consensus report
Austrian consensus on the definition and treatment of portal hypertension and its complications (Billroth II)
17
1 3
20. Reiberger T, Ulbrich G, Ferlitsch A, Payer BA, Pinter M,
Peck-Radosavljevic M. Carvedilol for prophylaxis of vari-
ceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with hemodynamic
non-response to propranolol. Hepatology. 2010;52 (Suppl
1):A21.
21. Garcia-Pagan JC, Morillas R, Banares R, Albillos A, Villan-
ueva C, Vila C, Genesca J, et al. Propranolol plus placebo
versus propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate in the
prevention of a first variceal bleed: a double-blind RCT.
Hepatology. 2003;37:1260–6.
22. Ben-Ari Z, Cardin F, McCormick AP, Wannamethee G,
Burroughs AK. A predictive model for failure to control
bleeding during acute variceal haemorrhage. J Hepatol.
1999;31:443–50.
23. Bernard B, Grange JD, Khac EN, Amiot X, Opolon P, Poy-
nard T. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bac-
terial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal
bleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology. 1999;29:1655–61.
24. Moitinho E, Escorsell A, Bandi JC, Salmeron JM, Garcia-
Pagan JC, Rodes J, Bosch J. Prognostic value of early mea-
surements of portal pressure in acute variceal bleeding.
Gastroenterology. 1999;117:626–31.
25. Hubmann R, Bodlaj G, Czompo M, Benko L, Pichler P, Al-
Kathib S, Kiblbock P, et al. The use of self-expanding metal
stents to treat acute esophageal variceal bleeding. Endos-
copy. 2006;38:896–901.
26. Monescillo A, Martinez-Lagares F, Ruiz-del-Arbol L, Sierra
A, Guevara C, Jimenez E, Marrero JM, et al. Influence of
portal hypertension and its early decompression by TIPS
placement on the outcome of variceal bleeding. Hepatol-
ogy. 2004;40:793–801.
27. Garcia-Pagan JC, Caca K, Bureau C, Laleman W, Appen-
rodt B, Luca A, Abraldes JG, et al. Early use of TIPS in
patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med.
2010;362:2370–9.
28. Bureau C, Peron JM, Alric L, Morales J, Sanchez J, Barange
K, Payen JL, et al. “A La Carte” treatment of portal hyperten-
sion: adapting medical therapy to hemodynamic response
for the prevention of bleeding. Hepatology. 2002;36:1361–6.
29. Primignani M, Carpinelli L, Preatoni P, Battaglia G, Carta
A, Prada A, Cestari R, et al. Natural history of portal
hypertensive gastropathy in patients with liver cirrhosis.
The New Italian Endoscopic Club for the study and treat-
ment of esophageal varices (NIEC). Gastroenterology.
2000;119:181–7.
30. Stewart CA, Sanyal AJ. Grading portal gastropathy: valida-
tion of a gastropathy scoring system. Am J Gastroenterol.
2003;98:1758–65.
31. Ward EM, Raimondo M, Rosser BG, Wallace MB, Dickson
RD. Prevalence and natural history of gastric antral vascu-
lar ectasia in patients undergoing orthotopic liver trans-
plantation. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38:898–900.
32. Sarin SK, Lahoti D, Saxena SP, Murthy NS, Makwana UK.
Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric var-
ices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hyperten-
sion patients. Hepatology. 1992;16:1343–9.
33. Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, Carey W. Prevention
and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal
hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922–38.
34. Lo GH, Lai KH, Cheng JS, Chen MH, Chiang HT. A prospec-
tive, randomized trial of butyl cyanoacrylate injection ver-
sus band ligation in the management of bleeding gastric
varices. Hepatology. 2001;33:1060–4.
35. Sarin SK, Jain AK, Jain M, Gupta R. A randomized con-
trolled trial of cyanoacrylate versus alcohol injection in
patients with isolated fundic varices. Am J Gastroenterol.
2002;97:1010–5.
36. Tan PC, Hou MC, Lin HC, Liu TT, Lee FY, Chang FY, Lee SD.
A randomized trial of endoscopic treatment of acute gastric
variceal hemorrhage: N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection
versus band ligation. Hepatology. 2006;43:690–7.
37. Kang EJ, Jeong SW, Jang JY, Cho JY, Lee SH, Kim HG,
Kim SG, et al. Long-term result of endoscopic histoacryl
(N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) injection for treatment of gastric
varices. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17:1494–1500.
38. Seewald S, Ang TL, Imazu H, Naga M, Omar S, Groth S,
Seitz U, et al. A standardized injection technique and regi-
men ensures success and safety of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate
injection for the treatment of gastric fundal varices (with
videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68:447–54.
39. Akahoshi T, Hashizume M, Shimabukuro R, Tanoue K,
Tomikawa M, Okita K, Gotoh N, et al. Long-term results
of endoscopic histoacryl injection sclerotherapy for gas-
tric variceal bleeding: a 10-year experience. Surgery.
2002;131:S176–81.
40. Kumamoto M, Toyonaga A, Inoue H, Miyakoda K, Morita Y,
Emori K, Sakamoto Y, et al. Long-term results of balloon-
occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration for gastric
fundal varices: hepatic deterioration links to portosystemic
shunt syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25:1129–35.
41. Hiraga N, Aikata H, Takaki S, Kodama H, Shirakawa H,
Imamura M, Kawakami Y, et al. The long-term outcome
of patients with bleeding gastric varices after balloon-
occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration. J Gastroen-
terol. 2007;42:663–72.
42. Arai H, Abe T, Takagi H, Mori M. Efficacy of balloon-
occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration, percutane-
ous transhepatic obliteration and combined techniques for
the management of gastric fundal varices. World J Gastro-
enterol. 2006;12:3866–73.
43. Chau TN, Patch D, Chan YW, Nagral A, Dick R, Burroughs AK.
“Salvage” transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts:
gastric fundal compared with esophageal variceal bleeding
(see comments). Gastroenterology. 1998;114:981–7.
44. Boyer TD, Haskal ZJ. The role of transjugular intrahepatic
portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the management of portal
hypertension: update 2009. Hepatology. 2010;51:306.
45. Pache I, Bilodeau M. Severe haemorrhage following
abdominal paracentesis for ascites in patients with liver
disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:525–9.
46. Boyer TD, Zia P, Reynolds TB. Effect of indometha-
cin and prostaglandin A1 on renal function and plasma
renin activity in alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology.
1979;77:215–22.
47. Pariente EA, Bataille C, Bercoff E, Lebrec D. Acute effects
of captopril on systemic and renal hemodynamics and on
renal function in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Gastroen-
terology. 1985;88:1255–9.
48. Gentilini P, Romanelli RG, La Villa G, Maggiore Q, Pesci-
ullesi E, Cappelli G, Casini Raggi V, et al. Effects of low-
dose captopril on renal hemodynamics and function
in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Gastroenterology.
1993;104:588–94.
49. Gines P, Cardenas A, Arroyo V, Rodes J. Management of cir-
rhosis and ascites. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1646–54.
50. EASL. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the manage-
ment of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hep-
atorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53:397–417.
51. Rimola A, Garcia-Tsao G, Navasa M, Piddock LJ, Pla-
nas R, Bernard B, Inadomi JM. Diagnosis, treatment and
prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a con-
sensus document. International Ascites Club. J Hepatol.
2000;32:142–53.