Ekologik muammolar

Depletion of the ozone layer :
Ozonosphere is an important component of the atmosphere, it protects all living organisms on the surface of the earth from radiation. The most important feature of atmospheric air is its constant formation and decay. Ozone is formed in the presence of oxygen, nitrogen oxide and other gases under the influence of sunlight. Ozone protects living organisms on earth by absorbing strong ultraviolet rays. An increase in the amount of ultraviolet rays has a negative effect on living organisms. Exposure to UV rays causes skin burns in humans. Today, it was found that skin cancer is caused by these rays. Due to the widespread use of freons, aviation gases, detonation of atomic bombs, sufficient amount of ozone does not allow to accumulate in the atmosphere.
Fresh water problem :
On land, fresh water and its role in the biosphere are extremely large. The amount of fresh water in the hydrosphere is very small (2-2.5%). With the development of society, the population's demand for fresh water is increasing. In our century, the use of fresh water has increased 7 times. 3-3.5 thousand km ³ of water is consumed per year. In arid zones, even if the water of the rivers is fully used, their water is not enough.
At the beginning of 1980, this situation began to be observed in Africa, Australia, Italy, Spain, Mexico, Nile, Amudarya, Syrdarya and some other rivers. Pollution of rivers with industrial and domestic toxic substances is increasing. Industry discharges 160 km3 of industrial and waste water into rivers per year. This indicator is 10% of the total water volume of the rivers. The amount of dissolved substances, toxic chemicals and bacteria in the clean waters of the rivers is increasing year by year.
The problem of using pesticides .
This group of toxic chemicals is used in the fight against weeds, harmful insects, microorganisms that cause diseases in plants. The use of pesticides in agriculture, forestry, and aviation causes widespread environmental pollution. Pesticides spread over long distances in the atmosphere and accumulate in the world's oceans after passing through fields, rivers, and lakes. The most dangerous part is that they are joining the ecological food chain. They move from soil and water to plants and animals and humans. Pesticides are harmful and damaging at every point. In order to prevent the toxic effects of pesticides, the following measures should be followed.
1. Reducing the effect on animals and people.
2. Prevention of accumulation in soil and water.
3. Synthesis of rapidly decomposing and unstable pesticides.
4. Limit the use of pesticides as much as possible.
5. Biological protection of plants.
6. Reduction of the number of plant and animal species in living nature
problem.
Forests are very important in supporting the plant world, especially life on earth. Due to the increase in the population and the expansion of economic activity, there is hardly a month left where nature is not touched by human hands. Proper hunting through the laws on the state protection of plants and animals, as well as observation centers, zoos, national parks, botanical gardens and red books of plants and animals. plays a major role in conservation.The process of desertification:
40 million square kilometers of the Earth's land area is a drought region, and more than 15% of the world's population has settled in this area due to the rapid development of agriculture, improper use of irrigated lands and pastures, As a result of deforestation, the level of desertification is increasing year by year. 9.1 million deserts created by human influence. km. reached to sq. Currently, 6 million per year of land on our planet is turning into a desert. Regional environmental problems. Environmental problems specific to certain regions of the Earth's surface, arising as a result of natural-climatic, social-ecological, interactions between nature and man, are called regional environmental problems. Air and water pollution, soil erosion, loss of pastures, cutting down of trees in forests are criteria for assessing regional environmental problems. exceed the specified amount and others. The most important of the regional ecological problems in Central Asia is the environmental problem of the Island and the entire island. The Aral Sea was considered one of the largest seas until recently. It had important fishing, hunting, transportation and recreational importance. As a result of the development of irrigated agriculture, the water discharge of Amudarya and Syrdarya decreased to 37.8 km3 by 1970, and to 11.1 km3 in 1980 ^. Water salinity 10 gincreased from 9 to 34-37 g/liter. Currently, the average annual decrease in sea level is 80-110 cm (if the island falls to 33 meters from the previous 53 cm, the island will be divided into 2, at least 33.5 meters should be maintained). The dry bottom of the island has become a large dusty place. The population's drinking water is contaminated with pesticides, and death has doubled over the next 10 years. Infant mortality is 45-90 out of every 1,000 births. 80% of women are anemic. 90% of children have increased salt content in their urine. In order to preserve the island, together with the Central Asian Republics, we will develop a unified water management policy in the amount of 20-21 cubic km of water per year to be poured into the island in a short period of time. should be taken into account.
Local environmental problems. (local.) Local ecological problems are typical for certain regions, if they arise as a result of the activities of various enterprises, land irrigation, improper use of pastures. Today, independent Uzbekistan is a large industrial and agrarian region, and in the future , it is planned to further develop the machine-building, energy, chemical, food industry, and transport complex facing the world .
of productive forces has a certain negative impact on the social and ecological situation in the republic. The problems of nature protection in our republic are as follows:
Problems of nature protection in regions where large regional industrial complexes are located . (Angren, Almalik, Chirchik, Fergana, Margilan, Navoi and Hjkozo.)
2. Island and coastal problems, protection of water resources and their optimal use.
3. Contamination of natural waters with industrial waste pesticides and mineral fertilizers.
4. Problems of protection and restoration of flora and fauna, and expansion of the network of national parks.
Questions to reinforce the topic.
1. What do you mean by environmental problem?
2. Explain the phenomenon of atmospheric condensation?
3. Explain the problem of thinning of the ozone layer?
4. What environmental problems does the use of pesticides cause?
5. Explain the causes of environmental problems on the island and around the island?
Together, in a short period of time, the development of a unified water management policy in the amount of 20-21 km ^{3 of water per year will be poured into the island, while preserving all the natural lakes on the island should be taken into account.}
Local environmental problems. (local.) Local ecological problems are typical for certain regions, as a result of the activities of various enterprises, land irrigation, improper use of pastures. Today, independent Uzbekistan is a large industrial and agrarian region, and in the future, it is planned to further develop the machine-building, energy, chemical, food industry, and transport complex facing the world. The development of productive forces has a certain negative impact on the social and ecological situation in the republic.
NATURAL RESOURCES: before defining the concept, about the different interpretations of this concept by many authors
some mineral resources Renewable natural resources do not disappear completely and are replenished. Living things, plants and animals, as well as soil are some of these resources. For example, the soil does not disappear, but loses its main property of fertility. When using such resources, it should be remembered that disturbance of certain natural conditions can destroy their regeneration.
For example, many animal and plant species that have been completely wiped out at present, as well as soils that have been completely destroyed by erosion, cannot be restored. It should be remembered that the process of generation of renewable natural resources occurs at a certain speed. For example, it takes a year or several years for animals that have been shot to reappear. A forest that has been cut down can regenerate after at least 60 years. It takes several thousand years for the soil to improve. That's why it should match the pace of using natural resources.

Renewable natural resources can serve people forever if necessary conditions are created.

Inexhaustible natural resources include water, climate and space resources. Water resources - water is the most wonderful of all bodies. Water occurs in nature in three physical states: solid, liquid, and vapor. 92-94% of the world's water is in the oceans. Directly usable water is less than 1% of all water reserves. However, sea waters, which are considered inexhaustible, are also at risk of extreme pollution. Fresh water is a finite resource because people need water that is usable. In many parts of the globe, the amount of fresh water is sharply decreasing due to irrational use of water, shallowing of rivers, etc. However, the need for water for irrigation, industry and communal economy is increasing year by year. Climate and space resources include solar radiation, light and heat, atmospheric air, wind erosion, and climate resources. More than half of the sunlight that reaches our planet is converted into another type of energy. A certain part of the sun's rays is spent on heating the soil, water and air, and slowly spreads into the air. A part is absorbed by plants.
The source of radiant energy of the Sun can reach billions of years. That is why solar energy is inexhaustible.
Atmospheric air is necessary for breathing of people, animals and plants ^. Air is inexhaustible, but its composition can change. Air pollution is caused by gases emitted from industrial enterprises and transport vehicles, which are harmful to the human body.
Aspects of nature protection. Aspects of nature conservation For a long time, nature conservation was only concerned with material well-being, but now the term nature conservation covers a wide and diverse range of issues. There are several aspects of nature conservation:
. economical,
. Health - hygiene
. Educational
. Aesthetic
. Scientific aspects
ECONOMIC ASPECT - the main issues of nature protection in the past and in the present. If people could live without natural resources in their lives, they would not have to worry about their protection and rational use. Currently, various natural resources economic aspects of nature protection are also gaining importance due to the increasing need for wealth, plant and animal resources, fresh water, fertile soil, mineral resources, etc.

SANITATION-HYGIENIC ASPECT- appeared only recently due to the strong pollution of the surrounding environment and the progress of medical science. People's health cannot be taken care of without keeping the surrounding environment clean. Clean air, water and food directly from nature are essential conditions for human life. Pollution and poisoning of the environment as a result of various industrial and agricultural wastes, testing of atomic-hydrogen weapons have worried all the people of our planet. This aspect is very important in the context of the development of science and technology.

EDUCATIONAL ASPECT - should take a big place in nature protection. It is necessary to teach people to take care of the world around them. Indeed, a person becomes noble and happy when he is in direct contact with nature. To admire, love and care for all living organisms, plants and animals, the incessant flow of river water, the blue sea water and all the wonders of nature. , should be the best quality of the younger generations.
AESTHETIC ASPECT - people have always been fascinated and loved nature by seeing the beauty of nature, beautiful trees and animals, wonderful waterfalls, beautiful mountains, underground caves that fascinate people. Person
thirsty for beauty. Feelings, inspiration, created in the relationship with nature, inspired people to write wonderful musical works and poems and draw pictures.
SCIENTIFIC ASPECT - is of great importance in the development of many branches of science. For this, it is necessary to preserve the organisms found here. All this is necessary to determine and forecast the laws of changes made by man to the natural environment and to develop measures for nature protection.