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The New Era: 1920s
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tarix | 18.07.2018 | ölçüsü | 9,09 Mb. | | #56228 |
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The New Era: 1920s The New Era: 1920s Republican politics: Harding, Coolidge, Hoover The Culture of Modernism: science, the arts, and entertainment Responses to Modernism: religious fundamentalism, nativism, and Prohibition The ongoing struggle for equality: African Americans and women The Great Depression and the New Deal Causes of the Great Depression The Hoover administration’s response Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal Labor and union recognition The New Deal coalition and its critics from the Right and the Left Surviving hard times: American society during the Great Depression
What changes occurred between 1918 and 1941 that affected Americans’ perceptions of race, class, gender, and ethnicity? What were the consequences of those changes? What changes occurred between 1918 and 1941 that affected Americans’ perceptions of race, class, gender, and ethnicity? What were the consequences of those changes? How did the Harlem Renaissance alter American perceptions of race? What was the impact of the Red Scare on American perceptions of ethnicity, and how were those perceptions manifested? To what degree did the Nineteenth Amendment expand the role of women in American society? What was the impact of World War I on Americans’ perceptions of race, ethnicity, class, and gender? Analyze the ways in which the Great Depression and the resulting New Deal affected class distinctions.
1st election in which women can vote 1st election in which women can vote Republicans (united again)-nominate Warren G. Harding (Ohio) & VP running mate Calvin Coolidge Platform: appealed to pro-League & anti-league Republicans (“would work for a league but not the League”) Advocated for a “RETURN TO NORMALCY” Democrats (met in San Francisco) nominated James M. Cox (Ohio) & Franklin Roosevelt as VP. Platform- pro-League of Nations Socialist Eugene V. Debs (imprisoned) garnered 919,000 votes
Return to "normalcy" Return to "normalcy" Government-business cooperation - “The business of government, is business”- Calvin Coolidge
- “The man who builds a factory, builds a temple; the man who works there worships there” Coolidge
Return to “isolation” –End Progressivism
Pre-WWI= US is a debtor nation Pre-WWI= US is a debtor nation Post-WWI= US is a creditor nation #1- industrial, technology, stronger federal government more isolationist??? ** Development of mass culture
** Birth of the Modern Era ** Birth of the Modern Era
Turned inward (isolationism) Turned inward (isolationism) Condemned “un-American” lifestyles; “radical ideas” Pro-business = higher tariffs Immigration restrictions Protestant work ethic Self-denial Frugality Fundamentalism- literal interpretation of Bible Cult of Domesticity Rural
America more “isolationist” America more “isolationist” Return of Big Business/Republicanism & High Tariffs more limits on immigration Rise of the KKK The Red Scare Modernism vs. Traditionalism (Fundamentalism)
Bolshevik Revolution in 1917- caused fear in the US Bolshevik Revolution in 1917- caused fear in the US Seattle General Strike (1919)- mayor called in troops- labor unions seen as dangerous & red. Red Scare- nationwide movement to root out left-wing radicals (communists). **The Palmer Raids Led by Attorney-General Mitchell Palmer 2 raids (Nov. 1919 & Jan. 1920) 6,000 people jailed (243 deported to USSR) 1919- Palmer’s house bombed 1920- Wall Street- bomb killed 38 & injured 100’s IWW members harassed Justice Department –creates General Intelligence Division to find radicals; headed by J. Edgar Hoover (later it becomes - THE FBI).
1919-1920- state legislatures passed criminal syndicalism laws (illegal to advocate for violent social change). 1919-1920- state legislatures passed criminal syndicalism laws (illegal to advocate for violent social change). IWW members prosecuted Conservative businessmen used red scare to break labor unions **Sacco-Vanzetti Case (1921)- demonstrated the anti-immigrant & anti-red sentiment in the US. 1927- Sacco & Vanzetti were executed
Membership grew during the 1920’s-hired PR experts to promote the Klan Membership grew during the 1920’s-hired PR experts to promote the Klan membership growth= South & Mid-West; 5 million members by 1925-26. Anti-everything- more a reaction against the diversity (new immigration) of the time period Potent Political Force- “Birth of a Nation” movie by D.W. Griffith (glorified the Klan) ;shown in the Whitehouse by Wilson. ** Example of conflict between tradition & modernism Klan membership declined by end of the decade due to embezzlement scandal.
After WWI- more immigrants came to the US from Southern & Eastern Europe. After WWI- more immigrants came to the US from Southern & Eastern Europe. 1900-1921- 17 million to the US (largest in human history) Melting pot (assimilation) vs. Salad Bowl (pluralism) Emergency Quota Act (1921)- limited immigration to 3% of those living in US in 1910 Favorable to new immigrants Immigration Act of 1924- lowered the limit to 2% of those living in the US according to the 1890 census (why the change?) closed the door to Japanese immigrants exempted Latin Americans & Canadians
3. Immigration Act 1929- limits total # to 150,000 per year= national origin quota system abolished. 3. Immigration Act 1929- limits total # to 150,000 per year= national origin quota system abolished. Lasted until 1965= increased to 170,000 & exempted spouses, children, parents, people from communist countries.
1920- used as quota base (Quota total= 152,574 1920- used as quota base (Quota total= 152,574 By 1931- more foreigners left the US than were coming here Patchwork of ethnic communities isolated from each other & larger society by language, custom Hurt efforts to organize labor unions= employers used ethnic differences to divide & conquer. “Cultural Pluralists”- argued that the “melting pot” did not eliminate differences Horace Kallen- newcomers should practice ancestral customs-preservation of identity. Randolph Bourne- advocated cross-fertilization among immigrants= “cosmopolitan interchange”
18th Amendment (1919) made alcohol illegal. 18th Amendment (1919) made alcohol illegal. *Volstead Act (1919)- enabled the Federal government to enforce prohibition (expanded police powers of the US). Popular in South & Mid- West Unpopular in larger cities of the East Weaknesses & Effects Federal Agencies = Understaffed & underpaid People blatantly broke the law- “speakeasies” 1930- crime syndicates took in $12 to $18 billion Led to organized crime in NYC, Chicago, etc. = bribery of police, gang wars, gambling, prostitution- gangster Al Capone. Positives: saving increased, absenteeism decreased
Tradition vs. Modernism Tradition vs. Modernism School Reform 1920-25% of Americans finished High School John Dewey- professor at Columbia University, advocated “learn by doing” & “education for life” Science Public Health Programs- virtually wiped out hookworm in the South Better nutrient & healthcare= life expectancy increased to 59 years old (1901= 50).
* believed in a literal interpretation of the Bible * believed in a literal interpretation of the Bible Successes: limiting immigration, deporting communists, Prohibition, attack the teaching of Darwinism. Several states in the South passed laws which forbade the teaching of evolution. The ***“Scopes Monkey Trial”- teacher arrested in Tenn. for teaching evolution; famous trial. William Jennings Bryan- led the prosecution Clarence Darrow led the Defense team Darrow cross-examines Bryan-confuses him Scopes loses & is fined $100 Effect- shows Southern & Mid-west conservatism (rural vs. city), laws against teaching evolution existed until 1960’s. Law in Tenn. Until 1967
Economy boomed in 1919– slight recession in 1920-21--- boomed 1922-29. Economy boomed in 1919– slight recession in 1920-21--- boomed 1922-29. Sec. of Treasury Andrew Mellon- worked for all presidents of the 1920’s. Mellon’s tax policies- reduced debt, decreased taxes= prosperity= “trickle down” theory (supply- side economics) High Tariffs= protectionism New Technology - growth of the airline industry, automobile, electricity generation, radio, movies.
Creating a desire for “newer, best, improved” Creating a desire for “newer, best, improved” Electricity- Edison (Westinghouse) –company provided electric services for cities etc. Advertising- as businesses mastered mass production– turned to advertising to lure consumers to products. used sex, suggestion & other ploys to lure consumers Sports as Big Business- workers have more leisure time Baseball- Babe Ruth Boxing- Jack Dempsey Consumer Credit- consumers bought items on credit like radios & cars
1890’s- Henry Ford, Ransom Olds & others were developing their own version of the auto 1890’s- Henry Ford, Ransom Olds & others were developing their own version of the auto 1913- Ford installed 1st moving assembly line= auto every 93 minutes. 1925- car every 10 seconds= lowers price as well. 1908- Model T- sold for $850; 1914= $490 Spawned other industries Detroit car industry capital
New industries spring up when the car industry takes off New industries spring up when the car industry takes off “Taylors” Frederick Taylor – “Father of Scientific Management” 1914- Ford raised worker’s pay to $5 a day & reduced workday to 8 hours (worker loyalty & under cut unions). 1929- 26 million cars registered in the US US Economy is booming in the 1920’s = materialism, consumerism, & debt also.
Auto industry employed 6 million people directly or indirectly by 1930. Auto industry employed 6 million people directly or indirectly by 1930. Petroleum Industry- grew (California, Texas, Oklahoma) Railroad Industry- began to decline Marketing of fresh fruits= eastern cities= prosperity for some farms. Social Change: autos changed us; Badge of freedom & equality Women free from dependence on men Isolation of rural life broken down Freedom from parents= greater mischief for youth Autobuses= consolidation of schools & churches More auto related injuries & deaths (1 million by 1951)
Dec. 17, 1903- Orville & Wilbur Wright flew first gas powered plane at Kitty Hawk, NC Dec. 17, 1903- Orville & Wilbur Wright flew first gas powered plane at Kitty Hawk, NC 1914-1918- Planes used during WWI Private companies operated commercial air mail service- subsidized by the US after World War I 1ST Transcontinental airmail route from NY to San Francisco (1920) 1927- *Charles Lindberg flew The Spirit of St. Louis from NY to Paris (1st solo transatlantic flight) 33 hours/39 minutes 1930’s & 1940’s- travel on commercial planes safer than autos Change- increases tempo of life, lethal weapon of war, hurt ailing RR industry, shrinking of the world – AIR LINE INDUSTRY EMERGES
1890’s Guglielmo Marconi- invented wireless telegraphy-- RADIO (used during WWI) 1890’s Guglielmo Marconi- invented wireless telegraphy-- RADIO (used during WWI) 1920- KDKA broadcast Harding’s election victory (1st public broadcast in the US) 1920’s tech allowed long range broadcasts possible 1920’s commercial broadcast companies appear (CBS, NBC, ABC) “Commercials”- BY SOAP Co’s = Soap Operas Radio shows (Amos n’ Andy), sports, Politicians changed the way they addressed citizens, brought news & music to living rooms of average Americans= standardize language & culture
1890’s- Thomas Edison perfects the movie camera 1890’s- Thomas Edison perfects the movie camera 1st used at naughty peep shows 1903- The Great Train Robbery (5 cent theaters called “nickelodeons”)- 1st full length story on screen 1915- Birth of a Nation (W.D. Griffith) movie glorified the Klan. Hollywood, California became the movie capital 1st movies included nudity= calls for self censorship Movies used during WWI as propaganda 1927- The Jazz Singer- 1st talking movie (starred-Al Jolson) Change- movies & radio criticized by traditionalists, broke down cultural barriers (standardized tastes).
**1920- more Americans live in cities than rural areas (1st time in US history). **1920- more Americans live in cities than rural areas (1st time in US history). a. Women Women found opportunities in cities (“women’s work”) Margaret Sanger- championed birth control 1923 Alice Paul- called for Equal Rights Amendment (7 decades push) b. Churches- modernist infiltrated churches “God is a good guy” c. Advertisers – used sex to sell products d. “Sex O'clock in America”- seen in advertising, hemlines going up- “necking” & “pecking”, dancing to jazz Dr. Sigmund Freud- don’t repress your sexuality. “flapper” epitomized the new independent woman
1900- 1920- “Jim Crow’ expanded 1900- 1920- “Jim Crow’ expanded **The Great Migration (during WWI)-1915-1930 over 1.5 million African-Americans migrate to northern & west cities from the South. Growth in Chicago, Detroit) – cultural center=Harlem 25 cities= race riots **The Harlem Renaissance- a flourishing era of African-Americans in the arts- expressed pride in their culture Harlem, NY- largest black community (100,000 strong) Key Renaissance writers: Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Zora Neale Hurston (There Eyes Were Watching God). Music- Blues/Jazz (Louis Armstrong, “Duke” Ellington, “Jelly Roll” Morton)
Raised in the Mid-west; arrived in NY in 1921. Raised in the Mid-west; arrived in NY in 1921. “Poet Laureate of Harlem” What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore-- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over-- like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode?
I've known rivers: I've known rivers: I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset. I've known rivers: Ancient, dusky rivers. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. By Langston Hughes
Progressive Era- blacks began to help themselves--- Progressive Era- blacks began to help themselves--- Niagara Movement (1905) NAACP est. 1910 National Urban League 1920’s “Black is beautiful”- arts, music, mass marketing of products.
U.N.I.A. (United Negro Improvement Association) founded by Marcus Garvey. U.N.I.A. (United Negro Improvement Association) founded by Marcus Garvey. emphasized black pride, self-reliance, black nationalism, black separatism Black economic development- keep money in the pockets of blacks. Black Star Line- business owned by UNIA to resettle blacks. Garvey convicted of mail fraud- 1927 he was pardoned & deported to Jamaica ** Significance- laid the groundwork for black nationalism (Black Muslim) of the 1960’s (Malcolm X)
Centered in NY City Centered in NY City William Glackens (1870-1938), Robert Henri (1865-1929), George Luks (1867-1933), Everett Shinn (1876-1953) and John French Sloan (1871-1951). They had met studying together under Thomas Pollock Anshutz Featured **“social realism” Economic poverty Social injustice Protest against government & establishment hypocrisy, bias, indifference
Disillusioned with American society in the 1920’s Disillusioned with American society in the 1920’s criticized middle-class materialism & conformity American Mercury (H.L. Mencken magazine) featured many “lost generation” writers; published 1924-1981. Key Writers: F. Scott Fitzgerald – The Great Gatsby; The Other Side OF Paradise (Bible for the young- “all gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths shaken in mankind”) Sinclair Lewis- Babbitt- criticized middle-class conformity; Main Street- Ernest Hemingway- WWI vet; disillusioned with war A Farewell to Arms (1929), The Sun Also Rises(1926) 4. William Faulkner- The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying (Southern setting & characters)
Poets Poets T.S. Elliot & Ezra Pound – two ex-patriots living in Europe after WWI- sick of US materialism EE Cummings- peculiar typesetting & diction in poetry Robert Frost- born in San Francisco- moved to New England & wrote about life there. Playwrights Eugene O’Neil – 12 plays in the 1920’s; won Nobel Prize Greenwich Village (NY) CENTER of art world in the 1920’s
Frank Lloyd Wright- possibly the greatest American architect; developed unique American designs-not reliant on traditional Greek & Roman styles. Frank Lloyd Wright- possibly the greatest American architect; developed unique American designs-not reliant on traditional Greek & Roman styles. a break from “form follows function”
In the1920’s several hundred banks failed- no one really noticed because of general prosperity In the1920’s several hundred banks failed- no one really noticed because of general prosperity Lots of speculation in real estate- Florida swampland sold for big $- overpriced!!! Stock Buying & Over Speculation on Wall Street “Buying on Margin”- average person could buy stock by paying only 10% down & financing 90% on credit. ** Trouble- works during economic good times but… 2. US national debt went up TO ALMOST $24 Billion by 1921.
3. Andrew Mellon - “trickle down” economics shifted too much of the tax burden onto middle class. 3. Andrew Mellon - “trickle down” economics shifted too much of the tax burden onto middle class. 1921- income of $1 million /paid $663,000 in taxes 1926- income of $1 million/paid $200,000 in taxes Mellon did reduce the debt- but may have encouraged the bull market 4. The Federal Reserve – kept interest rates low= encouraged people to borrow money (increased stock buying & consumer spending)
Freud Freud Human development is best understood as changing objects of sexual desire Wishes are repressed and emerge from the subconscious in “accidental” bursts – Freudian slips. Neuroses are caused by repressed memories and unconscious conflicts. ID, Ego and Super Ego.
Divided into two groups based on different interpretations of Freud and Jung – the Automatists and the Veristic Surrealists. Divided into two groups based on different interpretations of Freud and Jung – the Automatists and the Veristic Surrealists. Automatists - suppress conscious in order to free the subconscious, inspired by more “Dadaist” ideals, shouldn’t be overly analyzed. Veristic Surrealists - follow the images of the subconscious so they can be interpreted; art is a way to freeze ideas of the subconscious.
Lead by Andre Brenton, a French doctor who had served in the trenches during WWI. Lead by Andre Brenton, a French doctor who had served in the trenches during WWI. Subject matter was varied: – some pieces show a complete dislocation from any sort of literal “reality” (for example, Max Ernst’s works) -- other pieces show “normal” situations with a spark of absurdity (for example, Rene Magritte's works.) Bright colors among sometimes dull backgrounds.
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