1990, p. 56 n25; cf. Mäki 1990; Wu 1989.

506 1990, p.

507 Ingalls 1965, Number 1681.

508 Berger 1990.

509 Patrick S. Atiyah, The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract Oxford, 1979, pp. 400, and esp. 403.

510 Lawrence Friedman, Contract law in America XXXX, NNNNN, p. 20 [CHECK AND READ]

511 Atiyah 1979, p. 416-417.

512 Atiyah 1979, pp. 717, 725-26; and the inability to enforce binding promises, p. 721; the analogy with idiots in contract law is not Atiyah’s way of putting it.

513 Friedman, A History of American Law, 2^nd ed. Simon and Schuster, 1985, pp. 468, 475..

514 Machiavelli, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy (1513-17),Trans. Q. Skinner 1990b, p. 301.

515 p. 69.

516 p. 72.

517 Rothman…..

518 ("Comments on a Plan for the Study of Entrepreneurship," unpublished, c. 1948, quoted in McCraw, p. 471)

519 Poor Laws and Paupers Illustrated, 1831, p. 196, quoted in Searle 1998, p. 261.

520 (Niebuhr 1952, Chp. 3, introduction)

521 Pocock 1985, p. 104.

522 Davis 2033, p. 38.

523 Huizinga 1935, p. 112. And see p. 127f.

524 Santayana, Character, pp. 223, 222.

525 Langford, p. 468.

526 TMS 57; cf. p. 149.

527 TMS, p. 55.

528 TMS, p. 35.

529 TMS, p. 35.

530 TMS, p. 37.

531 TMS, p. 38.