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Climate change and food security: risks and responsesx
A range of adaptation options is available for livestock productionClimate change and food securityx
A range of adaptation options is available for livestock production
at different scales: animals,
feeding/housing system, production system and institutions. They differ between small-scale
livestock production with low market integration and large-scale production with high market
integration. In particular, breeding livestock but also feed crops and forages is a major component
of building resilience to climate change. Many livestock breeds are already well adapted to high
temperatures and harsh environments, but their wider diffusion is restricted by the limited extent
to which they have been characterized and improved in structured breeding programmes and
by trade constraints. Adaptation-related traits are more difficult to study and to record than
production traits, have lower heritability, higher levels of non-additive genetic variation and
phenotypic variance, and are more susceptible to genotype-by-environment interaction.
Healthy, diversified forest ecosystems are more resilient
: they are better able to cope
with stress, recover from damage and adapt autonomously to change. Healthy ecosystems
are more resilient to negative biotic and abiotic influences than are ecosystems under stress
whose ecological processes are impaired. Best practices include integrated pest management,
disease control, forest fire management, employment of reduced impact logging in production
forests, limitation of gathering of non-wood forest products or livestock grazing in forests at
sustainable levels, and forest law enforcement. Restoring degraded forests to healthy states,
thereby re-establishing ecosystem functions, is a major strategy for increasing resilience.
Fishing and fish-farming practices and management
will need to adapt to changing species
composition and location and increased risks at sea. Changes in the distribution of fish, will
require to adapt fishing effort, with flexible allocation and access schemes. Adaptation options
to declining or variable yields in terms of fisheries technologies and management will need
to be carefully assessed, to avoid exacerbating the overexploitation of fisheries or impacting
habitats. For aquaculture, a set of adaptive practices has been identified, such as diversified and
integrated aquaculture systems, water quality monitoring, species selection, selective breeding,
genetic improvement, site selection, and improved cage and pond construction.
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