Two Years Eligibility: Bachelor’s degree in Pharmacy with

Unit 1 12 hours

Interactions in drug molecules; Chirality and drug action; Covalent, ion-dipole, hydrogen bonding, C-H hydrogen bonding, dihydrogen bonding, van der waals interactions and the associated energies, Receptor & biological response, Drug-receptor interactions, receptor theories and drug action, Occupancy theory, rate theory, induced fit theory, macromolecular perturbation theory, activation-aggregation theory. Topological and stereochemical consideration.

Theoretical Aspects of Drug Action: Drug distribution, Active transport, Passive transport, The Ferguson Principal Physicochemical Parameters and Pharmacological Activity-Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Surface Activity, pKa, Ionisation, Stereochemical Factors, Bio-isosterism.

Unit 2 12 hours

Enzyme kinetics in drug action: Mechanisms of enzyme catalysis, Electrostatic catalysis and desolvation, Covalent catalysis, acid-base catalysis, strain / distortion in enzyme catalysis, Coenzyme catalysis, Theories of enzyme inhibition and inactivation, Enzyme activation of drugs-prodrugs.

Drug metabolism: Metabolic Processes- Phase-I (Oxidation, Reduction & Hydrolysis) and Phase-II (Glucuronide Conjugation, Acetylation, Methylation, Sulphate Conjugation, Conjugation with amino acids and Mercapturic acid formation), Routes of Elimination, Factors Affecting Metabolism–Genetic Factors, Physiological Factors, Pharmaceutical Factors, Drug Interactions.

Unit 3 14 hours

Discovery of Lead molecules and Drug Design: Natural products as lead structures in drug discovery. Structure pruning technique in lead modification e.g. morphine. Discovery of lead structure from natural harmones or neurotransmitters. Serendipitious discovery of leads e.g. Penicillin and Librium. Existing drugs as leads. Molecular graphics based lead discovery. Principles of design of agonists (e.g. Salbutamol), antagonists e.g. Cimitidine) and enzyme inhibitors (e.g. Captopril). Principles of prodrug design.

Unit 4 14 hours

Lead modification, SAR studies: Lead modification strategies: Bioisosterism, variation of alkyl substituents, chain homologation and branching, variation of aromatic substituents, extension of structure, ring expansion or contraction, ring variation, variation and position of hetero atoms, ring fusion, simplification of the lead, rigidification of lead. Discovery of oxaminquine, salbutamol, cimitidine and captopril. Structure-Activity Relationship studies in sulfa drugs, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and taxol analogs.

Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) studies: Introduction to Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) studies. 2-D QSAR, QSAR parameters. 3-D QSAR, CoMFA and CoMSIA. Receptor based 3-D QSAR, molecular docking.

Unit 5 20 hours

Combinatorial synthesis and chiral drugs: Introduction, Combinatorial approach. Combinatorial library, Solid phase synthesis, requirements, resins, linkers. Parallel synthesis. Haughton’s tea bag procedure, Automated parallel synthesis, Mix and Split combinatorial synthesis, Structure determination of active compounds, Synthesis of heterocyclic combinatorial libraries, Analytical characterization of synthetic organic libraries, High throughput screening Introduction to chiral drugs, Eutomer, distomer and eudesmic ratio. Pfeiffer’s rule, Three point contact model. Synthesis of (S) naproxen, (S) propranolol, (S,S,S)-enalapril, (2S ,3 S)- diltiazem, indinavir sulfate.

Suggested Readings:

1. 
   Ellis, G.P., West, G. B. (1983). Progress in Medicinal Chemistry Series. Elsevier Science.
   
2. 
   Foye, W.O.; Lemke, T. L.; Williams, D. A. (1995). Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Indian Ed. Waverly, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
   
3. 
   Ganellin, C.R.; Roberts S. M., (1993). Medicinal Chemistry: The Role of Organic Chemistry in Drug Research. Publisher: Academics Press Inc.
   
4. 
   Kadam, Mahadik, Bothara (2010). Principle of Medicinal Chemistry (Volume I & II ), Nirali publication
   
5. 
   Kulkarni, V. M., Bothra, K.G., (2008). Drug Design, Nirali Publication.
   
6. 
   Lawton, G., Witty, D.R. (2011). Progress in Medicinal Chemistry Series. Volume 50.
   
7. 
   Lednicer D., Laster A. M. (1998). The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis (3 Volumes) John Wiley & Sons.
   
8. 
   Lednicer, D. (2008). Strategies for Organic Drug Synthesis and Design Publisher: John Wiley & Sons.
   
9. 
   Lemke, T.L., Williams, D.A. (2009). Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry.
   
10. 
    Silverman R.B., (2004). Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, Publisher: Elsevier.
    
11. 
    Wilson, C.O.; Block, J.H.; Gisvold, O.; Beale, J. M. Wilson and Gisvold’s (2003) Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Lippincott Willaiams & Wikins.
    

Course Tile: Organic Synthesis-II-Practical		L	T	P	Credits	Marks
Paper Code: PMC.514		-	-	4	2	50

1. 
   Separation and purification of organic compounds by column chromatography: Separation of mixture of ortho and para nitroaniline. The column chromatography should be monitored by TLC.
   

2. 
   Purification of mixtures of amino acids by paper chromatography.
   

3. 
   Multi-Step Synthesis of Organic Compounds: The exercise should illustrate the use of organic reagents and may involve purification of the products by chromatographic techniques. (Any five)
   

1. 
   Synthesis of isoxazole derivatives via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition.
   
2. 
   Synthesis of pyrazole derivatives from chalcones.
   
3. 
   Synthesis of an antihypertensive drug-propranolol via epoxide ring opening reaction.
   
4. 
   Synthesis of Diltiazem (a calcium channel blocker) via Darzen condensation, a key step in its synthesis.
   
5. 
   Protection and deprotection of alcohols and amines.
   
6. 
   Preparation of Triphenyl Carbinol from Bromobenzene (Grignard’s reaction)
   
7. 
   Preparation of Paracetomol and its characterization
   
8. 
   Preparation of allylic alcohols via Baylis-Hillman reaction using DABCO as a catalyst under neat condition and their characterization through various spectroscopic techniques.
   
9. 
   Preparation of homoallyl alcoholcs via Barbier type reaction under aqueous condition using Indium as a catalyst.
   
10. 
    Suzuki reaction of 3,4-dimethoxy phenyl boronic acid with aryl halides using Pd(PPh₃)₄ as a catalyst.
    

Suggested Readings:

1. 
   Adams,R.; Johnson, J.R.; Wilcox, C.F. (1970). Laboratory Experiments in Organic Chemistry, The Macmilan Limited, London.
   
2. 
   Mann and Saunders. (2009). Practical organic chemistry, Pearson.
   
3. 
   Pasto, D.P., Johnson, C., Miller, M. (2010). Experiments and Techniques in Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.
   
4. 
   Roberts, R.M.; Gilbert, J.C.; Rodewald, L.B.; Wingrove, A.S. (1969). An introduction to Modern Experimental Organic Chemistry, Ranehart and Winston Inc., New York.
   
5. 
   Vogel, A.I. (1996). Text book of practical organic chemistry, Pearson
   
6. 
   Williamson, K.L., Health, D.C. (1999). Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments, Heath, D.C and Co., Lexington, MA.
   

Course Tile: Isolation of Medicinal Compounds and Molecular Modeling-Practical		L	T	P	Credits	Marks
Paper Code: PMC.515		-	-	4	2	50

1. Extraction of organic compounds from natural sources. (Any five)

1. 
   Isolation of caffeine from tea leaves.
   
2. 
   Isolation of benzoic acid from tea leaves.
   
3. 
   Isolation of casein from milk (the students are required to try some typical color reactions of proteins).
   
4. 
   Isolation of lactose from milk (purity of sugar should be checked by TLC).
   
5. 
   Isolation of nicotine dipicrate from tobacco.
   
6. 
   Isolation of cinchonine from cinchona bark.
   
7. 
   Isolation of piperine from black pepper.
   
8. 
   Isolation of lycopene from tomatoes.
   
9. 
   Isolation of β-carotene from carrots.
   
10. 
    Isolation of oleic acid from olive oil (involving the preparation of complex with urea and separation of linoleic acid).
    
11. 
    Isolation of eugenol from clove.
    

2. 
   To illustrate the topics included under theory.
   

Practical based on Molecular modeling. A sufficient training will be given through exercises using molecular modeling softwares like autodock, schrodinger, etc.

Suggested Readings:

1. 
   Clarke, H.T. (1975). A Handbook of Organic. Analysis Qualitative and Quantitative. Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd London.
   
2. 
   Vogel, A.I., Tatchell, A.R., Furnis, B.S., Hannaford, A.J., Smith, P.W.G. (1996). Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry. Prentice-Hall.
   

Course Tile: Seminar		L	T	P	Credits	Marks
Paper Code: PMC.516		-	-	4	2	50

Elective Courses

Course Tile: Chemistry of Natural Products		L	T	P	Credits	Marks
Paper Code: PMC.517		4	1	0	4	100

Unit 1 18 hours

Terpenoids and carotenoids: Classification, nomenclature, occurrence, isolation, general methods of structure determination, isoprene rule. Structure determination, stereochemistry, biosynthesis and synthesis of the following representative molecules: Geraniol, Menthol and β-Carotene.

Unit 2 18 hours

Alkaloids: Definition, nomenclature and physiological action, occurrence, isolation, general methods of structure elucidation, degradation, classification based on nitrogen heterocyclic ring, role of alkaloids in plants. Structure, stereochemistry, synthesis and biosynthesis of the following: Ephedrine , Nicotine and Morphine.

Unit 3 18 hours

Steroids: Occurrence, nomenclature, basic skeleton and stereochemistry, Structure determination and synthesis of cholesterol, partial synthesis of Testosterone, Progestrone, Biosynthesis of steroids.

Unit 4 9 hours

Plant pigments: Occurrence, nomenclature and general methods of structure determination. Isolation and synthesis of anthocyanins.

Porphyrins: Structure of haemoglobin.
Unit 5 9 hours

Glycosides: Occurrence, properties, classification, isolation, characterisation and chemical tests.

Suggested Readings:

1. 
   Bhat, S.V., Nagasampagi, B.A., Meenakshi, S. (2009). Natural Product Chemistry & Applications, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
   
2. 
   Bhat, S.V., Nagasampagi, B.A., Sivakumar, M. (2005), Chemistry of Natural Products. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
   
3. 
   Brahamchari, G. (2009). Natural Product: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. . Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
   
4. 
   Cseke, L.J. (2009). Natural Products from plants. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, 2^nd edition, US.
   
5. 
   Dewick, P.M. (2009). Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach. Willey & Sons, 3^nd edition, UK.
   
6. 
   Finar, I.L. (2006). Organic Chemistry: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of Natural Products. Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd., 6^th edition, India.
   
7. 
   Peterson, F., Amstutz, R. (2008). Natural Compounds as drugs. Birkhauser Verlay.
   
8. 
   Thomson, R.H. (2008). The Chemistry of Natural Products, Springer, 1^st edition.
   

Course Tile: Advance Medicinal Chemistry		L	T	P	Credits	Marks
Paper Code: PMC.518		4	1	0	4	100

Unit 1 16 hours

Antiviral Agents: DNA and RNA viruses, retroviruses, strategies to design anti-HIV drugs, viral replication, medicinally significant negative strand viruses, FDA-approved anti-viral agents for RNA-virus infections, development of new drugs (ZDV, 3TC, ABC, D4T, Diadanosine, Nevirapine, Delavinidine, Efavirenz), combination drug therapy.
Unit 2 18 hours

Psychopharmacological Agents: Antidepressant drugs, Antianxiety agents and Antipsychotic agents: Introduction, biochemical basis of mental disorders, treatment approaches, SAR of Phenothiazines, Tricyclic antidepressants and Benzodiazepines.
Unit 3 16 hours

Peptidomimetics: Recent advances in drug design. Prodrug concept for drug design, drug targeting and antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), soft drug design.
Unit 4 22 hours

Advances in medicinal chemistry of cardiovascular agents, antiarrhythimics, antianginal, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemics, FDA approved drugs, new molecules under clinical trials. Antidiabetics (latest advances and FDA approved drugs), Chemical contraceptives (latest advances and FDA approved drugs), Current scenario of drug discovery in National research laboratories and Indian Pharmaceutical Industry.
Suggested Readings:

1. 
   Delgado, J. N. and Remers W A, Ed. (2010). Wilson & Gisvold's Textbook of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.
   
2. 
   Foye, W. C. (2008). Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Publisher: Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
   
3. 
   King, F. D. (2006). Medicinal Chemistry Principles and Practice, Royale Society of Chemistry, Second Edition.
   
4. 
   Nogardy, T. and Weaver D F (2005). Medicinal Chemistry: A Molecular and Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, Third Edition.
   
5. 
   Patrick, G.L. (2009). An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, Publisher: I.K. International Pvt. Ltd.
   
6. 
   Singh, H., Kapoor, V.K. (Latest Edition). Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi.
   
7. 
   Smith, H.J. (2006). Introduction to the Principles of Drug Design and Action, Taylor and Francis, Fourth Edition.
   
8. 
   Wermuth, C.G. (2009). The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, Academic Press (Elsevier).
   
9. 
   Wolff, M E, Ed., (Latest Edition). Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery John Wiley and Sons, New York.
   

Course Tile: Green Chemistry		L	T	P	Credits	Marks
Paper Code: PMC.519		4	1	0	4	100

Unit 1 22 hours

Introduction to green chemistry: History, need and goals. Green chemistry and sustainability, dimensions of sustainability, limitations/obstacles in pursuit of the goals of green chemistry. Opportunities for the next generation of materials designers to create a safer future. Basic principles of green chemistry: Atom economy and scope, Prevention/Minimization of hazardous/toxic products, Designing safer chemicals, Selection of appropriate auxiliary substances (solvents, separation agents etc), use of renewable starting materials, Avoidance of unnecessary derivatization-careful use of blocking/protection groups. Use of catalytic reagents (wherever possible) in preference to stoichiometric reagents, Designing biodegradable products, Prevention of chemical accidents, Strengthening/development of analytical techniques to prevent and minimize the generation of hazardous substances in chemical processes. Development of accurate and reliable sensors and monitors for real time in process monitoring.

Unit 2 20 hours

Approaches to green synthesis: Basic principles of green synthesis. Different approaches to green synthesis, Use of green reagents in green synthesis: polymer supported reagents, polymer supported peptide coupling reagents. Green catalysts, Phase-transfer catalysts in green synthesis. Advantages of PTC, Reactions to green synthesis, Application of PTCs in C-alkylation, N-alkylalion, S-alkylation. Darzens reaction, Williamsons synthesis, Wittig reaction. Use of Crown ethers in esterification, saponification, anhydride formation, aromatic substitution and elimination reactions. Ionic liquids as green solvents.

Unit 3 18 hours

Microwave induced and ultrasound assisted green synthesis: Introduction to synthetic organic transformation under microwave (i) Microwave assisted reactions in water (ii) Microwave assisted reactions in organic solvents. (iii) Microwave solvent free reactions Ultrasound assisted reactions: Introduction, substitution reactions, addition, oxidation, reduction reactions. Biocatalysts in organic synthesis: Introduction, Biochemical oxidation and reductions.

Unit 4 12 hours

Organic synthesis in aqueous phase and in solid state: Aqueous reactions. Solid state reactions (i) Solid phase synthesis without using any solvent (ii) Solid supported synthesis.

Suggested Readings:

1. 
   Ahulwalia, V.K.; Kidwai M. (2004). New Trends in Green Chemistry, Springer
   
2. 
   Anastas, P.T.; Warner J. C. (2000). Green chemistry, Theory and Practical. Oxford University Press.
   
3. 
   Grieco, P.A. (1997). Organic Synthesis in Water. Publisher: Kluwer Academic.
   

Semester 3

Course Tile: Research Methodology		L	T	P	Credits	Marks
Paper Code: PMC.601		2	-	-	-	50