Dynamic Changes In Hydroecological Conditions For The Distribution Of Sokh Cones And Issues Of Their Protection Mirzahmedov Ismoiljon Karimjon ugli

Table 1. Fergana Valley irrigated areas mineralization level of seepage water

Year	Controlled areas	Mineralization of syzot waters
		0-1 g/l		1-3 g/l		3-5 g/l		5-10 g/l		10 g/l above
		to thousand	%	to thousand	%	to thousand	%	to thousand	%	to thousand	%
2015	265,5	153,2	57,7	108,1	40,7	4,1	1,5	0,1	0,0	0,0	0,0
2016	265,8	146,1	55,0	117,9	44,4	1,8	0,7	0,0	0,0	0,0	0,0
2017	282,6	245,0	86,7	33,8	12,0	2,8	1,0	0,4	0,1	0,0	0,0
2018	282,3	244,8	86,7	33,8	12,0	2,8	1,0	0,9	0,3	0,0	0,0
2019	282,4	244,7	86,7	35,4	12,5	1,8	0,6	0,6	0,2	0,0	0,0
2020	359,7	118,8	33,0	202,8	56,4	36,5	10,1	1,6	0,4	0,0	0,0
2021	359,4	92,7	25,8	200,2	55,7	63,2	17,6	3,2	0,9	0,0	0,0
2022	361,8	117,3	32,4	158,0	43,7	82,3	22,7	4,2	1,2	0,0	0,0

Table 2. The level of seepage water in the irrigated areas of the Fergana Valley

Year	Irrigated area	Division of areas according to the depth of the water table
		0-1 up to a meter		1-1,5 up to a meter		1,5-2 up to a meter		2-3 up to a meter		3-5 up to a meter		>5 below a meter
		to thousand	%	to thousand	%	to thousand	%	to thousand	%	to thousand	%	to thousand	%
2015	265,5	1,7	0,6	36,7	13,8	99,2	37,4	45,3	17,1	23,6	8,9	58,8	22,1
2016	265,8	2,1	0,8	41,0	15,4	92,1	34,7	47,9	18,0	23,4	8,8	59,3	22,3
2017	282,6	0,3	0,1	26,8	9,5	50,4	17,8	32,7	11,6	23,5	8,3	148,8	52,7
2018	282,3	0,2	0,1	21,8	7,7	50,8	18,0	36,3	12,9	24,1	8,5	149,0	52,8
2019	282,4	0,1	0,0	21,8	7,7	48,2	17,1	36,5	12,9	23,9	8,5	151,9	53,8
2020	359,7	1,5	0,4	28,5	7,9	137,0	38,1	95,8	26,6	17,5	4,9	79,4	22,1
2021	359,4	1,0	0,3	22,1	6,1	123,6	34,4	115,1	32,0	19,6	5,5	77,8	21,6
2022	361,8	1,0	0,3	26,0	7,2	141,1	39,0	97,1	26,8	17,4	4,8	79,2	21,9

In the hills, seepage waters are very deep and come close to the surface of the earth in some valleys and adiroldi slopes. Soil is the fertile top layer of the earth's surface. Soil is an inexhaustible natural resource for agricultural production, the main source of food and various raw materials necessary for human society.
It should be noted that the Fergana Valley has been one of the main centers of agricultural agriculture since ancient times. Sufficient internal water sources provide a great opportunity to turn the valley's pre-mountain prolluvial plains, conical expanses, mountain and mountain terraces, inter-hill and post-hill plains, deserts of Central Fergana, and even hills into irrigated oasis soils on a large scale. In particular, Syrdarya, Sokh, Isfara, Shakhimardan and many other rivers, streams and canals are an integral, most important component of geocomplexes, and actively participate in the formation of the landscape structure, its changes and stratification. Also, the Sokh plain is of great importance in the formation of the landscapes of Southern Fergana (Fig. 1).



Figure 1. Sokh river

Irrigated agriculture remains the main consumer of Sokh river water. Therefore, any changes affecting the water resources of Uzbekistan have a high multiplier effect on various socio-economic aspects of the development of the regions. Therefore, the study of the seasonal water level of the Sokh River is important in forecasting and solving land irrigation issues in Southern Fergana.

The length of the Sokh river is 124 km, the water basin is 3510 km2. The Sokh River begins at an altitude of more than 3000 m near the village of Kurgon on the northern slopes of the Oloy Ridge, and is formed by the confluence of the Ok-Terek and Khoja Achkan rivers. It flows mainly northward. It serves as the main source of water supply in Southern Fergana in the middle stream. It reaches the Syr Darya mainly in winter. The source of saturation is mixed glacier-snow, as well as groundwater. High water is observed during the intensive melting of glaciers from June to September.
Due to the rapid growth of the population in the Sokh river basin, there is a shortage of water. According to estimates, Kyrgyzstan uses almost 23-30 percent of the river's flow to irrigate rice fields in the foothills of the Burganda massif. Fergana Branch According to the Uzgidrometeorology methodology, it was found that the development of the foothills located above the territory of Southern Fergana led to an increase in the level of underground water in Rishton and Altiariq districts. The results of the study are presented in Figures 1-2-3.

1- fig. The results of the study of the water volume of the Sokh River in 2017

2- picture The results of the study of the water volume of the Sokh River in 2019

Figure 3. The results of the study of the water volume of the Sokh River in 2020

As can be seen from these tables and figures, the maximum volume of water during these periods was observed in August 2016 and was 400 m3/s (Figure 1). The minimum volume of water in the river was 7.08 m3/s in March 2018 (Figure 2). It can be seen that the maximum level of water is mainly observed in June-September, and the minimum amount of water is observed in January-March.

In order to meliorate the nature of distribution of underground water, natural conditions, regime of seasonal changes and other hydrogeological features of Sokh-conical flat landscapes, it is of great importance to collect data on their depth, degree of mineralization, chemical composition and other characteristics, in particular, quantitative indicators.
Such information is very necessary in the melioration assessment of landscape complexes. The degree of mineralization of underground water in most cases determines the salinity of irrigated soils, and the degree of waterlogging of near-surface waters. Groundwater has a strong influence on the soil cover of landscape complexes, changing their optimal reclamation regime.
Therefore, the higher the groundwater level, the stronger the hydromorphic regime, and vice versa, the lower the groundwater level, the stronger the semi-automorphic and automorphic regimes.
Therefore, the role of underground water in the transformation of automorphic geocomplexes to hydromorphic and hydromorphic geocomplexes to automorphic is extremely large. The hydrological regime of Southern Fergana is inextricably linked with human economic activity, changes in the landscape structure, and internal water sources (1-table).
In the microzones of the middle and lower slopes of the spread, in places where mineralized groundwater lies close to the surface, moderately and strongly fragmented irrigated meadows, swamp-meadows and marshy soils, as well as salt marshes are well developed. The process of salinization and swamping is very active in these soils.
Such processes make their reclamation situation even more complicated. In places where groundwater lies deeper than the surface of the earth, non-saline automorphic soils, especially gray-brown soils, are well developed. On the contrary, water and wind erosion, rather than salinization and waterlogging, are active in such soils.