Examination questions

Examination questions - Lexicology

1. 
   Principle of compositionality
   
2. 
   Semantic constituent
   
3. 
   Two conditions that must be met by a lexical unit
   
4. 
   Test of recurrent semantic contrast
   
5. 
   Explain the notion of semantic traits (statuses)
   
6. 
   Five types of semantic traits – examples
   
7. 
   Canonical trait
   
8. 
   Characterize idioms
   
9. 
   Characterize collocations and explain the notion of semantic cohesion
   
10. 
    Two factors contributing to semantic cohesiveness
    
11. 
    Dead metaphor + examples
    
12. 
    Explain the notions seme, sememe, lexical unit, lexeme, moneme, phraseme
    
13. 
    Explain the difference between selection and modulation
    
14. 
    Promotion and demotion
    
15. 
    Highlighting and backgrounding
    
16. 
    Graphically represent foure basic semantic relations: identity, inclusion, overlap, and disjunction
    
17. 
    Quasi-relations
    
18. 
    Explain three basic criteria for distinguishing between homonyms and polysemantic lexemes.
    
19. 
    Can we speak of synonymy between lexical units or between lexemes
    
20. 
    Explain the term cognitive synonyms
    
21. 
    Give two types of semantic co-occurrence restrictions and explain them + examples
    
22. 
    Complemenarity, converseness
    
23. 
    Difference between converseness and conversion
    
24. 
    Difference between homonyms and conversions
    
25. 
    Contraries vs. contradictories
    
26. 
    Explain the cirteria of dominance and difference for lexical configurations
    
27. 
    Explain the assymetric principle of the relationa of dominance
    
28. 
    Transitive and intransitive relation of dominance
    
29. 
    Explain proportional series
    
30. 
    Explain helices – is it a branching or a non-branching relation + example
    
31. 
    Basic principles of componential analysis + example
    
32. 
    Explain the notion of relation components + example
    
33. 
    What is the difference between redundancy-free and redundant notation in componential anlysis
    
34. 
    Give the structure of relational components
    
35. 
    Transfer features
    
36. 
    Deictic features
    
37. 
    Inferential features
    
38. 
    Explain the notion of projection rules
    
39. 
    Four tasks of a semantic theory according to Katz & Fodor corresponding to four basic abilities of speakers
    
40. 
    Explain the difference between semantic markers and distinguishers
    
41. 
    Explain the notion of semantic reversal + example
    
42. 
    Sinclair distinguishes five categories of co-selection. Which of them are obligatory and which optional
    
43. 
    Explain the difference between collocation and colligation
    
44. 
    Onomasiological model - graphical representation
    
45. 
    Onomasiological model - the role of the individual levels in the word-formation component
    
46. 
    Onomasiological model - the relation between the WFC and the Lexicon
    
47. 
    Conversion as Onomasiological recategorization
    
48. 
    5 different onomasiological types
    
49. 
    Blocking - Aronoff’s approach
    
50. 
    Blocking - van Marle’s general cases vs. special cases; Rainer’s type and token blocking
    
51. 
    Blocking - Explain Rainer’s three conditions of blocking (synonymy; productivity; frequency)
    
52. 
    Scalise’s blocking and blocking rule
    
53. 
    Marchands notion of word-formation syntagma
    
54. 
    Identification & specification scheme
    
55. 
    Scope of WF acc. to Marchand – two conditions
    
56. 
    Explain expansion
    
57. 
    Explain transposition
    
58. 
    Explain Marchand’s notion of zero-morpheme derivation
    
59. 
    Explain and exemplify expressive symbolism, rime gemination, ablaut gemination
    
60. 
    Examplify Lees’ transformationalist method
    
61. 
    Explain Lees’ Subject-Predicate type of compound generation
    
62. 
    Explain Lees’ Subject – Middle Object Type of compound generation. What is Middle Verb?
    
63. 
    Give at least Marchand’s three points of criticism of Lees’ method
    
64. 
    Explain the basic principles of Lees’ revised approach to compound generation and what semantic theory it is based on?
    
65. 
    Kastovsky’s transformationalist account of generation of compounds from kernel sentences
    
66. 
    Explain item-familiarity and type familiarity
    
67. 
    Which are three levels of Kastovsky’s description of WF
    
68. 
    Graphical representation of Halle’s model
    
69. 
    What is the purpose of loop in Halle’s model
    
70. 
    Halle’s conception of morpheme and what is the function of filter?
    
71. 
    Two kinds of Halle’s WF rules
    
72. 
    Explain semantic idiosyncrasies in Halle’s model
    
73. 
    Explain the structural idiosyncrasies in Halle’s model
    
74. 
    Explain the phonological idiosyncrasies in Halle’s model
    
75. 
    Explain phonological conditioning in Halle’s model
    
76. 
    Why is Aronoff’s model called word-based morphology
    
77. 
    Aronoff’s allomorphy rules and truncation rules
    
78. 
    Explain basic principles of Aronoff’s theory of productivity + the method of calculation
    
79. 
    Explain the relation between semantic coherence and productivity
    
80. 
    Explain potentiation
    
81. 
    What kinds of information should be specified for Lieber’s lexical entries?
    
82. 
    The first two Lieber’s percolation conventions (define and illustrate by an example)
    
83. 
    Lieber’s Feature Perciolation Convention 3 (define and illustrate by an example)
    
84. 
    What is meant by diacritics, subcategorization frames, and insertion frames in Lieber’s concpetion
    
85. 
    Four steps in generating compounds according to Lieber
    
86. 
    Phonological and morphological differences between Class I and Class II affixes
    
87. 
    Siegel’s Level Ordering Hypothesis + Allen’s Extended Ordering Hypothgesis
    
88. 
    Allen’s IS A CONDITION and Variable R condition
    
89. 
    What is the difference between Allen’s Conditional and Permanent lexicons
    
90. 
    Explain Allen’s Adjecancy condition
    
91. 
    Explain overgenerating morphology and accidental gaps
    
92. 
    Explain infix, interfix, transfix, circumfix, postfix and suprafix
    
93. 
    Explain reduplication; two types total and partial
    
94. 
    Explain Bauer’s term of derivational paradigm
    
95. 
    Difference between morpheme, allomorph, portmanteau morph
    
96. 
    Explain root, stem, and base
    
97. 
    Endocentric vs. exocentric compounds, and class-chanfing and class-maintaining affixation
    
98. 
    Explain nonce-formation, institutionalization, and lexicalization
    
99. 
    Prosodic and segmantal types of phonological lexicalization
    
100. 
     Explain morphological lexicalization with regard to roots and affixes
     
101. 
     Semantic lexicalization, and syntactic lexicalization
     
102. 
     Cumulative exponent and syncretism
     
103. 
     Explain the difference between productivity and creativity in WF
     
104. 
     What is the difference between the transformationalist band the lexicalist approaches to WF
     
105. 
     Explain Chomsky’s argumentation for distinguishing between the transformationalist and the lexicalist approaches
     
106. 
     Explain the criteria for the delimitation of compounds – spelling and stress (the basic principle and deviations form the rule)
     
107. 
     Neo-classical compounds
     
108. 
     Explain umlaut with regard to English WF
     
109. 
     Explain the difference between acronymization, blending, and clipping
     
110. 
     Di Sciullo & Williams’ notions of word
     
111. 
     Bloomfield’s criterion for the identification of allomorphs of a single morpheme
     
112. 
     Suppletion, empty morph, moneme
     
113. 
     Bloomfield’s modulation and Phonetic modification
     
114. 
     Difference between IA and IP
     
115. 
     Main differences between inflectional morphology and WF
     
116. 
     Main differences between syntax and WF
     
117. 
     Explain the philosophical origins of the notion of category
     
118. 
     Three types of categories
     
119. 
     Resursiveness in compound formation
     
120. 
     Primary vs. synthetic compounds
     
121. 
     Difference between the Germanic and the French types of compounds
     
122. 
     Conversion as conceptual recategorization
     
123. 
     Explain the concept of productivity as WFT cluster
     
124. 
     Kiparsky’s Elsewhere Condition
     
125. 
     Kiparsky’s stratal model
     
126. 
     What is the difference between lexical and postlexical phonological rules of lexical phonology?
     
127. 
     Kiparsky’s rule of compound formation; give Kiparsky’s rule explaining the generation of words like air-conditioner
     
128. 
     Explain the basic types of phonological and morphological restrictions on productivity + examples
     
129. 
     Explain semantic constraints on productivity + examples
     
130. 
     Explain the Righthand-Head Rule (Williams)
     
131. 
     Difference between semasiological and onomasiological methods
     
132. 
     De Saussure’s model of sign
     
133. 
     Ogden & Richards’ model of sign
     
134. 
     Difference between denotative and connotative meanings
     
135. 
     Explain the meaning relations of inclusion and exclusion
     
136. 
     Arbitrariness, linearity
     
137. 
     Tautonyms, and meronomy
     
138. 
     Explain the change of meaning by extension and restriction of meaning
     
139. 
     Difference between metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche
     
140. 
     Principles of morphonemics and Trubetzkoy’s term of morphoneme
     
141. 
     Explain predicator, predicate
     
142. 
     Explain equative sentence, referring expression
     
143. 
     What is proposition
     
144. 
     What is the difference between sentence and utterance
     
145. 
     Define analytic sentence
     
146. 
     Define synthetic sentence
     
147. 
     Define contradiction
     
148. 
     Define a necessary condition and a sufficient set of conditions
     
149. 
     Pennanen’s criticism of zero-derivation (multiple zeros, syntactic and morphological identifiability in sentence structures, wireN – wireV – wireN),
     
150. 
     Conversion and the notion of bare lexeme (Lipka)
     
151. 
     Two Marchand’s groups of WF processes according to whether they meet his two conditions fully or partly
     
152. 
     Difference between primary and synthetic compopunds
     
153. 
     Difference between endo and exocentric compounds
     
154. 
     Neoclassical compounds
     
155. 
     Difference between syntactic and asyntactic compounds
     
156. 
     French vs. Germanic compounds and which are typical of English
     
157. 
     Stress as a criterion of compounds
     
158. 
     Bauer’s comparison of productivity in syntax and word-formation based on three criteria (infinite generation of words and sentences; infinite length of sentences/words; …)
     
159. 
     Baayen’s approach to productivity (productivity vs. frequency, computation)
     
160. 
     Bauer’s approach to productivity (P as implemented potential; productivity of what, speech community, established/actual, potential, and possible words)
     
161. 
     Štekauer’s onomasiological approach to productivity - four basic levels
     
162. 
     Štekauer’s onomasiological approach to productivity - explain the basic method of productivity within a WFTC.
     
163. 
     Explain the origin of affixes by secretion
     
164. 
     Explain complementary distribution of allomorphs
     
165. 
     Explain the difference between phonological and morphological conditioning of allomorphs
     
166. 
     Explain recursiveness
     
167. 
     At least 5 criteria for the identification of compounds
     
168. 
     Explain the relation between nonce-formation, institutionalization, and lexicalization
     
169. 
     Prosodic and segmental types of lexicalization
     
170. 
     Morphological and semantic types of lexicalization
     
171. 
     2 types of syntactic lexicalization
     
172. 
     Calques and folk etymology
     
173. 
     Explain the term paradigm
     
174. 
     Explain the basic principles and problems of the Fixed meaning assumption
     
175. 
     Explain the basic principles of the Fuzzy meaning assumption
     
176. 
     What is meant by the Family resemblance syndrome
     
177. 
     Explain the basic principles of the Prototype Theory
     
178. 
     Explain the features of three basic units of grammar in cognitive linguistics
     
179. 
     Explain the terms conceptualization and imagery used in cognitive linguistics
     
180. 
     Explain what is meant by the assumption that cognitive grammar takes a SUBJECTIvist view of meaning.
     
181. 
     Explain the notion of schemas in cognitive linguistics
     
182. 
     Explain the relation between UNITS, SCHEMAS, and CATEGORIZING relationships in cognitive linguistics
     
183. 
     What is meant by instantiation in cognitive linguistics. Give an example
     
184. 
     Explain the notion of USAGE EVENT cognitive linguistics.
     
185. 
     Give the noun schema and the verb schema and their instantiations