General knowledge

Nobel Prize Winner

Nobel Prize Winner - 2010

Winner's Name	Field	Country	Work
Konstantin Novoselov Andre Geim	Physics	Russia	For groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene.
Liu Xiaobo	Peace	China	The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 was awarded to Liu Xiaobo "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China".
Mario Vargas Llosa	Literature	Peru	For his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat.
Robert G. Edwards	Medicine	UK	For the development of in vitro fertilization.
Richard F. Heck Ei-ichi Negishi Akira Suzuki	Chemistry	USA USA Japan	For palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis.
Peter A. Diamond Dale T. Mortensen Christopher A. Pissarides	Economics	USA USA UK	For their analysis of markets with search frictions.

Nobel Prize Winner - 2009

Winner's Name	Field	Country	Work
Elizabeth Blackburn Carol Greider Jack Szostak	Medicine	USA	For the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase.
Charles K. Kao Willard S. Boyle George E. Smith	Physics	USA	For groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication. And the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor.
V. Ramakrishnan Thomas A. Steitz Ada E. Yonath	Chemistry	UK USA Israel	For studies of the structure and function of the ribosome
Barack Obama	Peace	USA	For his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.
Herta Müller	Literature	Germany	For the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed.
Elinor Ostrom Oliver E. Williamson	Economics	USA	For her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons. For his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm.

Nobel Prize Winner - 2008

Winner's Name	Field	Country	Work
Martti A	Peace	Finland	Who has worked to end conflicts in troubled spots around the world for more than three decades.
Paul Krugman	Economics	USA	For his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity.
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio	Literature	France	Whose work reflects a seemingly insatiable restlessness and sense of wonder about other places and other cultures.
Harald zur Hausen Francoise Barre-Sinoussi Luc Montagnier	Medicine	Germany France France	His discovery led to the development of two vaccines against cervical cancer, the second most common cancer among women. The viral discovery has also led to an understanding of the natural history of H.I.V. infection in people, which ultimately leads to AIDS and death unless treated.
Yoichiro Nambu Makoto Kobayashi Toshihide Maskawa	Physics	USA Japan Japan	For their work exploring the hidden symmetries among elementary particles that are the deepest constituents of nature.
Osamu Shimomura Martin Chalfie Roger Y. Tsien	Chemistry	Japan USA USA	For taking the ability of some jellyfish to glow green and transforming it into a ubiquitous tool of molecular biology to watch the dance of living cells and the proteins within them.

Nobel Prize Winner - 2007

Winner's Name	Field	Country	Work
Al Gore R. K. Pachuri	Peace	USA India	For their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change.
Leonid Hurwicz Eric S. Maskin Roger B. Myerson	Economics	USA	For their work in mechanism design theory, a branch of economics that looks at the design of institutions in situations where markets do not work properly.
Doris Lessing	Literature	UK	Whose deeply autobiographical writing has swept across continents and reflects her engagement with the social and political issues of her time.
Gerhard Ertl	Chemistry	Germany	Whose studies of chemical reactions on solid surfaces have affected agriculture, manufacturing and environmental science.
Mario R. Capecchi Oliver Smithies Martin J. Evans	Medicine	USA USA UK	For developing the immensely powerful “knockout” technology that allows scientists to create animal models of human disease in mice.
Albert Fert Peter Grünberg	Physics	France Germany	They have discovered how to manipulate the magnetic and electrical properties of thin layers of atoms to store vast amounts of data on tiny disks, making iPods and other wonders of modern life possible.

Nobel Personalities in India