ii
A forerunner of the modern metropolis
iii
A period of intense activity and plans completed
iv
A clear contrast between then and now
v The rise and mysterious decline of Cahokia
vi
An archaeological theory to explain Cahokia's development
vii
The light and dark of archaeological finds
viii
A city completely unlike any of its contemporaries
CAHOKIA - ANCESTOR OF TODAY'S CAPITAL CITIES
A
A thousand years ago the Mississippians, a diverse group of Native
Americans who lived in the area which is today known as the south
eastern United States, took a small viHage on the Mississippi River and
turned it into one of the world's first great urban centres. Cahokia, as it has
been called by archaeologists, became as large as London was in the 11th
century, and some would argue that it was just as forward-looking and
prosperous as its European equivalents. Sophisticated, cosmopolitan and
ahead of its time, Cahokia was at the heart of ancient society in North
America; an ancestor of today's capital cities.
In one respect in particular, Cahokia was quite unusual
compared to other cities around at the same time.
Archaeologists working on the site have found enough
evidence over the past fifty years to conclude that, at a
certain time, around 35% of the population were not
from Cahokia at all; it seems that many of the tribes that
lived all along the Mississippi River at some point began
to relocate to Cahokia. These researchers have been
unable to find more than a handful of other examples of
such relocation of tribes, but they do know that
something about Cahokia attracted thousands of people
to this regional centre. And that, they postulated,
appears to have been thanks to a smalt group of planners
who one day decided to redesign the entire village.
C
After the redesigns of the village were put in place, the
Native Americans at Cahokia worked with tireless
determination to carry them out. Over the course of a
few decades, they transported huge volumes of soil from
the nearby countryside to create 120 huge mounds of
earth, the biggest of which rose to one hundred feet. On
top of these, they built a vast urban environment,
complete with a vibrant town centre, municipal buildings,
and a fifty-acre plaza at the foot of the biggest mound.
What makes it even more impressive to our modern
imaginations is that, with no machinery then, they used
their bare hands and woven baskets to dig up and carry
the soil from the surrounding regions back to their city
in-waiting. Eventually, after these efforts, the vision of the
city planners was fulfilled, but even they could not have
predicted how popular Cahokia would become.
I
From this period on, Cahokia was alive with intense activity, and
grew in size every year, partly because of the co
-
operation between
the residents. While the men busied themselves with manual work,
like constructing new buildings, or hunting and fishing in the forests
and rivers within a day's walk of the city, the women made sure that
the fields stayed healthy and grew crops, and the homes were kept
clean. In many ways, it seems to have been the ideal place to live,
and one with an exciting and prosperous future ahead of it. And
yet, having become a major population centre around AD 1050, by
1350 it had been almost completely abandoned. Somewhere in the
course of 300 years, something happened to Cahokia to cause this,
but it is an enigma that even archaeologists or historians
themselves struggle to resolve.
While
academics remain bemused as to why the residents
fled the city, we can still marvel at the individual artefacts
that archaeologists have discovered: the jewellery worn, the
pots used to cook in, the small workshop
at the
base
of
one
of the mounds. That said, there is also a more unpleasant
side
to
their investigations. Human sacrifice, it seems, was a
common fact of life in Cahokia; even if we cannot be sure
whether
this was for religious or for other reasons, we can
have
no doubt that it happened frequently. The bodies
of
hundreds of people, mostly young women, have been found
buried in
mass graves, and the way in which they died was
often horr·ific. A sombre reminder that even 'advanced' city
states had their shadowy sides.
E
This rather curious state of affairs exists today because
researchers have never found a single piece of evidence
that can conclusively explain why the residents left.
Academics who have studied other Native American sites
have always found weapons of war buried deep
underground. And yet, the bows, arrows and swords that
littered the ground at these other sites were nowhere to
be seen at Cahokia. Other factors, such as disease or
colonisation from European invasion, do not seem to be
possible in this case, as common as they were elsewhere
at that time. The absence of definitive theories as to
Cahokia's decline is highly unusual, but then again,
Cahokia was no ordinary city and perhaps comparisons
with other urban centres of the time cannot be made.
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