Cjss second Issue: cjss second Issue qxd

Khatuna Maisashvili 
The Question of Ideological Domination and the Georgian
Printed Media in 1990-1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  
Edward Raupp
New Research in Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
Kornely Kakachia
Energy Security Aftermath of Russo-Georgian War: 
Implications for South Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . 
Savaş Genç
The Role of the OECD and NGO’s in Central Asian 
Republics by Transforming Their Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nino Chikhladze
Images of St Eugenios in Georgia and Cultural and 
Political Ties with the Empire of Trebizond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ulrica Söderlind
Introduction to the Foodways of Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manana Sanadze
On the Descent of Grigol Bakurianisdze 
(the Son of Bakur). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
Giuli Alasania
From the History of the Foreign Policy of Georgian 
Kings in the 1
st
Half of the 14
th
Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
Nino Chikovani
Narrative of the United Caucasus: Political or 
Historical Project? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
7
Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences
Caucasus  Journal  of  Social Sciences
Volume 2, Issue 1, December 2009
Table of Contents
9
28
37
49
59
71
88
104
119

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Jason E. Strakes 
External Threats and Authoritarian Backlashes:
A Retrospective on Internal Conflicts in 
Georgian Society After the August War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
Hanna Shelest
Georgian-Russian Conflict and Its Influence on 
the Energy and Security Situation in the 
Black Sea – Caspian Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
Nino Abakelia
Ritual as a Sign and Means of Identity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
Barbakadze Sophio
Concept of Terrorism in International Relations . . . . . . . .
Asatiani Maia
War, Factor of War and Humanitarian Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ketiladze Tamar
Energy Sovereignty and Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
8
Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences
127
139
154
163
179
194

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The Question of Ideological Domination and the 
Georgian Printed Media in 1990-1991
Khatuna Maisashvili
Ilia Chavchavadze State University
ased on quantitative research methods, descriptive statistics
and factor analysis, the article aims to show the extent of the ques-
tion of the ideological domination in the Georgian media of the
early 1990s after their coming out from Soviet censorship, after
passing through the glasnost period and having pretension to be
free in Independent Georgian nation-state.
ideologiuri dominaciis sakiTxi da 
qarTuli beWduri media. 1990-1991 wlebi
xaTuna maisaSvili
ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti
vlevis raodenobriv meTodebze, - aRweriT statistikasa
da faqtorul analizze, - dayrdnobiT, winamdebare statia
miznad isaxavs, warmoaCinos ideologiuri dominaciis sak-
iTxis CarCoebi sabWoTa cenzurisgan TavdaRweul, glasnos-
tgamovlil 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisis qarTul beWdur
mediaSi, romelic Tavisuflebaze acxadebda pretenzias
damoukidebel qarTul er-saxelmwifoSi.
B
B
k
k
9
Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences

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The Conceptual Changes in the Georgian Media during the 1990s
The main question to be investigated is an attribution of the Post-Soviet
Georgian media to ideological domination. It is widely known that with the
gradual collapse of the Soviet-Communist system, the functioning model of
the media started to be changed some years earlier prior to the official abol-
ishing of the USSR. In 1987-1990, by the admission of the Soviet Government,
the control of media content for political and cultural reasons changed its na-
ture. This change is known under the name of glasnost. For the phenomenon
of glasnost, it was characteristic to maintain the main features of the Soviet-
Communist model of press.  That model was characterized by a large-scale so-
ciety, an atomized public, a centralized media, one-way transmission.
Moreover, there was a top down perception that the receivers depend on
media for identity.  Media was used for manipulation and control. Glasnost
partly solved the problem of the lack of coverage of tabooed themes in the
late Soviet media. This circumstance (being planned or unplanned by the ini-
tiators of glasnost, under their control or out of it) changed the impression
about the receiver and attitude towards him. The receiver was less considered
as an individual unable to act or to make a decision independently. 
In light of the question of ideological domination it is very important to
underline that the Georgian media of the early 1990s existed in parallel to Soviet
media which played an important role in the whole post-Soviet society and
which provided anti-Soviet and anti-Stalinist discourses. This paradoxical ide-
ological characteristic of the media highlighted the conflict between the name
(Soviet) and its context, valence and directionality of the media activities
(anti-Soviet and anti-Stalinist). 
Approximately a year earlier prior to state independence, i.e. during the
period of glasnost (1989), the space of the Georgian media changed. It nar-
rowed down, from the scale of the Soviet space to the new nation-state Geor-
gia. The ‘Soviet homeland’ was divided into different components in the
Georgian public conscience and reflected in identical duality, here and there,
ours and theirs. The media had to create the definition of a nation and nation-
ality, the definition of nationalism as an ideology and as an identical phenom-
enon for its readers.
1
Besides the traditional Soviet newspapers, legal printing
bodies of the political parties and societies involved in the National Liberation
Movement of Georgia appeared. The titles of the most of them contained the
terms and elements of national identity and references to freedom. For ex-
ample: Sakartvelo (which means ‘Georgia,’ was a printing body of the Popular
Front of Georgia), Mamuli (‘Fatherland,’ was a body of Rustaveli Society), ‘Ive-
ria’ (the ancient name of Georgia, was a body of the Ilia Chavchavadze Soci-
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Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences

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