Historic Artifact Portion of Historic Handbook

CHRONOLOGY OF STYLISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE BEER CAN

Date Feature Introduced

1980s -UPC computer codes standard feature on all cans.

-Multiple neck-in chimes present on cans produced in the early years of the decade.

-Single, longer neck-in chimes prevalent during latter years of the decade.

1989 -Government alcohol warning labels introduced.

1984 -Straight-sided steel cans cease production.

1983 -Production of ring-pull cans ceases.

1970s -Production of II-oz., 15-oz., and gallon cans ceases.

-UPC computer codes introduced.

1977 -Coors phases out push-button cans.

1975 -American Can Company begins producing push-button cans.

1974-1979 -Cans issued commemorating the U.S. bicentennial.

1972 -Oregon bans the use of ring-pull cans. Push-button can openings introduced by Coors.

-Cans with specialized shapes first marketed.

1967 -Tin-free steel (TFS) cans introduced.

1966 -Welded-seam cans introduced.

-"Neck-in chime" cans (lid smaller than can body) introduced.

1965 -First "ring-pull" can marketed.

1964 -Continental Can's "U-tab" design introduced.

-Tab-tops with "smile" beads introduced.

-Gallon cans introduced.

1963 -In January, Schlitz becomes first national brewer to use tab-top cans. By August, 65 brands are available in this design.

-First 12-oz. all-aluminum can issued.

-Plastic six-pack holder (yoke) introduced.

1962 -First self-opening can ("snap-top" or "tab-top") introduced by Pittsburgh Brewing Company.

1960 -Cones completely phased out by this time.

1950s -Crowntainers phased out by mid-decade. -Cones largely phased out by mid-decade.

-Odd-size cans marketed include 7-, 8-, 10-, II-, 14-, and 15-oz. sizes.

-Aluminum lids used on steel-bodied cans. These are often described on can labels as "soft- tops."

-Pastels and metallic colors become common features of can labels.

1959 -Coors markets 7-oz. all-aluminum can.

1958 -Primo markets II-oz. paper-labeled, all-aluminum can.

1954 -Schlitz markets the first l6-oz. punch-top can.

1950 -"Internal Revenue Tax Paid" marking removed from can (and bottle) labels, March 30.

1942-1947 -Domestic canned beer production ceased due to World War II. Over 18 million cans of beer produced for military use.

-Military beer cans are silver or olive drab in color.

-Military cans are not marked "Internal Revenue Tax Paid" but, rather, "Withdrawn Free of Tax for Exportation."

1940 -J-spout cans phased out of production.

-Introduction of crowntainer, which replaces the J spout.

1930s -Most cans feature heavy paint and lacquer, resulting in good label preservation.

-The word "beer" is usually as prominent as the brand name, owing to the novelty of having beer in cans.

-Opening instructions, usually with illustrations, are included as part of the label (usually near the seam).

-Contents are often described as "contains 12 fluid ounces-same as a bottle."

1937 -Cones produced after this date have concave bottoms and long cones ("high-profile").

-J-spout cans introduced.

-Quart-size cones introduced in July.

1935 -First can marketed on January 24 in Richmond, Virginia. Eighteen breweries are canning beer by end of year.

-Beginning June 28, all cans produced are marked "Internal Revenue Tax Paid."

-Cone-top cans first marketed in September. These have flat bottoms and short cones ("low- profile").

Note. It is often difficult (if not impossible) to document the dates when various features are eliminated or removed from use, due primarily to the fact that old stock is frequently utilized after changes have been made. The presence of multiple suppliers (and in some cases, brewery locations) will also result in the simultaneous usage of different styles of cans (i.e., a single brewing company may produce aluminum and crimped-steel cans in different plants).
From: Maxwell, D. B. S.

1993 Beer Cans: A Guide for the Archaeologist. Historical Archaeology 27(1):95-113.

Pocketknives, animal shoes, cartridge types, and bale ties.

Screw nomenclature from: Brownell, Adon H.

n.d. Hardware Age Builders' Hardware Handbook. Chilton Company - Book Division, Publishers, Philadelphia.

Cabin and architectural information adapted from: Wilson, Mary

1984 Log Cabin Studies, the Rocky Mountain Cabin, Log Cabin Technol­ogy and Typology and Log Cabin Bibliography. U.S. Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Cultural Resource Report No. 9.


ARTIFACT IDENTIFICATION BIBLIOGRAPHY
General Classification and Company Histories
Adams, William Hampton

2003 Dating Historical Sites: The Importance of Understanding Time Lag in the Acquisition, Curation, Use, and Disposal of Artifacts. Historical Archaeology 37(2):38-64.

Blackaby, James R., and Patricia Greeno

1988 The Revised Nomenclature for Museum Cataloging: A Revised and Expanded Version of Robert G. Chenhall's System for Classifying Man-Made Objects. American Association for State and Local History, Nashville.

Brand Names Foundation, Incorporated

1947 43,000 Years of Public Service: A Roster of Product-identifying Names Used by the American Public for 50 Consecutive Years or More. Brand Names Foundation, Incorporated, New York.

Chenhall, Robert G.

1978 Nomenclature for Museum Cataloging: A System for Classifying Man-made Objects. American Association for State and Local History, Nashville.

Clark, Victor S.

1929 History of Manufactures in the United States. Volume II: 1860-1893. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. Reprinted 1949 by Peter Smith, New York.

1929 History of Manufactures in the United States. Volume III: 1893-1928. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. Reprinted 1949 by Peter Smith, New York.
Cramp, Arthur J.

1912 Nostrums and Quackery. American Medical Association Press, Chicago.

1921 Nostrums and Quackery, Vol. II. Press of American Medical Association, Chicago.
1936 Nostrums and Quackery and Pseudo-Medicine, Vol. III. Press of American Medical Association, Chicago.
Fisher, David, and Reginald Bragonier, Jr.

1981 What's What: A Visual Glossary of the Physical World. Hammond Incorporated, Maplewood, NJ.

Hambleton, Ronald

1987 The Branding of America: From Levi Strauss to Chrysler, from Westinghouse to Gillette, the Forgotten Founders of America's Best-Known Brand Names. Yankee Books, Camden, Maine.

Kelley, Etna M.

1954 The Business Founding Date Directory. Morgan & Morgan Publishers, Scarsdale, New York.

Panati, Charles

1987 Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things. Harper & Row, Publishers, New York.

Periodical Publishers Association

1934 Nationally Established Trade-Marks. Periodical Publishers Association, New York.

Riley, John J.

1958 A History of the American Soft Drink Industry: Bottled Carbon­ated Beverages, 1807-1957. American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages, Washington, D.C. Reprinted 1972 by Arno Press, New York.

Multiple Artifacts
Adams, William H.

1977 Silcott, Washington: Ethnoarchaeology of a Rural American Community. Reports of Investigations, No. 54. Laboratory of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman.

Adams, William H., Linda P. Gaw, and Frank C. Leonhardy

1975 Archaeological Excavations at Silcott, Washington: the Data Inventory. Reports of Investigations, No. 53. Laboratory of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman.

Berge, Dale L.

1980 Simpson Springs Station: Historical Archaeology in Western Utah, 1974-1975. Bureau of Land Management, Utah, Cultural Resource Series No. 6.

Gillio, David, Francis Levine, and Douglas Scott

1980 Some Common Artifacts Found at Historical Sites. Cultural Resources Report No. 31. USDA Forest Service, Southwest Region, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Herskovitz, Robert M.

1978 Fort Bowie Material Culture. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 31. Tucson.

Kovel, Ralph M., and Terry H. Kovel

1986 Kovel’s New Dictionary of Marks. Crown Publishers, New York.

Lichty, Alan S., and Joel D. McNamara

1984 IMACS Users Guide. Intermountain Antiquities Computer System, revised edition.

Montgomery Ward & Company

1895 Montgomery Ward & Co. Catalogue and Buyers' Guide No. 57, Spring and Summer 1895. Reprint 1969 by Dover Publications, New York.

1894-5 Montgomery Ward & Co. 1894-95 Catalogue & Buyers Guide No. 56. Reprint 1977 by DBI Books, Inc., Northfield, Illinois.
Noël Hume, Ivor

1970 A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

Petsche, Jerome E.

1974 The Steamboat Bertrand: History, Excavation, and Architecture. National Park Service Publications in Archeology 11. GPO, Washington.

Russell, Carl P.

1967 Firearms, Traps & Tools of the Mountain Men. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

Sagstetter, Beth, and Bill Sagstetter

1998 The Mining Camps Speak: A New Way to Explore the Ghost Towns of the American West. Benchmark Publishing of Colorado, Denver.

Sears, Roebuck and Co.

1894 Sears, Roebuck and Co. Consumer's Guide for 1894. Reprint edition.

1902 The 1902 Edition of the Sears, Roebuck Catalog, No. 111. Reprinted 1969 by Bounty Books, New York.
1908 Sears, Roebuck and Company 1908 Catalogue, No. 117, The Great Price Maker. Reprinted by Gun Digest Co., Chicago.
1909 Sears, Roebuck and Co., Incorporated Consumers Guide, Fall 1909, No. 118. Reprinted by Ventura Books, Inc., New York, 1979.
1915 Tools, Machinery, Blacksmiths' Supplies. Sears, Roebuck and Co., Chicago. Reprinted 1985 by the Mid-West Tool Collectors Association and the Artist Blacksmith's Association of North America, n.p.
Richardson, M. T.

1998 Practical Blacksmithing. 2 Vols. Astragal Press, Mendham, New Jersey.

Agriculture
Baird, James S.

1994 Hoard’s Dairyman Dairy Collectibles: A Pictorial Guide to Collecting and Identifying Items Related to Dairying. W. D. Hoard & Sons Company, Atkinson, Wisconsin.

Hurt, R. Douglas

1982 American Farm Tools from Hand-Power to Steam-Power. Sunflower University Press, Manhattan, Kansas.

Montgomery Ward & Company

1908 Farm Implements. Montgomery Ward & Co., Chicago.

Rathbone, Pembroke Thom

1999 The History of Old Time Farm Implement Companies and the Wrenches They Issued Including Buggy, Silo, Cream Separator, Windmill and Gas Engine Companies. Pembroke Thom Rathbone, Marsing, Idaho.

1999 The History of Old Time Farm Implement Companies and the Wrenches They Issued Including Buggy, Silo, Cream Separator, Windmill and Gas Engine Companies Supplement. Pembroke Thom Rathbone, Marsing, Idaho.
Wendel, C. H.

1997 Encyclopedia of American Farm Implements & Antiques. Krause Publications, Iola, Wisconsin.

Arms and Ammunition
Barnes, Frank C.

1993 Cartridges of the World. DBI Books, Inc., Northbrook, IL.

Bearse, Ray

1966 Centerfire American Rifle Cartridges 1892-1963. A. S. Barnes and Co., Inc., South Brunswick, New Jersey.

Brinckerhoff, Sidney B. and P. A. Chamberlain

1972 Spanish Military Weapons in Colonial America: 1700-1821. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Datig, Fred A.

1956 Cartridges for Collectors, Vol. I (Centerfire). FADCO Pub­lishing Co., Beverly Hills, California.

1958 Cartridges for Collectors, Vol. II. FADCO Publishing Co., Beverly Hills, California.
Kass, George G., editor

1979 Rimfire Headstamp Guide: Part I. George G. Kass, Okemos, Michigan.

Logan, Herschel C.

1959 Cartridges: A Pictorial Digest of Small Arms Ammunition. Bonanza Books, New York.

Murtz, Harold A., editor

1993 The Gun Digest Book of Exploded Long Gun Drawings. DBI Books, Inc., Northbrook, Illinois.

Russell, Carl P.

1957 Guns on the Early Frontiers: A History of Firearms from Colonial Times through the Years of the Western Fur Trade. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.

Barbed Wire
Clifton, Robert T.

1970 Barbs, Prongs, Points, Prickers & Stickers: A Complete and Illustrated Catalogue of Antique Barbed Wire. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Glover, Jack

1969 The "Bobbed" Wire Bible. Jack Glover, Sunset, Texas.

Bottles
Baldwin, Joseph K.

1973 A Collector's Guide to Patent and Proprietary Medicine Bottles of the Nineteenth Century. Thomas Nelson, Inc., New York.

Clint, David K.

1976 Colorado Historical Bottles & ETC., 1859-1915. Johnson Publishing Company, Boulder, Colorado.

Clorox Company, The

1999 The Clorox Bottle Guide: An Aid for Collectors. The Clorox Company (http://www.clorox.com/company/bottlguide/). January 6, 2000.

Coors, Adolph, Company

1984 Time in a Bottle. Adolph Coors Company, Golden, Colorado.

Devner, Kay

1968 Patent Medicine Picture. The Tombstone Epitaph, Tombstone, Arizona.

Fike, Richard E.

1987 The Bottle Book: A Comprehensive Guide to Historic, Embossed Medicine Bottles. Peregrine Smith Books, Salt Lake City.

Fountain, John C., and Donald E. Colcleaser

1968 Dictionary of Soda and Mineral Water Bottles. Ole Empty Bottle House Publishing Co., Amador City, California.

1969 Dictionary of Spirits and Whiskey Bottles. Ole Empty Bottle House Publishing Company, Amador City, California.
Howe, John

1967 A Whiskeyana Guide: Antique Whiskey Bottles. John Howe, San Jose, California.

James, D.

1967 Whitall, Tatum and Company, Drug, Perfume and Chemical Bottles, 1902. Reprint of historic catalog, n.p.

Jones, Olive

1971 Glass Bottle Push-Ups and Pontil Marks. Historical Archaeology 5:62-73.

Kovel, Ralph M., and Terry H. Kovel

1971 The Official Bottle Price List. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York.

Lief, Alfred

1965 A Close-Up of Closures: History and Progress. Glass Manufac­turers Institute, New York.

Lockhart, Bill

2004 The Dating Game. Bottles and Extras 15(3):2-5.

2006 Owens-Illinois Glass Company. SHA Newsletter 39(2):22-27.
Lorrain, Dessamae

1968 An Archaeologist’s Guide to Nineteenth Century American Glass. Historical Archaeology 2:35-44.

Miller, George L., and Catherine Sullivan

1984 Machine-Made Glass Containers and the End of Production for Mouth-Blown Bottles. Historical Archaeology 18(2):83-96.

Peterson, Arthur G.

1968 400 Trademarks on Glass. Washington College Press, Takoma Park, Maryland.

Rock, Jim

1981 Glass Bottles: Basic Identification. USDA, Klamath National Forest, Yreka, California.

Schulz, Peter D., Betty J. Rivers, Mark M. Hales, Charles A. Litzinger, and Elizabeth A. McKee

1980 The Bottles of Old Sacramento: A Study of Nineteenth Century Glass and Ceramic Retail Containers, Part I. California Archeological Reports No. 20. State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento.

Seamans, Berna Mackey, and Mertie Mackey Robb

1969 Colorado Bottle History: When and Where? R & S Publication, Denver.

Switzer, Ronald R.

1974 The Bertrand Bottles: A Study of 19th-Century Glass and Ceramic Containers. National Park Service Publications in Archeology No. 12. GPO, Washington.

Toulouse, Julian Harrison

1971 Bottle Makers and Their Marks. Thomas Nelson Inc., New York.

1977 Fruit Jars: A Collector's Manual with Prices. Thomas Nelson Inc., Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee.
Watson, Richard

1965 Bitters Bottles. Thomas Nelson and Sons, New York.

White, James Seeley

1974 The Hedden's Store Handbook of Proprietary Medicines. Durham & Downey, Portland, Oregon.

Wilson, Bill, and Betty Wilson

1968 Spirits Bottles of the Old West. Henington Publishing Company, Wolfe City, TX.

Wilson, Rex L.

1981 Bottles on the Western Frontier. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Zumwalt, Betty

1980 Ketchup, Pickles, Sauces: 19th Century Food in Glass. Mark West Publishers, Fulton, California.

Buttons
Adams, Jane Ford, and Lillian Smith Albert

1965 A Descriptive Catalog of Pictorial Buttons Worn on Work Clothing 1900-1935. Sullivan Lithographics, Wichita, Kansas.

Brown, Dorothy Foster

1968 The New Enlarged and Revised Button Parade. Mid-America Book Company, Leon, Iowa.

Century House

1959 Military Uniforms and Their Buttons. Century House, Watkins Glen, New York.

Houart, Victor

1977 Buttons: A Collector's Guide. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.

Johnson, David F.

1948 Uniform Buttons: American Armed Forces 1784-1948, Vol. I: Descriptions & Value. Century House, Watkins Glen, New York.

1959 Uniform Buttons: American Armed Forces 1784-1948, Vol. II. Century House, Watkins Glen, New York.
Quartermaster General, U.S. Army

1889 U.S. Army Uniforms and Equipment, 1889 Specifications for Clothing, Camp and Garrison Equipage, and Clothing and Equipage Materials. Reprinted 1986, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.

Sprague, Roderick

2002 China or Prosser Button Identification and Dating. Historical Archaeology 36(2):111-127.

Cans
Beer Can Collectors of America

1975 The Beer Can Collectors of America Guide to United States Beer Cans. Greatlakes Living Press, Matteson, Illinois.

Maxwell, D. B. S.

1993 Beer Cans: A Guide for the Archaeologist. Historical Archaeology 27(1):95-113.

May, Earl Chapin

1937 The Canning Clan: A Pageant of Pioneering Americans. The Macmillan Company, New York.

Rock, Jim

1981 Tin Cans, Notes and Comments. USDA, Klamath National Forest, Yreka, California.

1984 Cans in the Countryside. Historical Archaeology 18(2)97-111.

Ceramics
Barber, Edwin Atlee

1904 Marks of American Potters. Patterson & White Company, Phila­delphia.

Butler Brothers

1930 China & Glassware 1930. 1968 reprint of Butler Brothers Cata­log #2749. Antique Research Publications, Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Chaffers, William

1946 Marks & Monograms on European and Oriental Pottery and Porcelain. Borden Publishing Company, London.

Cushion, J. P.

1961 Pocket Book of German Ceramic Marks and Those of Other Central European Countries. Faber and Faber, London.

Gates, William C., Jr., and Dana E. Ormerod

1984 The East Liverpool Pottery District: Identification of Manufac­turers and Marks. Historical Archaeology 16(1-2).

Godden, Geoffrey A.

1991 Encyclopaedia of British Pottery and Porcelain Marks. Barrie & Jenkins, London.

Kovel, Ralph M., and Terry H. Kovel

1953 Dictionary of Marks, Pottery and Porcelain. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York.

Kowalsky, Arnold A., and Dorothy E. Kowalsky

1999 Encyclopedia of Marks on American, English, and European Earthenware, Ironstone, and Stoneware (1780-1980): Makers, Marks, and Patterns in Blue and White, Historic Blue, Flow Blue, Mulberry, Romantic Transferware, Tea Leaf, and White Ironstone. Schiffer Publishing Ltd., Atglen, Pennsylvania.

Lehner, Lois

1978 Ohio Pottery and Glass Marks and Manufacturers. Wallace Home­stead Book Co., Des Moines, Iowa.

1980 Complete Book of American Kitchen and Dinner Ware. Wallace-Homestead Book Company, Des Moines, Iowa.
1988 Lehner’s Encyclopedia of U.S. Marks on Pottery, Porcelain & Clay. Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.
McKee, Floyd W.

1966 The Second Oldest Profession: A Century of American Dinnerware Manufacture. Privately published, n.p.

Ramsey, John

1939 American Potters and Pottery. Colonial Press Inc., Clinton, Massachusetts.

Thorn, C. Jordan

1947 Handbook of Old Pottery and Porcelain Marks. Tudor Publishing Company, New York.

Weatherbee, Jean

1980 A Look at White Ironstone. Wallace Homestead Book Company, Des Moine, Iowa.

Glassware
Florence, Gene

1986 Elegant Glassware of the Depression Era. Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.

1987 Kitchen Glassware of the Depression Years. Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.
1989 Pocket Guide to Depression Glass, Revised Sixth Edition. Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.
1998 Florence’s Glassware Pattern Identification Guide. Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.
2000 Florence’s Glassware Pattern Identification Guide, Volume II. Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.
Lee, Ruth Webb

1936 Ruth Webb Lee's Handbook of Early American Pressed Glass Pat­terns. Ruth Webb Lee, Publisher, Framingham Centre, Massachusetts.

Mauzy, Barbara and Jim Mauzy

2001 Mauzy’s Comprehensive Handbook of Depression Glass Prices, 3rd Edition. Schiffer Publishing Ltd., Atglen, Pennsylvania.

McKearin, George S., and Helen McKearin

1941 American Glass. Crown Publishers, New York.

Revi, Albert Christian

1964 American Pressed Glass and Figure Bottles. Thomas Nelson Inc., New York.

Hardware
Adams, William Hampton

2002 Machine Cut Nails and Wire Nails: American Production and Use for Dating 19^th-Century and Early-20^th-Century Sites. Historical Archaeology 36(4):66-88.

Barnes, Frank T.

1988 Hooks, Rings & Other Things: An Illustrated Index of New England Iron, 1660-1860. The Christopher Publishing House, Hanover, Massachusetts.

D'Allemagne, Henry Rene

1968 Decorative Antique Ironwork: A Pictorial Treasury. Dover Publications, Inc., New ork.

Eastwood, Maudie

1976 The Antique Doorknob. Times Litho, Forest Grove, Oregon.

Forney, Matthias N.

1974 The Railroad Car Builder’s Pictorial Dictionary. Dover Publications, Inc., New York.

Russell and Erwin Manufacturing Company

1865 Illustrated Catalogue of American Hardware of the Russell and Erwin Manufacturing Company. Reprinted 1980 by the Associa­tion for Preservation Technology, Lisle, Illinois.

Wells, Tom

1998 Nail Chronology: The Use of Technologically Derived Features. Historical Archaeology 32(2):78-99.

Horse Equipment and Harness
Ahlborn, Richard

1980 Man Made Mobil Early Saddles of Western North America. Smith­sonian Institution Press, Washington.

Fitzgerald, William N.

1875 The Harness Makers' Illustrated Manual. Wm. N. Fitz-Gerald, NY. Reprinted 1974 by North River Press, Inc., Croton-on-Hudson, New York.

Fox, Charles Philip

1987 Horses in Harness: A Pictorial Recollection of the Horse-Drawn Decades. Reiman Associates, Greendale, Wisconsin.

Keegan, Terry

1973 The Heavy Horse: Its Harness and Harness Decoration. A.S. Barnes and Company, New York.

Lungwitz, A. and John W. Adams

1966 A Textbook of Horseshoeing for Horseshoers and Veterinarians. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.

Moseman, C. M., and Brother

1987 Mosemans' Illustrated Catalog of Horse Furnishing Goods: An Unabridged Republication of the Fifth Edition. Dover Publica­tions, Inc., New York.