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Martin luther wild Boar
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tarix | 22.10.2018 | ölçüsü | 1,68 Mb. | | #75613 |
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MARTIN LUTHER Wild Boar In the Vineyard
Martin Luther’s Youth Born November 10, 1483 Hans was common servant; worked in copper mine; rose to ownership of mines & smelter Hans was driven to succeed; driven to be sure that Martin succeeded as well Martin went to University of Erfurt to study law
Martin Luther’s Entrance into Monastery Caught in a thunderstorm at age 21, he cried: “Help me, St. Anne! I will become a monk!” Entered Augustinian Monastery, 1505 – much to his father’s dismay Ordained a priest Studied theology in preparation for teaching
Martin Luther’s Confession Tormented by sensitivity to sin nature - Extreme asceticism: prayer, fasts, sleep deprivation, cold, whipping himself
- Constantly in confession
- Luther: “If ever a monk got to heaven by his monkery, I was that monk!”
Martin Luther’s Trip to Rome Abbot Staupitz sent Luther on pilgrimage to Rome - Luther visited holiest places; crawled up Pilate’s staircase
- Luther observed priests & bishops acting immorally & abusing their power
- Luther: “I went with onions & returned with garlic”
Martin Luther’s Discovery Next Staupitz sent Luther to Wittenberg as theology professor 1515, great discovery: Rom. 1:17 - Gospel is revelation of justice of God
- To Luther, justice of God was unbearable; yet, Gospel linked to God’s justice
- Justice does not refer to punishment of sinners; righteousness is given to those who live by faith
- Justification is the free gift of God to sinners: righteousness is imputed by God who justifies humans by their faith in Jesus Christ
Controversy over Indulgences Leo X sold archbishopric of Mainz to Albert of Brandenburg to raise money to build St. Peter’s Albert hired John Tetzel to sell indulgences Tetzel: “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs”
95 Theses 95 Theses written against the sale of indulgences Nailed to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517 95 Theses translated, printed, & distributed throughout Germany within 2 weeks
Selections from 95 Theses 32. Those who suppose that on account of their letters of indulgence they are sure of salvation will be eternally damned along with their teachers. 36. Every Christian who truly repents has plenary (full) forgiveness both of punishment and guilt bestowed upon him, even without letters of indulgence. 37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has a share in all the benefits of Christ and the Church, for God has granted him these, even without letters of indulgence.
Selections from 95 Theses 81. This shameless preaching of pardons makes it hard even for learned men to defend the pope’s honor against calumny or to answer the indubitably shrewd questions of the laity. 82. For example: “Why does not the pope empty purgatory for the sake of holy love . . . For after all, he does release countless souls for the sake of sordid money contributed for the building of a cathedral? . . .”
4 Attempts to Silence Luther Heidelberg Disputation (May 1518) - Luther was put on trial before Augustinian General Council
- Introduced “Theology of the Cross”:
- Centrality of Cross
- Only Jesus can forgive sins
- Be willing to become nothing for God’s glory
- Attacked scholastic theology, which he called “Theology of Glory” – those who hate the cross & love works in order to obtain earthly glory
- Martin Bucer attended & was persuaded
4 Attempts to Silence Luther Leo X offered Luther position of Cardinal if he would be silent
4 Attempts to Silence Luther Cardinal Cajetan, Dominican papal legate, was sent to stifle Luther Luther presented written arguments - Pope was not infallible
- Authority of council was superior to pope
- Sacraments apart from faith cannot save
- Justification by faith was scriptural
- Appealed to Bible as supreme authority
Cajetan published order for Luther’s arrest
4 Attempts to Silence Luther Leipzig Disputation (July 1519) - John Maier of Eck vs. Luther
- Luther bested Eck through citation of Scripture by memory to prove that Christ, not pope, is head of church
- Eck accused Luther of being “Saxon Huss”
- At first Luther denied charge; during intermission, he researched Huss; came back to say: “We are all Hussites if we believe the Bible to be true”
- Luther’s affirmation of Huss, convicted heretic, was dangerous admission
4 Attempts to Silence Luther Why was Luther not killed in order to silence him? He was protected by Frederick the Wise, who was able to manipulate pope & emperor
Three Treatises of 1520 An Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation - Attacked Three Walls pope erected around Scripture
- Spiritual power of pope is above temporal powers of magistrates (preventing magistrates from instituting reform)
- Interpretation of Scripture belongs only to pope
- Only pope can call council
- Insisted on “priesthood of believer”
Three Treatises of 1520 The Babylonian Captivity of the Church - Attacked sacramental system
- Affirmed 3 sacraments: baptism, Eucharist & penance (later affirmed only first 2)
- Denied transubstantiation but affirmed real presence (consubstantiation)
- Mass was not sacrifice but testament
- Faith is real element that gives value to sacraments
Three Treatises of 1520 The Freedom of a Christian - Exposition of relationship between faith & works
- Devotional work that shows that new person in Christ lives not to himself/ herself, but in Christ & for neighbor
- Emphasized priesthood of believer
Papal Bull of Excommunication 1520, Luther was threatened by papal bull: “Arise, O Lord, a wild boar is loose in the vineyard” Luther burned papal document plus entire canon law
Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521) - Charles V, HRE & king of Spain: “Surely one individual could not call into doubt the tradition of the entire church?”
- Luther was ordered to recant his books
Wartburg Castle Edict of Worms condemned Luther as civil criminal; 21 days “safe conduct” but pre-dated May 6 Kidnapped on the way home - Surrounded by hooded men
- Taken to Wartburg Castle by order of Frederick the Wise for safety
Knight George
German Bible New Testament: translated in 11 weeks Old Testament & entire Bible in 1534 Significance of the German Bible - Prompted Bible study & spread of Reformation
- Popularized vernacular in other languages
- Beginning of increased production of Bibles
- Improved literacy
- Unified German language: Luther = “Father of Modern German Language”
4 Incidents that Limited Luther’s Reformation Andreas Bodenstein “Karlstadt” (1480-1541) - Led reform in Luther’s absence
- Celebrated radical mass on Christmas 1521
- Instigated iconoclastic riots & removed images from churches
4 Incidents that Limited Luther’s Reformation Andreas Bodenstein “Karlstadt” (1480-1541) - People were nerve-shattered by radical mass & iconoclastic riots
- Luther returned to Wittenberg
- Karlstadt was expelled from Saxony
4 Incidents that Limited Luther’s Reformation Zwickau Prophets - Lay movement of men studying Scripture in Zwickau, Saxony
- Tenets:
- Questioned infant baptism
- Emphasized immediate inspiration over biblical revelation (Spiritualistic Reformation)
- Influenced by Taborites (militant Bohemian Hussites) with revolutionary eschatology
- Arrived in Wittenberg just after Christmas 1521
- Supported by Karlstadt
- Luther discerned their spirit to be “of the devil” & expelled them
4 Incidents that Limited Luther’s Reformation Thomas Müntzer (1489-1525) - Follower of Zwickau Prophets
- Became critical of Luther, when Luther did not go far enough with Reformation
- Advocated revolutionary means to obtain social justice
4 Incidents that Limited Luther’s Reformation Peasants’ Revolt - Peasants discontent over economic suppression
- Luther’s Freedom of a Christian taught priesthood of believer, interpreted as egalitarian society
- Müntzer incited peasants against authorities & asked Wittenberg for help; Luther refused
- 1525, Catholic & Lutheran forces defeated peasants, beheaded Müntzer
4 Incidents that Limited Luther’s Reformation Peasants’ Revolt - Luther’s Reaction:
- First, pled for princes to deal mercifully with peasants
- Then, wrote Against the Robbing & Marauding Hordes of Peasants: “Smite, stab, slay the peasants!”
- Divorced himself from peasants in order not to impugn Reformation
- But lost faith in common people & weakened his base of support from them
Wittenberg After his return to Wittenberg, he continued work of Reformation & established Lutheran Church Wrote commentaries on every book except Revelation Wrote Large & Small Catechisms Wrote hymns (“Mighty Fortress Is Our God”)
Debate with Erasmus Erasmus desired moral reform of Catholic Church & helped pave way for Reformation, but was unwilling to break from Catholic Church Compared to Augustinianism of Luther, Erasmus’ theology was tinged with Pelagianism Luther’s The Bondage of the Will (1525) vs. Erasmus’ On Free Will (1524) - Salvation by grace alone not by an act of the will (using sacraments and doing works).
- Predestination: The hidden and revealed wills of God.
- God produces a passive disposition, not a free will.
A Monk Re-Invents Family Life Marriage to Katherine von Bora (Martin was 41) - Established model for Protestant Parsonage
- Parents of 6 children
Frederick the Wise gave them Luther’s former Augustinian cloister as a wedding present; Katie remodeled it as hotel for income
Luther’s Wit & Wisdom on Marriage There’s a lot to get used to in the first year of marriage. One wakes up in the morning and finds a pair of pigtails on the pillow that were not there before. If I should ever marry again, I would hew myself an obedient wife out of stone. In domestic affairs I defer to Katie. Otherwise, I am led by the Holy Spirit. According to one story, Luther locked himself in his study for 3 days, until Katie took the door off the hinges.
Protestants vs. Catholics First Diet of Speyer (1526) - New policy: Cujus regio, eius religio (“whose region, his religion”); ruler’s personal religion dictates his subjects’ religion
- Within 3 years, most of N. Germany became Lutheran: state church
Second Diet of Speyer (1529) - Roman Catholics free in Lutheran territories; Lutherans not free in Roman Catholic territories
- Lutheran princes wrote Protestations; hence, “Protestant Reformation”
Protestants vs. Catholics Marbourg Colloquy (1529) - Philip of Hesse wanted to unify all Protestants
- Arranged meeting between Luther & Zwingli to unite German & Swiss Protestants
- Major doctrinal difference was over Lord’s Supper
- Luther – real presence; Zwingli – memorial
- Luther wrote Hoc est meum corpum on table & would not budge
- Agreement & alliance could not be achieved
Protestants vs. Catholics Diet of Augsburg (1530) - Charles V needed unity against Turkish threat & attempted reconciliation of Protestants & Catholics
- Luther could not attend because Edict of Worms was still in effect
Protestants vs. Catholics Diet of Augsburg (1530) - Melanchthon & Luther composed Augsburg Confession
- Justification by faith
- Faith not just mental assent
- New life in Christ produces good works by God’s grace, not good deeds of merit for salvation
- German princes signed; RCC gave one year to recant
- But war with Turks occupied HRE for 16 yrs.
Martin Luther’s Death 1546, Luther died: “When I die, I’m going to come back as a ghost & haunt the popes & his bishops. They’ll have far more trouble with the dead Luther than they ever had with the live one.”
Martin Luther’s Successor Philip Melanchthon was named successor Real name: Schwarzerd, “Black Earth”, Greek: melan chthon Attended Marbourg Colloquy; co-authored Augsburg Confession
Martin Luther’s Legacy Salvation: justification by grace through faith Lord’s Supper: consubstantiation – Christ’s presence with the elements Infant baptism Priesthood of the believer Union of church & state – to retain support of German princes Anti-semitism
Martin Luther’s Legacy Principles of Reformation Sola Scriptura Sola Fide Sola Gratia Sola Christus
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