Andhra university

IV Semester

ACHT4.1: INDUSTRIES BASED ON ORGANIC RAW METERIALS


CHEMISTRY OF STARCH Structure, Chemical and Physical properties of mono, di, and polysaccharides. Manufacture and uses of unmodified starch: dextrin sugar syrup: Hydrolysis of starch to edible and industrial glucose, applications of starch in textile sizing and in the fermentation industries- Manufacture of Industrial Alcohol-Manufacture of Vitamin C from glucose.

CHEMISTRY OF CELLULOSE Structure, Chemical and Physical properties. General reactions, major sources and uses of cellulose, Enzymatic and chemical hydrolysis of cellulose- conversion of cellulose to alcohol. Laboratory and commercial scale preparation of chemical cellulose. Cellulose derivatives like cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate.
Different methods of wood pulping: Manufacture and cases of different qualities of paper products like cardboard, newsprint, writing paper, tissue paper and filter paper.
OILS , FATS & WAXES Classification of oils , Vegetable, animal and mineral oils – Manufacture of Vegetable oils, Chemical properties and uses – Animal fats and oils, processing, hydrogenation of oils- preparation , properties and uses of waxes.

SOAPS Manufacture, raw material , typical soaps, Glycerin recovery from soap manufacture.

DETERGENTS Raw materials – Classification of surfactants- Biodegradability of Detergents.

SURFACE PROTECTIVE COATINGS Paints – Drying oils , Pigments , Pigment extenders - Water paints – Special paints – Varnishes , Lacquers and Enamels.

SUGGESTED BOOKS FOR READING
1.Chemical process industries by RN. Shreeve.

2.Engineering chemistry by B.K.Sharma.

3.Engineering chemistry by SS DARA

ACHT4.2 : MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES AND CORROSION

Ferrous and non-ferrous industries-quality-control methods-General principles applied in studying an industry-Manufacture of iron ,steel and special steels Metallurgy of gold and silver.

Explosives, classification, characteristics-special explosives- nitrocellulose-T.N.T Picric acid Dynamite-cordite and Gunpowder.
Classification of cement-Manufacture of portland cement-setting and hardening of cement. Chemical constitution of Portland cement and their characteristics –special cements and their uses.
Classification of ceramics –Basic raw metirial- Application of colours to pottery porcelain and china ware- manufacture. Glass-raw materials, Manufacture of special glass-optical , Borosilicate, flint and coloured glasses.
Industrial poisons and their classification solid liquid and gaseous poisons-their identification- physiological activity and control. Solids:Pb, As, Hg, asbestos, textile fibres. Liquids: organic solvents, gases oxides of S, N and H₂S, Cyanides, Aldehydes, Ketones and Hydrocarbons.
Basic concepts of corrosion- Dry or chemical corrosion and mechanism pilling Bedworth rule. Wet or Electrochemical corrosion –Mechanism of wet or electrochemical corrosion various types of wet or corrosion-Factors influencing corrosion-some important corrosion control methods –cathodic protection - Anodic inhibitors - Thermodynamics and kinetics of corrosion reactions.
Protective coatings Metallic coatings Golvanising and tinning Metal cladding Electro plating –Metallised coatings chemical conversion or inorganic coatings- phosphate, chromate, chemical oxide or anodized coatings.

SUGGESTED BOOKS FOR READING
1.Chemical process industries by R.N. Shreeve.
2.applied chemistry for Engineer by Diamont.
3.Industrial poisons and solvents by Jacobs.

4.chemistry of Engineering materials by Jain & Jain.

5.Engineering chemistry by B.K.Sharma.
6.Environmental chemistry by B.K.Sharma.
7.Corrosion, Volume-I, Metal Environment Reactions by L.L.shreir, Newnes

Butterworths, London.

8. Corrosion Engineering by Fontana and Greene, McGraw Hill Publication.

ACHT4.3 : POLYMERS AND PLASTICS
POLYMERS – I Basic concepts Namenclature- Degree of polymerization – polymerisition process – Classification of polymerization reactions – Difference between thermoplastics and thermosets. Types of polymerization – Addition and step growth. Copolymerisation- Block copolymerisation – Graft copolymerisation. Stereo isomers – isotactic, atactic and syndyotactic polymers. Mechanism of polymerization – free radical and ionic. Heterogeneous polymerization – Zeigler-Natta catalysis. Compounding of plastics – Fabrication techniques of plastic.

POLYMERS-II Polymer degradation – Types of degradation – thermal, mechanical, ultrasonic waves, photo-degradation, oxidative degradation (rubber and phenol-fermaldehyde)and hydrolytic degradation.

Kinetics of polymer reaction – addition – Free-radical , cationic and Anionic polymerization. Condensation polymerization – acid catalysed condensation reactions.

Analysis and testing of polymers – weight average nad number average molecular weights of polymers ratio of M_w and M_n. Determination of molecular weight of polymers by Cryoscopy – Light scattering – X-ray scattering – Viscosity – Ultra centrifuge and gel permeation chromatographic methods.

RUBBERS, ELASTOMERS AND ADHESIVES Origion and chemical nature of natural rubber – D irect processing of lLatex – Compounding of rubber – Fabrication of rubber – Vulcanization of rubber. Elastomers – Manufacture, properties and uses of Butadiene, Isoprene and chloroprene. Natural and synthetic adhesives - Classification animal glue. Protein and starch adhesives – Resin adhesives. Difference between plastics, elastomers and adhesives.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

1Petroleum products Hand Book, Virgil.B Guthhrie, Editor, 1^st ed Mc Graw Hill

book company Inc 1960

2.chemicals from petroleum , A. L. Waddns and J. Murray, ELBS Edn. 1970

3.Introduction to polymer chemistry, Raymond B, Seymour.

4.polymer science, V.R. Gowariker et al ., New A ge I ntl (P)Ltd, New Delhi.

5.organic chemistry of synthetic High Polymers, Robert W. Lenz, Interscience Publishers.

6.chemical process Industries 5^th Ed , George T. Austin, Mc Graw- Hill company Inc 1984.

7.Industrial chemistry by B k sherma 5^th Ed 1993.

8.Textbook of polymer science P. W. Billmeyer, John Wiley, 1962

ACHT4.61: FINE CHEMICALS

DYES

Introduction – Dye intermediates - Unit processes in the preparation of dye intermediates – Structural features of a dye ( Chromophores and Auxochromes ) – Bathochromic and Hypsochromic effects – Diazotization and coupling – colour and chemical constitution ( Witt’s theory, Armstrong theory &Modern theory) . Classification of dyes.

SYNTHESIS OF THE FOLLOWING DYES : Napthol Yellow S. Naphthol green Y. Methyl orange , Bismark Brown, Congo Red Phenolphthalein Fluorescein Rhodamines B. Indophenol blue, Phenylene blue . . Methylene blue . Quinoline blue . Alizarin . Indigo ( Indigotin ) Thio indigo.
PERFUMES Theory of olfaction and mechanism, relation between perfumes and phermones, classification of perfumes, chemistry, manufacture and isolation of the following compounds –Citral, Geraniol, Nerol, Linalool, citronellol, hydroxy citronillol cincal, jasmone, civetone and Muskone, acetylcarane ,acetyl Longifolene.
FLAVOURS: The difference between perfumes and flavours, classification of flavour compounds , chemistry of species and oleoresins, pepper, ginger, aniseed, cuminseed, Coriander, Cellery and cardamon, Chemistry of some major flavours like Coffee , Tea , Cocoa, Onion. Assessment of flavours and blending of flavours . Flavour compounds : Menthol ,pipertone, Vanillin, Eugenol, monosodium flutamate and carvone
FOODS AND FOOD ADDITIVES: Carbohydrates, proteins, water and mineral substances, Vitamins.
SWEETENING AGENTS Saccharine , Sodium Cyclamate.
CHEMISTRY OF AGROCHEMICALS :

INSECTICIDES : DDT, BHC,Aldrin, Endosulfon, Malathion, Parathion.

HERBICIDES : 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid, dalapon, paraquat, Banalin

Butacarb .

FUNGICIDES : Boardeaux mixture, Copper oxychloride, Zineb,, Benomyl

(Benlate ).

RODENTICIDES: Warfarin, Sodium monofluoroacetate, Zinc phosphide.

PLANT-GROWTH MODIFIERS:Growth Regulators,Second-Growth Inhibitors andDefoliants,Yield Stimulators
SUGGESTED BOOKS FOR READING

1.Medicinal Chemistry, A. Burger,3^rd Edn ., Wiley, 1970.

2.Chemistry of pesticides, N.M. Melnikov, Residue Reviews, Vol.36, Springer

Verlag, New York , 1971.

3.Future for insecticides , R.C. Netealr, J.J.Mckalvery, Jr. John Wiley &Sons,

New York, 1976.

4.Pesticide processes Encyclopedia, Marshal Sitting Hoyes Data Corporation,

U.S.A.., 1977.

5.Synthetic Organic Chemistry, O.P. Agarwal ,10^th edition , Publishing House, Meerut, 1994.

6.Chemical process industries by R.N. Shreeve.

7.The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, Academic Press.

8.Finar , Organic Chemistry , Vol. I. Ch. 31 Dyes, Longmann.

9.Gilman,Organic Chemistry , An Advanced Treatise Vol. III Ch., 4.Organic Dyes . Wiley (1953).

10Juster, Colour and Chemical constitution J. Chem. Educ., 3:596 (1962).

11.Maccoll, Colour and constitution, Reviews (Chem. Soci.) 1:16 (1947 ).

12.Encylopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol 10 and 11.

13.Chemistry of Herbicides, U.S. Sree Ramulu, Oxford & I.B.H. Publishing Co. ( 1985 ).

ACHT4.62 : Materials Chemistry

Credits: 4 Examination: 3 Hrs.

Lectures/ Week = 4 Sessional Marks: 30; Exam. Marks: 70 Total Marks: 100



Chapter 1: Solid State Structure:

Order - Spatial, Orientational; Types of Solids; Symmetry in Crystals - Primitive Lattice Vector - Wigner-Seitz Cell - Crystal Systems - Bravais Lattices - Crystallographic Point Groups and Space Groups; X-Ray Diffraction - Reciprocal Lattice - Ewald Construction - Structure Factor - Crystal Structure Solution and Refinement - Common Crystal Structure Motifs; Quasi-crystals. (10 H)

Chapter 2: Defects and Nonstoichiometery:

Point, Line and Plane Defects; Intrinsic and Extrinsic Defects - Vacancies, Schottky and Frenkel Defects - Charge Compensation; Nonstoichiometry and Defects - Thermodynamic and Structural Aspects; Colour Centres. (5 H)

Chapter 3: Properties of Materials

Thermal Properties: Lattice Vibrations - Phonon Spectrum; Lattice Heat Capacity; Thermal Expansion; Thermal Conductivity. (5 H)

Electrical Properties: Free Electron Theory - Electrical Conductivity And Ohm's Law - Hall Effect; Band Theory - Band Gap - Metals and Semiconductors - Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors; Hopping Semiconductors; Semiconductor/Metal Transition; P-N Junctions; Superconductors - Meissner Effect - Type I And II Superconductors - Isotope Effect - Basic Concepts of BCS Theory - Manifestations of the Energy Gap - Josephson Devices. (10 H)

Magnetic Properties: Classification of Magnetic Materials; Langevin Diamagnetism; Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism; Cooperative Phenomena - Ferro, Antiferro and Ferrimagnetism - Magnetic Domains and Hysteresis; Superparamagnetism. (5 H)

Optical Properties: Optical Reflectance - Plasmon Frequency; Raman Scattering in Crystals; Photoconduction; Photo and Electroluminescence; Lasers; Photovoltaic and Photoelectrochemical Effects. (5 H)


Chapter 4:

General Concepts in Materials Synthesis: Phase Diagrams; Preparation of Pure Materials; Nucleation and Crystal Growth; Crystal Growth Techniques; Zone Refining.

Brief Introduction to Different Classes of Materials: High Temperature Ceramic Superconductors, Ionic Conductors, Polymers, Liquid Crystals, Molecular Materials, Nanomaterials (15 H)


Reference Books

1. H. V. Keer, Principles of the Solid State

2. L. E. Smart and E. A. Moore, Solid State Chemistry: an Introduction

3. M. T. Weller, Inorganic Materials Chemistry

4. K. J. Klabunde, Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry

5. W. D. Callister, Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction

6. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics

ACHT4.62 : Unit Operations
Introduction: Unit Operations, Unit Processes, Physical and Chemical laws, Stoichiometry, gaseous state, fundamental concepts, steady and unsteady state operation,Units and dimensions.

Absorption : Properties and types of tower Packing , tower construction, two-phase flow through packed towers, material balance, correlation of liquid phase mass transfer coefficients.

Extraction : Liquid-Liquid extraction, extraction equipment, solubility and equilibrium diagrams, selectivity. Distillation : Vapor-liquid equilbria of binary systems, distillation methods, plate and packed distillation columns, McCabe-Thiele diagrams, plate efficiency.

Drying : Classification of dryers and their description, drying theory, rate of drying curves, factors effecting drying rate, estimation of drying time.
Crystallization : Classification of crystallizes and their description, equilibrium, material and energy balance, super saturation theory, rate of crystal growii, operating variable and their effect.
Filtration: classification of filters and their description, filter operation, filtration theory,constant pressure and constant rate filtration. centrifuges
Size reduction : Laws of crushing - equipment for size reduction - crushers, Jaw crusher, Gyratory crusher, crushing rolls — grinders, hammer mills and impactors, Roller compression machines, Attrition mills, tumbling mills - Ultra fine grinders,Hammer mills with internal classification, fluid energy classification, agitated mills

Text books:

Introduction to Chemical Engineering - Walter L. Badger and Julius T. Banchero, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

ACHP4.4: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS PRACTICAL-II


POTENTIOMETRY

1.Estimation of Iron (II) with chromium ( VI ) .

2.Estimation of Iron (II ) with cerium ( IV ) .

3.Estimation Vanadium ( V ) with Iron ( II ) .

P^H METRY

4Titration of a strong acid against a strong base.

5.Titration of a weak acid against a strong base .

6.Titration of a mixture of weak acid and a strong acid against a strong base.

CONDUCTOMETRY

7.Titration of a weak acid against a strong base.

8.Determination of percentage purity of AgNO₃ Solution using KCl .
COLOURIMETRY

9.Estimation of Manganse .

10.Estimation of Fe ( II ) .
Text Books
1.A text book of Practical Inorganic Chemistry by AI Vogel, ELBS

2.Laboratory manual of Engineering Chemistry by Dr Sudha rani

ACHP4.5: APPLIED CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL

Estimations

1.Determination of saponification value ,Iodine value and Acid value of an Oil.

2.Estimation of Glucose.

3.Determination of Glucose in Jaggery and Honey.

4.Determination of Molecular Weight of a Polymer.

5.Estimation of a Drug.

6.Analysis of a Fertilizer.

7.Analysis of a Pesticide.

Preparations

8 .Preparation of Soap.

9.Preparation of cold Cream.

10.Preparation of Shampoo.

11.Preparation of Phenol- Formaldehyde Resin.

12.Preparation of Copper pigment .

13.Preparation of Paracetamol.

14.Preparation of Fluorescein dye.

Isolation

15.Isolation of Caffeine

16.Isolatiopn of Lycopene

Text Books
1.A Text book of practical organic chemistry, A.I. Vogel, ELBS.

2.Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry by Raj K Bansal

ACHP4.7: PROJECT WORK

Four weeks duration in any industry / chemical R&D / organization

Each candidate have to submit a project report after completion.

Annexure-II

S.No	Range of Marks	Grade	Grade Points
1	> 90≤100	O	10.00
2	> 80≤90	A	9.00
3	> 70≤80	B	8.00
4	> 60≤70	C	7.00
5	> 50≤60	D	6.00
6	≥40≤50	E	5.00
7	< 39	F	0.00

Calculation of SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average)

For example if a student gets the grades in one semester A,A,B,B,B,D in six subjects having credits 2(S1) 4(S2), 4(S3), 4(S4), 4(S5), 2(S6), respectively.
The SGPA is calculated as follows:

9(A) x2(S1)+9(A) x4(S2)+8(B)x4(S3)+8(B)x4(S4)+8(B)x4S5)+6(D)x2(S6)

SGPA= ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 162/20 = 8.10

2(S1)+4(S2)+4(S3)+4(S4)+4(S5)+2(S6)

A student securing ‘F’ grade there by securing 0.0 grade points has to appear and secure at least ‘E’ grade at the subsequent examination(s) in that subject.
If a student gets the grades in another semester D, A, B, C, A, E, A in seven subjects having credits 4(S1), 2(S2),4(S3), 2(S4), 4(S5), 4(S6), 2(S7) respectively.

{6(D)x4(S1)+9(A)x2(S2)+8(B)x4(S3)+7(C)x2(S4)+9(A)x4(S5)+5(E)x4(S6)+9(A)x2(S7)}

SGPA = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 162/22 = 7.36

4(S1)+2(S2)+4(S3)+2(S4)+4(S5)+4(S6)+2(S7)

(9X2+9X4+8X4+8X4+8X4+6X2+6X4+9X2+8X4+7X2+9X4+5X4+9X2)

CGPA = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------=324/42 = 7.71

20+22
It is resolved that a candidate has to secure a minimum of 5.0 SGPA for a pass in each semester in case of B. Tech./B.Arch./B. Pharm./5 Year Integrated Courses and PG Diploma/Diploma/PG in Arts & Commerce courses, whereas for PG in Engineering, Sciences, Pharmacy/PG. Diplomas in Sciences 5.0. SGPA is the minimum for a pass in each semester. Further, a candidate will be permitted to choose any paper (s) to appear for improvement in case the candidate fails to secure the minimum prescribed SGPA/CGPA to enable the candidate to pass at the end of any semester examination.

Resolved not to indicate pass/fail in the marks statement against each individual paper.

It is further resolved that a candidate will be declared to have passed in a course if a candidate secures 5.0 CGPA for B. Tech./B.Arch./B. Pharmacy and Diploma/PG. Diplomas and PG in Arts & Commerce, while for P.G. in Science, Engineering and Pharmacy and P.G. Diplomas in Sciences 5.0 CGPA has to be secured for a pass in a course.
Further, classification of successful candidates is based on CGPA as follows.

Science, Engineering, Pharmacy (PG)/PG Diplomas:

Distinction – CGPA 7.0 or more
I Class – CGPA 6.0 or more but less than 7.0
II Class/Pass – CGPA 5.0 or more but less than 6.0