152 hiroki kikuchi
of the aristocracy. As compensation of the service, the regents allowed their subordinate
families to access diary records that were in the possession of the regents. See Matsuzawa
Yoshiyuki, “Kinsei no kerai ni tsuite” (On Subordinate Households in the Modern Pe-
riod), Nihonshi kenkyū (Journal of Japanese History) 387 (1994), pp. 34–37.
21. Yanagiwara Motomitsu, Zokushi gushō, 3 vols. (Tokyo: Kokushi taikei kankōkai, 1930–
1931).
22. The Six National Histories, compiled from the eighth through the tenth centuries, present
Japanese history chronologically from the mythical age to the late ninth century. Al-
though the emperor’s order for the writing of the continuation of this work was aspi-
rational, he did not have any concrete program for completion of the project attached
to it. Sanjō Sanetomi, who was prime minister at that time, was designated “honorary”
president of the Bureau of Historiography. Scholars made many attempts to gain a clear
conceptualization of the project and the system by which they would carry out the re-
search and writing. In 1891 the project, under the title Dai-Nihon hen’nenshi (Chronologi-
cal History of Great Japan), was fully underway. However, in 1893 political treason forced
the project members to cease their work, leaving the writing of this history uncompleted.
Finally the writing was carried out as an academic project that resulted in the publication
of Dai-Nihon shiryō (Chronological Source Books of Japanese History).
23. The Imperial University was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo. Through a few
more organizational changes, the Historiographical Institute carried out the project.
24. Tokugawa Mitsukuni (1628–1700) established the historiographical institution called
Shōkōkan, including a bunko, at Mito in order to continue work on the Dai-Nihon-shi,
which was completed in 1906 in 397 volumes.
25. Tōkyō daigaku shiryō hensanjo, comp., Tōkyō daigaku shiryō hensanjoshi shiryōshū (His-
torical Materials on the History of the Historiographical Institute, University of Tokyo)
(Tokyo: Tōkyō daigaku shuppankai, 2001), p. 555.
26. For example, Meigetsu-ki by Fujiwara no Teika (1162–1241), which was kept between
1180–1235, was published by Kokusho kankōkai in Tokyo in 1911. Editors for the proj-
ect were Sakamoto Hirotarō (1880–1946), Wada Hidematsu (1865–1937), and Yashiro
Kuniji (1873–1924). At that time all of them were affiliated with the Historiographical
Institute and engaged in writing Dai-Nihon shiryō, section 4, which covers the years from
1185–1221. It is clear that they published Meigetsu-ki in connection with their project at
the Historiographical Institute. Gyokuyō by Kujō Kanezane (1149–1207), which was kept
between 1164 and 1200, also was published by Kokusho kankōkai in 1906–1907.
27. Tōkyō daigaku shiryō hensanjoshi shiryōshū, pp. 741–743.
28. For example, Tanaka Yoshinari (1860–1919), who became a professor of medieval Japanese
history, started his career as a copyist in 1874. Ibid., p. 363.
29. See “Shokuin-roku” (Record of Public Officials), sec. 2, ch. 3 in Tokyo daigaku shiryō hen-
sanjoshi shiryōshū.
30. Tōkyō daigaku shiryō hensanjoshi shiryōshū, p. 555.
31. For Asakawa’s biography, see Abe Yoshio, Saigo no “Nipponjn”: Asakawa Kan’ichi no shōgai
(The Last “Japanese”: The Life of Asakawa Kan’ichi) (Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1983).
On his activities with respect to collecting Japanese materials, see Kaneko Hideo, “Yale
daigaku toshokan to Asakawa Kan’ichi” (Yale University Library and Asakawa Kan’ichi),”
copying texts in japan 153
Chōsa kenkyū hōkoku, vol. 11 (Tokyo: Kokubungaku kenkyū shiryōkan bunken shiryōbu,
1990), pp. 35–40.
32. Most of the Asakawa collection at Yale University is now housed in the Beinecke Rare
Book and Manuscript Library as rare books, while quite a few titles are still shelved in the
Sterling Memorial Library. For the latest Asakawa Collection list at Yale University, see
“Yale daigaku-zō Nihon monjo korekushon mokuroku” (Catalogue of the Collection of
Japanese Documents at Yale University), Chōsa kenkyū hōkoku, vol. 11, pp. 41–93.
On the Asakawa Collection at the Library of Congress, see Beikoku gikai toshokan-
zō Nihon kotenseki mokuroku kankōkai, ed., Beikoku gikai toshokan zō Nihon kotenseki
mokuroku (Catalog of Japanese Rare Books in the Library of Congress) (Tokyo: Yagi
shoten, 2003).
33. See Abe Yoshio, Saigo no “Nipponjin,” pp. 96–100, and Kaneko Hideo, Yale daigaku tosho-
kan to Asakawa Kan’ichi, p. 36.
34. I thank Professor Edward Kamens, Professor of Japanese Literature, Yale University; Pro-
fessor Suzuki Takatsune, University of Niigata; and Ellen Hammond, Curator of the East
Asian Library at Yale, for facilitating my research of the Asakawa collection at Yale Univer-
sity.
35. One of copyists was Fujisono Ken’i (dates unknown), who was a copyist from 1875 to
1882. See “Shokuin-roku” in Tōkyō daigaku Shiryō hensanjoshi shiryōshū, pp. 364–370.
36. Abe Yoshio, Saigo no “Nipponjin,” p. 96. See also Asakawa’s letter no. 121 in Asakawa
Kan’ichi shokan henshū iinkai, comp., Asakawa Kan’ichi shokanshū (Collected Letters
Written by Kan’ichi Asakasa) (Tokyo: Waseda daigaku shuppanbu, 1990).
37. The copy is shelved in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale Univer-
sity, call number B1-1-1~10.
38. In this greatest of natural disasters in the history of modern Japan, most of the building
on the main campus of Tokyo University collapsed. Miraculously the main building of
the Historiographical Institute and a few small stacks buildings belonging to the Historio-
graphical Institute stood firm. These buildings, designated as a National Important Cul-
tural Properties, now stand preserved in a new location next to the Botanical Garden of
the University of Tokyo in Koishikawa and serve as an annex to the university’s museum.
39. For the typeset edition, see Rokuon nichiroku, ed. Tsuji Zen’nosuke, et al., 6 vols. (Tokyo:
Taiyōsha, 1934–1937). Tsuji was the director of the Historiographical Institute at that time.
40. The Historiograpical Institute hired an extra copyist named Honda Zenhei (dates un-
known) to reproduce historical documents that Asakawa possessed. See “Shokuin-roku,”
Tōkyō daigaku Shiryō hensanjoshi shiryōshū, under 1907, p. 381. The title of this document
contained in the original is Osorenagara sumishōmon no koto (Deed of the Solution [Is-
sued] Respectfully). This document is preserved as the eleventh group, which used to be
preserved by the Lower [Old] Kyoto township. See Asao Naohiro, “Asakawa Kan’ichi to
Shimogyō-monjo,” Nihonshi kenkyū, 241 (1982), pp. 86–92. This document, divided into
fifteen sections, includes books, hand scrolls, and individual documents on paper and in-
cludes records from 1636 to 1850. However, the majority of the materials in Kyōto komonjo
were manufactured during the course of the case surrounding the inspection of ward
leaders in 1818. Kyōto komonjo is preserved in Beinecke Library at Yale, under call number
2.17.1–15, per the listing in Chōsa kenkyū hōkoku, first cited in note 32 above.
154 hiroki kikuchi
41. The Historiographical Institute call number for Jōge kokyō sojō is 2071.62-51.
42. Kyōto komonjo, Beinecke Library, 2.17.1~7.
43. Asakawa monjo, Historiographical Institute call number, 3071.36-106. It is assumed that
Asakawa Kan’ichi purchased this document though I have not been able to confirm the
date of his acquisition. This document actually includes only one title, Shimogyō-chū deiri
no chō. The original, which is now lost, was compiled on the eighteenth day of the sixth
month in 1573 and copied by the Historical Institute in the sixth month of 1907.
44. Beinecke Library call number, D164. It may be that the original document also is in-
cluded in Kyōto komonjo, but confirmation must wait an opportunity for me to continue
my research in the Yale collection.
45. See “Shokuin-roku” between 1918 and 1921, Tōkyō daigaku Shiryō hensanjoshi shiryōshū, pp.
388–390. (Cited first in note 25 above.) For Asakawa’s second stay in Japan, see Abe Yoshio,
Saigo no “Nipponjin,” pp. 101–110.
46. Ōi monjo is a group of fourteen titles written in the late sixteenth century that are as-
sumed to have once been in the possession of the Ōi family in Kai province (now
Yamanashi prefecture). The Historiographical Institute call number for this is 3071.36–101.
The original is now lost, and no copy is included in the Asakawa collections, either at Yale
or in the Library of Congress.
47. See the Yale website for a description of the size of the Asakawa Collection, www.
eastasianstudies.research.yale.edu/asakawa.html. Other Japanese scholars are currently
continuing to do research on topics related to the materials that Asakawa donated to Yale
University and to the Library of Congress. The results of this work will be published at
some date in the future.
48. Respectively, Beinecke Library call numbers, 2.1, 2.3 and 2.5; and Yale daigaku shozō monjo.
Historiographical Institute call number, 6800-100. All three of these titles are compiled
together in one copy book. Tōdai-ji monjo (Documents of Tōdai-ji Temple), formerly in
the possession of the Tōdai-ji temple, includes several titles covering 1055–1372, which are
bound together in a hand-scroll format. This title in the collection at Yale is mounted as a
folding screen, “byōbu.”
49. In the first decade of the twentieth century the Rectigraph Company developed the first
camera-based photocopying machine. The rectigraph used sensitized paper to produce
white on black images of documents that could be rephotographed to produce black on
white images. The Haloid Company, which acquired Rectigraph in the mid-1930s, con-
tinued to produce its copiers until the early 1960s and eventually expanded its operations
becoming the Xerox Corporation. Editorial thanks goes to Yasuko Makino, Japanese bib-
liographer at Princeton University’s East Asian Collection for her assistance in identifying
sources on rectigraph copying machines.
50. Kuroita Katsumi-shi shozō monjo in the collection of the Historiographical Institute, call
number, 3071.36-139, was copied in 1927. The original is in the Beinecke Library at Yale.
The Nanhō-in Temple, which was a part of the Tenryū-ji Temple in Kyoto, originally
held this document, now bound as a hand scroll, comprising seven titles written between
the late fourteenth century and the early fifteenth century.
51. For this opinion, see Abe Yoshio, Saigo no “Nipponjin,” p. 99. See also, Komine Kazuaki,
“The Asakawa Purchase of Japanese Books at the Library of Congress,” paper presented in
session 188 at the annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, New York, 2003.
copying texts in japan 155
Akamatsu Mitsuhiro
赤松満弘
Amida Nyorai
阿弥陀如来
Asakawa Kan’ichi
朝河貫一
Asakawa monjo
朝河文書
Bunka daigaku shishi sōsho
文科大学史
誌叢書
bunko
文庫
byōbu
屏風
daimyō
大名
Dai-Nihon hen’nen-shi
大日本編年史
Dai-Nihon shiryō
大日本史料
Dai-Nihon-shi
大日本史
Dai-Nihon komonjo
大日本古文書
darani (dhāranī)
陀羅尼
Edo
江戸
eisha
影写
Emi no Oshikatsu
恵美押勝
Fujisono Ken’i
藤園賢意
Fujiwara no Teika
藤原定家
Fushimi
伏見
Genshin
源信
Gofukakusa
後深草
Gomizuno’o
後水尾
Gunsho ruijū
群書類従
Gyokuyō
玉葉
Hanawa Hoki’ichi
塙保己一
Heian
平安
Heike
平家
Heike nōkyō
平家納経
Hino
日野
Hino Sukenaru
日野資愛
Hiroshima
広島
Honda Zenhei
本田善平
Hōnenbō Genkū
法然房源空
Hōryū-ji
法隆寺
Hyakumantō darani
百万塔陀羅尼
ipponkyō kuyō
一品経供養
Ise
伊勢
issaikyō
一切経
Itsukushima
厳島
jihitsu-bon
自筆本
jikyōsha
持経者
Jōge kokyō sojō
上下古京訴状
Kaga
加賀
Kai
甲斐
Kajūji Tsuneitsu
歓修寺経逸
Kan’in
閑院
Kantō
関東
Keijo Shūrin
景徐周麟
kemari
蹴鞠
Kenchō-ji
建長寺
kerai
家礼
Keshindo-kan kōjo
化身土巻後序
Kikuchi, Hiroki
菊地大樹
Kimiosa
公修
Kinnori
公則
Kinri Bunko
禁裏文庫
Koishikawa
小石川
Kōfukuji kaisho-mokudai saisai hikitsuke
興福寺会所目代済済引付
kokiroku
古記録
Kokubungaku kenkyū shiryōkan
国文学研資料館
komonjo
古文書
Glossary
156 hiroki kikuchi
komonjo-gaku
古文書学
Kōmyō
光明
Konoe
近衛
Kujō Kanezane
九条兼実
Kuroita Katsumi
黒板勝美
Kuroita Katsumi-shi shozō monjo
黒板勝美氏所蔵文書
Kuze Michiaya
久世通理
Kyōgyōshinsō
教行信証
Kyōto komonjo
京都古文書
Maeda Tsunanori
前田綱紀
Matsuzawa Yoshiyuki
松澤克行
Matsuzono Hitoshi
松薗斉
Meigetsu-ki
明月記
Meiji
明治
Meiji Tennō
明治天皇
Mikami Sanji
三上参次
Mito
水戸
Miura Hiroyuki
三浦周行
Motomitsu
紀光
Muromachi
室町
Myōren-ji
妙蓮寺
Nanhō-in
南芳院
Nanhō-in monjo
南芳院文書
Nishi-kamogō kenchi-chō
西賀茂郷検地帳
Ōei
応永
Ōgimachi-Sanjō
正親町三条
Ōgimachi-Sanjō Kin’nori
正親町三条公則
Ōi
大井
Ōi monjo
大井文書
Ōjōyōshū
往生要集
Osorenagara sumishōmon no koto
乍恐済証文之事
Ōta Tōshirō
太田藤四郎
rekuchi gurafu
レクチグラフ
Rikkokushi
六国史
Rokuon-in
鹿苑院
Rokuon nichiroku
鹿苑日録
Rozan-ji
廬山寺
Ryūkoku daigaku
龍谷大学
Sakamoto Hirotarō
坂本広太郎
Saneimikyō chūnagon haiga ki
実躬卿中納言拝賀記
Sanemikyō-ki
実躬卿記
Sanetsumu
実万
Sanjō Sanemi
三条実躬
Sanjō Sanetomi
三条実美
Sanjōnishi Bunko
三条西文庫
Sanjōnishi Kinfuku
三条西公福
Sanjōnishi Sanetaka
三条西実隆
sekke
摂家
Senchaku hongan nenbutsushū
選擇本願念佛集
shakyōjo
写経所
Shimogyō-chū deiri no chō
下京中出入之帳
Shinran
親鸞
shiryō hensan jigyō
史料編纂事業
Shiryō hensanjo
史料編纂所
shiryō-gaku
史料学
Shōan sannen daijōe ki
正安三年大嘗会記
Shōkōkan
彰考館
Shokuin-roku
職員録
shoshi-gaku
書誌学
shōsoku-gyō
消息経
Shōtoku
称徳
copying texts in japan 157
Sōgai ni idasu bekarazu
窓外に出だすべからず
Taira
平
Takatsukasa
鷹司
Takatsukasa Bunko
鷹司文庫
Takatsukasa Masahiro
鷹司政煕
Takeda
武田
Tanaka Yoshinari
田中義成
Tebori-Sanjō
転法輪三条
Tebori-Sanjō Saneoki
転法輪三条実起
Tenryū-ji
天龍寺
Tōdai-ji
東大寺
Tōdai-ji monjo
東大寺文書
Tokugawa
徳川
Tokugawa Mitsukuni
徳川光圀
tōsha
謄写
Tsuji Zen’nosuke
辻善之助
Wada Hidematsu
和田英松
Yamanashi
山梨
Yanagiwara
柳原
Yanagiwara Motomitsu
柳原紀光
Yanagiwara Naomitsu
柳原均光
Yashiro Kuniji
八代国治
Zen
禅
Zoku gunsho ruijū
続群書類従
Zokushigushō
続史愚抄
Zuikei Shūhō
瑞渓周鳳
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