Georg von Charasoff 5
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of Odessa’s wealthy merchants, since traditionally only the male offspring of the
aristocracy was admitted into higher education. The so-called Richelieu Lyceum,
founded in 1817, was transformed into the New-Russian University after the
Crimean war. In 1890, when Charasoff arrived in Odessa, the University had three
faculties and some 428 students: a historical-philological faculty, a faculty of
physics and mathematics, and a law faculty (Hausmann 1998: 105-19). The
classical Richelieu gymnasium was located in the inner city district Chersone, right
next to the New-Russian University and the commercial college. Close by in the
same district was also the German-Lutheran church St Pauli with the associated
junior high school ‘Zum Heiligen Paulus’, which Leon Trotsky attended from 1888.
The rich aristocrats and wealthy merchants lived in the adjacent Boulevard district,
where also the banks, the stock exchange, the opera house and the theatre were
located.
Odessa was the economic, administrative and cultural centre of Southern
Ukraine. In the nineteenth century it was a rapidly growing city, whose wealth was
predominantly related to trade. Of major economic importance was Odessa’s
harbour, through which the export of grain and other agricultural products from the
Southern Ukraine took place. The international grain export business was first
controlled by Greek merchants, but from the mid-nineteenth century until 1917 it
was dominated mainly by Jewish merchants. Odessa’s industrialisation started
rather late, only towards the end of the 1870s, but even then it consisted mainly of
sugar and grain mills, packaging factories for coffee, tea and tobacco, and a
machine industry which produced mainly agricultural equipment. Between 1870
and 1897 the number of inhabitants increased from 140,000 to over 400,000. In
1892, 57.5% of Odessa’s population was Orthodox, 33% Jewish, 5.8% Catholic
and 2.3% Protestant. Armenians accounted for a mere 0.3% of the population, but
among the students their number was much larger, and in the students’ protests
against the Tsarist regime Armenians and Georgians strongly participated.
Although 95% of the Jews earned their living as craftsmen or small shopkeepers
and thus belonged to the lower middle-class, the increasing presence of Jews in the
intellectual and economic élite of the city repeatedly led to attacks and even
pogroms against the Jews (as in 1881 and in 1905).
5
Of Charasoff’s study period in Moscow and his expulsion from there, no further
information can be provided beyond that given in his curriculum vitae.
4
Charasoff as a Student in Heidelberg
Heidelberg, in the second half of the nineteenth century, was one of the most
important intellectual centres for Russians in Germany. The ‘Russian colony’ in
Heidelberg consisted not so much of writers and artists, as in Berlin, but rather of
students and young scientists. A first wave of Russian students came to Heidelberg in
the period from 1861 to 1865, after the closure of the University of St Petersburg.
In those years more than one-hundred Russians studied in Heidelberg. Later, there
was a second and a third ‘wave’, in the mid-1890s and around 1905-06, when
relegations of students in Moscow and St Petersburg, in the aftermath of the
unsuccessful revolution, again brought large numbers of Russians to Heidelberg.
In the second half of the nineteenth century Heidelberg was generally
considered a centre of excellence in the natural sciences, and students from the
Russian empire typically studied chemistry, physics or physiology with such
internationally renowned professors as Robert Bunsen, Gustav Kirchhoff, or
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6
History of Economics Review
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Hermann von Helmholtz. The Law faculty of Heidelberg University also attracted
talented Russian students, and many wealthy young Russians used Heidelberg as
their temporary base for travelling in Western Europe. Its central location, mild
climate and low living-costs made it an ideal base for travels to France, Italy or
Switzerland: ‘For some Russians Heidelberg was a sort of cure resort with a little
scientific program on the side’ (Birkenmaier 1995: 41). Ever since the 1860s
Heidelberg was also one of the centres of Russian revolutionary propaganda in the
West. While the leading revolutionaries lived in London, Paris, or Geneva, close
collaborators and associates of men like Alexander Herzen or Michail Bakunin
were based in Heidelberg, from where they organised the (illegal) printing and
dissemination of revolutionary writings. The ‘leftist’ group of the Russian students
in Heidelberg had its own meeting place, which eventually became a special
Russian library, and which ‘held not only banned Russian books, but also the latest
French, German and British books and magazines with a socialist orientation’
(Birkenmaier 1995: 10). The ‘Russian reading room’ (Russische Lesehalle), also
known as ‘Pirogov’s reading room’ (Pirogov’sche Lesehalle), became an important
institution in the cultural and intellectual life of Heidelberg. Max Weber, who had
close contacts with some Russian students after 1903, gave a public lecture there in
1905 and also participated actively in the festivities celebrating the 50
th
birthday of
the ‘Russian reading room’ in 1912.
6
Georg von Charasoff lived in Heidelberg from October 1897 to February 1902.
Throughout this period he was enrolled as a regular student in the Faculty of
Mathematics and Natural Sciences. The University address book shows that he
lived during his entire study period in rented rooms as a tenant: from the winter
term 1897-98 to the end of the summer term 1899 he lived in Gaisbergstrasse 27;
thereafter in Schiffgasse 2, and in the following semesters until the end of the winter
term 1901-02 he lived in Lauerstrasse 5. In his first year at Gaisbergstrasse 27
Charasoff enjoyed the company of a fellow student from his home town, Tbilisi,
Georg Melik-Karakosoff, the son of a Tbilisian ‘Hofrat’, a high-ranked public
servant, also of the Armenian-Gregorian faith, who studied philosophy in
Heidelberg. In addition, the two brothers Michail and Vadim Reisner from
St Petersburg also lived in Gaisbergstrasse 27 during Charasoff’s first year in
Heidelberg.
7
At the turn of the twentieth century, the group of Russian social
revolutionaries in Heidelberg included, inter alia, Vladimir Zenzinov, Boris
Savinkov, Abram Goc, Il’ja Fondaminskij, Amalja Gavronskaja and Jakov
Gavronskij. In a study on the Russian students in Heidelberg it is noted that
‘Schiffgasse 2 was for a long time in Russian hands: in the summer term 1901
Jakov Gavronskij lived there; in the summer term 1902 it was Abram Goc; and in
the summer term 1903 and the winter term 1903/04 it was the Fondaminskijs who
resided there’ (Birkenmaier 1995: 161). Interestingly, in the previous year, that is,
in the winter term 1899–1900 and the summer term 1900, Georg von Charasoff
resided in Schiffgasse 2. Whether this is purely accidental or Charasoff had close
contacts with some of the social revolutionaries could not be ascertained.
Studying mathematics in Heidelberg
Charasoff wrote his doctoral dissertation under the supervision of Leo
Königsberger (1837–1921), a distinguished mathematician who had studied with
Karl Weierstrass in Berlin and then held professorships in Greifswald (1864-69),
Heidelberg (1869-75), Dresden (1875-77), Vienna (1877-84) and Heidelberg
(1884–1914). Königsberger is best known for his biography of Helmholtz
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