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Sswh15: The student will be able to describe the impact of industrialization, the rise of nationalism, and the major characteristics of worldwide imperialism
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SSWH15: The student will be able to describe the impact of industrialization, the rise of nationalism, and the major characteristics of worldwide imperialism. SSWH15: The student will be able to describe the impact of industrialization, the rise of nationalism, and the major characteristics of worldwide imperialism.
a. Analyze the process and impact of industrialization in England, Germany, and Japan, movements for political reform, the writings of Adam Smith and Karl Marx, and urbanization and its affect on women. a. Analyze the process and impact of industrialization in England, Germany, and Japan, movements for political reform, the writings of Adam Smith and Karl Marx, and urbanization and its affect on women. b. Compare and contrast the rise of the nation state in Germany under Otto von Bismarck and Japan under Emperor Meiji. c. Describe the reaction to foreign domination; include the Russo-Japanese War, the Young Turks, and the Boxer Rebellion. d. Describe imperialism in Africa and Asia; by comparing British policies in South Africa, French policies in Indochina, and Japanese policies in Asia; include the influence of geography and natural resources.
A: Chapter 25.1.2.3.4 & 28.2 A: Chapter 25.1.2.3.4 & 28.2 B: Chapter 24.3 & 28.2 C: Chapter 28.1.2 D: Chapter 27.1.2.3.4.5
a. Analyze the process and impact of industrialization in England, Germany, and Japan, movements for political reform, the writings of Adam Smith and Karl Marx, and urbanization and its affect on women. a. Analyze the process and impact of industrialization in England, Germany, and Japan, movements for political reform, the writings of Adam Smith and Karl Marx, and urbanization and its affect on women.
After the political revolutions of the 1700’s and early 1800’s, another type of revolution began After the political revolutions of the 1700’s and early 1800’s, another type of revolution began The Industrial Revolution - the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine. (p. 717)
Begins in Britain when wealthy buy up farm land and improve farming techniques Begins in Britain when wealthy buy up farm land and improve farming techniques New larger farms, called enclosures were created - On these, farmers discovered better ways to farm
- Jethro Tull invented the seed drill which allowed for crops to be planted in a straight line
Crop Rotation – the process where a farmer changes the crop they grow in a field to keep the land healthy Crop Rotation – the process where a farmer changes the crop they grow in a field to keep the land healthy Farmers began selectively breeding livestock which made cattle healthier and stronger.
Industrialization – the process of developing machine production of goods Industrialization – the process of developing machine production of goods Factors of production – the resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required - Water and coal to fuel machines
- Iron ore to construct machines
- Rivers for easy and cheap transportation
- Harbors to encourage international trade
Flying Shuttle – doubles the work a weaver can do in a day Flying Shuttle – doubles the work a weaver can do in a day Spinning Jenny – a wheel that allows a worker to spin 8 spools of yarn at a time Waterpower made both of these inventions faster Factories – a building in which machines are set up to produce goods
Steam Engine – James Watt develops a better, more efficient steam engine and teams with entrepreneur Matthew Boulton to sell it Steam Engine – James Watt develops a better, more efficient steam engine and teams with entrepreneur Matthew Boulton to sell it Entrepreneur – a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risk of a business
American, Robert Fulton placed a steam engine on a boat and built the Clermont, the first steam boat. American, Robert Fulton placed a steam engine on a boat and built the Clermont, the first steam boat. In England, canals were built to improve and quicken transportation Roads were improved by adding crushed rock over a layer of big rocks for drainage
Railroads became the most important method of transportation during the Industrial Revolution Railroads became the most important method of transportation during the Industrial Revolution Why? - Railroads can move heavy materials quickly and cheaply
In the late 1700’s more and more people moved to cities In the late 1700’s more and more people moved to cities This is called Urbanization Cities are built near water Factories are also built near water People move to cities for jobs in factories
Urbanization – city building and the movement of people to cities Urbanization – city building and the movement of people to cities - Occurs because factories are built near cities
- People move there for jobs
England sees a boom in cities
Due to the speed that cities grew, services were not always available Due to the speed that cities grew, services were not always available - No sewers, trash collection, cramped housing
Life expectancy in London for a factory worker was 17, 38 for rural farmers Factories were dark and dangerous - People worked 14 hours a day, 6 days a week
- Conditions were poor, many workers injured or killed
Upper Class – Nobility (kings, etc.) Upper Class – Nobility (kings, etc.) Middle Class – skilled workers, professionals, businessmen, wealthy farmers Lower Class – Factory workers, laborers, and poor farmers - Working Class – people who worked in factories
- Felt mistreated
Nations became wealthy Nations became wealthy Created Jobs Raised the standard of living Created demand for educated workers to help with design
U.S. had the same resources that Britain had. U.S. had the same resources that Britain had. - U.K. tries to keep the US out of trade during the War of 1812
- As a result, the US begins industrializing
Samuel Slater builds a spinning machine from memory Moses Brown uses Slater’s machines to open a factory in Rhode Island
Lowell, MA – first fully mechanized cloth factory, named after factory owner. Lowell, MA – first fully mechanized cloth factory, named after factory owner. Women went to work because they could earn more doing factory work than in other jobs. In the second half of the 1800’s, industry boomed in the US - Railroads
- Investment
- Invention
Companies require money to build Companies require money to build Corporations are formed - Corporation – a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts
Stock – certain rights of ownership
You lend a company money That money gets you a SHARE of ownership When the company makes a profit, you earn a percentage of that profit based on how many shares of stock you own.
The French Revolution & Napoleon will disrupt the Industrial Revolution The French Revolution & Napoleon will disrupt the Industrial Revolution Belgium will use its resources to become the early European leader Germany will follow the British model and will bring English workers to Germany Germany will build a lot of railroads to help speed up their growth
Widened the gap between rich and poor globally Widened the gap between rich and poor globally Led to exploitation of colonies for resources Europe became the strongest economy in the world Led to economic and social reform
Laissez-Faire – letting industry and business set working conditions without interference Laissez-Faire – letting industry and business set working conditions without interference - Government should not interfere in business
- Lower taxes and tariffs
- Will help promote wealth
Adam Smith – defends the idea of a free economy in the book “Wealth of Nations” Adam Smith – defends the idea of a free economy in the book “Wealth of Nations” - Liberty grants economic progress
- Three laws of Economics
- Law of self-interest – people work for their own good
- Law of Competition – competition forces people to make a better product
- Law of supply and demand – good are produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand.
Capitalism – the economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit Capitalism – the economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit Many capitalist thinkers were against a minimum wage and improved working conditions. - Felt that would increase the costs of production
Utilitarianism – the theory that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people Utilitarianism – the theory that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people Government should work to improve the lives of people because it brings up the general well-being of a nation
Socialism – the people own the factors of production and operate for the welfare of all Socialism – the people own the factors of production and operate for the welfare of all Government should plan the economy to improve the lives of everyone Public ownership would help workers Socialism holds an optimistic view of human nature
Capitalism Capitalism Individuals and businesses own property and the means of production. Progress results when individuals follow their own self-interest. Businesses follow their own self-interest by competing for the consumer’s money. Each business tries to produce goods or services that are better and less expensive than those of competitors. Consumers compete to buy the best goods at the lowest prices. This competition shapes the market by affecting what businesses are able to sell. Government should not interfere in the economy because competition creates efficiency in business.
German philosopher who introduces “Marxism” in The Communist Manifesto German philosopher who introduces “Marxism” in The Communist Manifesto Society is divided into warring classes - Upper Class - Haves
- Middle Class/Bourgeoisie – Haves
- Lower Class/Proletariats – Have Nots
Capitalism would destroy itself due to the workers being angry over the wealth of a few owners of production Capitalism would destroy itself due to the workers being angry over the wealth of a few owners of production Workers would seize the factories and share the wealth Would lead to a classless society Communism – complete socialism in which the means of production – all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses would be owned by the people No more private ownership
Workers became active in politics and pressed for reforms Workers became active in politics and pressed for reforms Unions – voluntary labor associations - Unions speak for all workers in a trade
- Demand better pay and working conditions
- If these demands are not met, they go on Strike – a refusal to work
After some time, unions earn rights for workers
Child labor laws – U.K. & U.S. created laws limiting the hours a child could work Child labor laws – U.K. & U.S. created laws limiting the hours a child could work Women Labor Laws - U.K. & U.S. created laws limiting the hours a woman could work Abolition of slavery - Britain – 1833
- US – 1865
- Puerto Rico – 1873
- Brazil – 1888
Better working conditions for women Better working conditions for women Woman’s right to vote - Women fought for the right to vote
Free Public education for all children
Japan had not traded or interacted with others during the I.R. Japan had not traded or interacted with others during the I.R. 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry (US) goes to Japan and opens trade Treaty of Kanagawa – Japan and the U.S. agree to trade and allow U.S. ships to refuel
Japans leaders were upset that the nation began to trade, which was seen as bowing down to Western powers Japans leaders were upset that the nation began to trade, which was seen as bowing down to Western powers Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito forced the Tokogawa shoguns to step down ending 800 years of rule, begins the Meiji Era
The Meiji Era rulers decide that to compete and counter western influence was to modernize The Meiji Era rulers decide that to compete and counter western influence was to modernize Begin purchasing modern weapons, building railroads Dress in western clothing Japan began to trade with the rest of the world and became richer
Japan builds the largest, strongest army in Asia Japan builds the largest, strongest army in Asia Japan’s national pride led them to begin to expand 1894 – Japan breaks a treaty and attacks Korea - Japan wins the war with Korea and China and conquers Korea, gaining Taiwan as a colony
In 1904 Japan attacks Russian ships in Manchuria (China) beginning the Russo-Japanese War In 1904 Japan attacks Russian ships in Manchuria (China) beginning the Russo-Japanese War Japan wins the war and forces Russia out of Manchuria Japan erodes the Korean government and eventually takes it over and imposes annexation – total control of a country by another country.
b. Compare and contrast the rise of the nation state in Germany under Otto von Bismarck and Japan under Emperor Meiji. b. Compare and contrast the rise of the nation state in Germany under Otto von Bismarck and Japan under Emperor Meiji. Chapter 24.3 & 28.2
Nationalism is the most powerful idea of the 19th century (1800’s) Nationalism is the most powerful idea of the 19th century (1800’s) - The belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation – that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history – rather than a king or empire
This idea led to the building of Nation-states
Unification Unification - Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands
Separation - Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away
State-building - Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture
Break-up in the 1800’s of the Austrian empire is due to political and social reasons as well as attacks from the east Break-up in the 1800’s of the Austrian empire is due to political and social reasons as well as attacks from the east Nationalism played a large role in destabilizing the region
1815: German nation-states unify to form the German Confederation 1815: German nation-states unify to form the German Confederation - Austria and Prussia both tried to dominate this group
1848, Germans force a constitutional convention - Prussia is the best represented here because they are the most similar to Germany with a large ethnic German population
Prussian ruler who becomes head of state in Germany Prussian ruler who becomes head of state in Germany - Supported by Junkers – conservative members of Prussia’s landowning class
Otto von Bismarck - Prime Minister
- Realpolitik – term for “tough power politics” with no room for idealism.
Bismark uses his position to centralize power Bismark uses his position to centralize power - Take regions from Denmark
- Use the military victories to provoke Austria into attacking them
- Use their advanced military training to defeat Austria
Prussia (Germany) provokes a war with France over a perceived insult France loses Wilhelm I is pronounced Kaiser (king) Declares his empire the Second Reich - Holy Roman Empire is the First Reich
Shifts the balance of power in Europe to Germany & England - It will remain like this until after WWII
C. Describe the reaction to foreign domination; include the Russo-Japanese War, the Young Turks, and the Boxer Rebellion. C. Describe the reaction to foreign domination; include the Russo-Japanese War, the Young Turks, and the Boxer Rebellion. Chapter 28.1.2
Before 1793 China had refused ambassadors from European countries Before 1793 China had refused ambassadors from European countries - They could get everything they needed by themselves
In 1793, the Qing emperor allowed the British to trade with them - Still didn’t need Europeans for trade
Europeans wanted to find a good that the Chinese would need - British introduced Opium – habit forming drug
The Chinese became addicted to Opium The Chinese became addicted to Opium Emperors asked Britain to stop importing the drug China declared war against Opium trade and the British - Naval war that the British won easily
Treaty of Nanjing - Gave the British the port of Hong Kong and extraterritorial rights
- Non-citizens were not subject to Chinese law in certain ports
Rebels tried to overthrow the government in the Taiping Rebellion Rebels tried to overthrow the government in the Taiping Rebellion - Fails due to poor organization and in-fighting
At the same time, Europeans were putting pressure on China for goods and deals - Internally, some Chinese wanted Western style reforms
Dowager Empress Cixi led China in some educational reforms, diplomatic service, and military
Other nations tried to establish spheres of influence in China (and Japan) Other nations tried to establish spheres of influence in China (and Japan) - One country holds power over another’s government, trade, and investments
U.S. was afraid of others interfering in China and declared the Open Door Policy - Chinese trade must be open to all countries
Qing emperors saw international interaction in China as a threat Qing emperors saw international interaction in China as a threat - Tried to modernize to keep up with the rest of the world
Chinese people became frustrated with the government Dowager Empress overthrows her own son and undoes some of his reforms
Poor Chinese people resented foreigners given privileges Poor Chinese people resented foreigners given privileges Some get together and form a secret society called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists - Called “Boxers” due to the shape of the hats they wore
They marched on Beijing shouting “Death to foreigners” - Easily defeated by foreign armies
Chinese government decides that it must reform - Decide to restructure it’s gov’t by 1917
D. Describe imperialism in Africa and Asia; by comparing British policies in South Africa, French policies in Indochina, and Japanese policies in Asia; include the influence of geography and natural resources. D. Describe imperialism in Africa and Asia; by comparing British policies in South Africa, French policies in Indochina, and Japanese policies in Asia; include the influence of geography and natural resources. Chapter 27.1.2.3.4.5
Imperialism – the seizure of a weak country by a strong country Imperialism – the seizure of a weak country by a strong country - The stronger country will dominate politics, economics, and social life
Africa – largely independent before 1800’s - Europeans began trading with the Africans in the 1400’s
Colony Colony - A country or territory governed internally by a foreign power
- Somaliland was a French Colony
Protectorate - A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power
- Niger River Delta was a British Protectorate
Sphere of Influence Sphere of Influence - An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
- Liberia under the Sphere of Influence by America
Economic Imperialism
Indirect Control Indirect Control - Reliance upon existing political leaders
- Those leaders ruled by authority of the Colonial power and with their laws
Direct Control - Colonies were unable to handle the complexities of government
- Paternalism – Provided for peoples needs, but did not give them rights
- Assimilation – Populations would become like the colonial culture by only learning that culture
During the 1800’s European “explorers” ventured into the heart of Africa During the 1800’s European “explorers” ventured into the heart of Africa - Their reports sparked interest in the nations
- European rulers wanted the resources there
King Leopold of Belgium claimed the Congo for Belgium - Said it was to introduce Christianity and end slavery
Other European nations wanted access to Africa and began claiming land
Europeans believed they were superior to people in other nations Europeans believed they were superior to people in other nations - Racism – the belief that one race is superior to another
- Social Darwinism – the false belief that races advanced due to genetics benefits
Missionaries encouraged colonization - Convert more people to Christianity
European countries were able to manage a large empire because European countries were able to manage a large empire because - Superior weaponry
- The steamboat allowed for fast transport to and from the colonies
- Development of Quinine – cure for malaria
1885 – 14 European countries meet to divide Africa 1885 – 14 European countries meet to divide Africa Berlin Conference – set rules for colonies in Africa - Divided Africa
- No African representation at the conference
- Borders drawn based on European desires and resources
- No care given to who lives in a place at a time
Many Europeans believed that Africans would purchase goods made from African materials Many Europeans believed that Africans would purchase goods made from African materials Europe still wanted to resources from Africa - Used previously mentioned justification for continuation of colonies
The Dutch had settled in South Afrcia - Known as Boers
- Took land and established huge farms
- The British took over South Africa, the Boers disagreed with British policies
- When Gold and diamonds were found in South Africa many came to make their fortune
- Boers attempted to keep them out
- When this failed, they blamed the British
Boers launched a war against the British Boers launched a war against the British - Commando raids & guerrilla tactics by Boers
- British burnt Boer farms and put women and children into disease filled concentration camps
- Black South Africans fought mainly for the Boers, captured and put into camps
The British eventually won - Joined with the Boers in forming the Republic of South Africa
French had been involved in Southeast Asia since the 1600’s French had been involved in Southeast Asia since the 1600’s - Helped the Nguyen dynasty come to power
- In the 1840’s an anti-Christian emperor had French missionaries killed
- The French used that as an excuse to invade and conquer Vietnam
- Added Laos and Cambodia
- Called French Indochina
French used Direct Rule French used Direct Rule - Key positions in government were filled by Frenchmen
- Increased rice production
Infrastructure improved - Railroads, roads, harbors, communication
- Mostly benefitted the French
- However education and health for natives improved also
Migration from all of Asia occurred - Has led to religious and ethnic difficulties to today
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