The New Era: 1920s



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The New Era: 1920s

  • The New Era: 1920s

  • The business of America and the consumer economy

  • Republican politics: Harding, Coolidge, Hoover

  • The Culture of Modernism: science, the arts, and entertainment

  • Responses to Modernism: religious fundamentalism, nativism, and Prohibition

  • The ongoing struggle for equality: African Americans and women

  • The Great Depression and the New Deal

  • Causes of the Great Depression

  • The Hoover administration’s response

  • Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal

  • Labor and union recognition

  • The New Deal coalition and its critics from the Right and the Left

  • Surviving hard times: American society during the Great Depression


What changes occurred between 1918 and 1941 that affected Americans’ perceptions of race, class, gender, and ethnicity? What were the consequences of those changes?

  • What changes occurred between 1918 and 1941 that affected Americans’ perceptions of race, class, gender, and ethnicity? What were the consequences of those changes?

  • How did the Harlem Renaissance alter American perceptions of race?

  • What was the impact of the Red Scare on American perceptions of ethnicity, and how were those perceptions manifested?

  • To what degree did the Nineteenth Amendment expand the role of women in American society?

  • What was the impact of World War I on Americans’ perceptions of race, ethnicity, class, and gender?

  • Analyze the ways in which the Great Depression and the resulting New Deal affected class distinctions.





1st election in which women can vote

  • 1st election in which women can vote

  • Republicans (united again)-nominate Warren G. Harding (Ohio) & VP running mate Calvin Coolidge

  • Platform: appealed to pro-League & anti-league Republicans (“would work for a league but not the League”)

  • Advocated for a “RETURN TO NORMALCY

  • Democrats (met in San Francisco) nominated James M. Cox (Ohio) & Franklin Roosevelt as VP.

  • Platform- pro-League of Nations

  • Socialist Eugene V. Debs (imprisoned) garnered 919,000 votes









Return to "normalcy"

  • Return to "normalcy"

  • Government-business cooperation

    • “The business of government, is business”- Calvin Coolidge
    • “The man who builds a factory, builds a temple; the man who works there worships there” Coolidge
  • Return to “isolation” –End Progressivism





Pre-WWI= US is a debtor nation

  • Pre-WWI= US is a debtor nation

  • Post-WWI= US is a creditor nation

  • #1- industrial, technology, stronger federal government

  • more isolationist???

  • ** Development of mass culture





** Birth of the Modern Era

  • ** Birth of the Modern Era



Turned inward (isolationism)

  • Turned inward (isolationism)

  • Condemned “un-American” lifestyles; “radical ideas”

  • Pro-business = higher tariffs

  • Immigration restrictions

  • Protestant work ethic

  • Self-denial

  • Frugality

  • Fundamentalism- literal interpretation of Bible

  • Cult of Domesticity

  • Rural



America more “isolationist”

  • America more “isolationist”

  • Return of Big Business/Republicanism & High Tariffs

  • more limits on immigration

  • Rise of the KKK

  • The Red Scare

  • Modernism vs. Traditionalism (Fundamentalism)



Bolshevik Revolution in 1917- caused fear in the US

  • Bolshevik Revolution in 1917- caused fear in the US

  • Seattle General Strike (1919)- mayor called in troops- labor unions seen as dangerous & red.

  • Red Scare- nationwide movement to root out left-wing radicals (communists).

  • **The Palmer Raids

  • Led by Attorney-General Mitchell Palmer

  • 2 raids (Nov. 1919 & Jan. 1920)

  • 6,000 people jailed (243 deported to USSR)

  • 1919- Palmer’s house bombed

  • 1920- Wall Street- bomb killed 38 & injured 100’s

  • IWW members harassed

  • Justice Department –creates General Intelligence Division to find radicals; headed by J. Edgar Hoover (later it becomes - THE FBI).





1919-1920- state legislatures passed criminal syndicalism laws (illegal to advocate for violent social change).

  • 1919-1920- state legislatures passed criminal syndicalism laws (illegal to advocate for violent social change).

  • IWW members prosecuted

  • Conservative businessmen used red scare to break labor unions

  • **Sacco-Vanzetti Case (1921)- demonstrated the anti-immigrant & anti-red sentiment in the US.

  • 1927- Sacco & Vanzetti were executed









Membership grew during the 1920’s-hired PR experts to promote the Klan

  • Membership grew during the 1920’s-hired PR experts to promote the Klan

  • membership growth= South & Mid-West; 5 million members by 1925-26.

  • Anti-everything- more a reaction against the diversity (new immigration) of the time period

  • Potent Political Force- “Birth of a Nation” movie by D.W. Griffith (glorified the Klan) ;shown in the Whitehouse by Wilson.

  • ** Example of conflict between tradition & modernism

  • Klan membership declined by end of the decade due to embezzlement scandal.









After WWI- more immigrants came to the US from Southern & Eastern Europe.

  • After WWI- more immigrants came to the US from Southern & Eastern Europe.

  • 1900-1921- 17 million to the US (largest in human history)

  • Melting pot (assimilation) vs. Salad Bowl (pluralism)

  • Emergency Quota Act (1921)- limited immigration to 3% of those living in US in 1910

  • Favorable to new immigrants

  • Immigration Act of 1924- lowered the limit to 2% of those living in the US according to the 1890 census (why the change?)

  • closed the door to Japanese immigrants

  • exempted Latin Americans & Canadians



3. Immigration Act 1929- limits total # to 150,000 per year= national origin quota system abolished.

  • 3. Immigration Act 1929- limits total # to 150,000 per year= national origin quota system abolished.

  • Lasted until 1965= increased to 170,000 & exempted spouses, children, parents, people from communist countries.







1920- used as quota base (Quota total= 152,574

  • 1920- used as quota base (Quota total= 152,574

  • By 1931- more foreigners left the US than were coming here

  • Patchwork of ethnic communities isolated from each other & larger society by language, custom

  • Hurt efforts to organize labor unions= employers used ethnic differences to divide & conquer.

  • Cultural Pluralists”- argued that the “melting pot” did not eliminate differences

  • Horace Kallen- newcomers should practice ancestral customs-preservation of identity.

  • Randolph Bourne- advocated cross-fertilization among immigrants= “cosmopolitan interchange”





18th Amendment (1919) made alcohol illegal.

  • 18th Amendment (1919) made alcohol illegal.

  • *Volstead Act (1919)- enabled the Federal government to enforce prohibition (expanded police powers of the US).

  • Popular in South & Mid- West

  • Unpopular in larger cities of the East

  • Weaknesses & Effects

  • Federal Agencies = Understaffed & underpaid

  • People blatantly broke the law- “speakeasies

  • 1930- crime syndicates took in $12 to $18 billion

  • Led to organized crime in NYC, Chicago, etc. = bribery of police, gang wars, gambling, prostitution- gangster Al Capone.

  • Positives: saving increased, absenteeism decreased













Tradition vs. Modernism

  • Tradition vs. Modernism

  • School Reform

  • 1920-25% of Americans finished High School

  • John Dewey- professor at Columbia University, advocated “learn by doing” & “education for life

  • Science

  • Public Health Programs- virtually wiped out hookworm in the South

  • Better nutrient & healthcare= life expectancy increased to 59 years old (1901= 50).



* believed in a literal interpretation of the Bible

  • * believed in a literal interpretation of the Bible

  • Successes: limiting immigration, deporting communists, Prohibition, attack the teaching of Darwinism.

  • Several states in the South passed laws which forbade the teaching of evolution.

  • The ***“Scopes Monkey Trial”- teacher arrested in Tenn. for teaching evolution; famous trial.

  • William Jennings Bryan- led the prosecution

  • Clarence Darrow led the Defense team

  • Darrow cross-examines Bryan-confuses him

  • Scopes loses & is fined $100

  • Effect- shows Southern & Mid-west conservatism (rural vs. city), laws against teaching evolution existed until 1960’s.

  • Law in Tenn. Until 1967











Economy boomed in 1919– slight recession in 1920-21--- boomed 1922-29.

  • Economy boomed in 1919– slight recession in 1920-21--- boomed 1922-29.

  • Sec. of Treasury Andrew Mellon- worked for all presidents of the 1920’s.

  • Mellon’s tax policies- reduced debt, decreased taxes= prosperity= “trickle down” theory (supply- side economics)

  • High Tariffs= protectionism

  • New Technology - growth of the airline industry, automobile, electricity generation, radio, movies.



Creating a desire for “newer, best, improved”

  • Creating a desire for “newer, best, improved”

  • Electricity- Edison (Westinghouse) –company provided electric services for cities etc.

  • Advertising- as businesses mastered mass production– turned to advertising to lure consumers to products.

  • used sex, suggestion & other ploys to lure consumers

  • Sports as Big Business- workers have more leisure time

  • Baseball- Babe Ruth

  • Boxing- Jack Dempsey

  • Consumer Credit- consumers bought items on credit like radios & cars



1890’s- Henry Ford, Ransom Olds & others were developing their own version of the auto

  • 1890’s- Henry Ford, Ransom Olds & others were developing their own version of the auto

  • 1913- Ford installed 1st moving assembly line= auto every 93 minutes.

  • 1925- car every 10 seconds= lowers price as well.

  • 1908- Model T- sold for $850; 1914= $490

  • other products made in the 1920’s used the assembly line method

  • Spawned other industries

  • Detroit car industry capital









New industries spring up when the car industry takes off

  • New industries spring up when the car industry takes off

  • TaylorsFrederick Taylor – “Father of Scientific Management”

  • 1914- Ford raised worker’s pay to $5 a day & reduced workday to 8 hours (worker loyalty & under cut unions).

  • 1929- 26 million cars registered in the US

  • US Economy is booming in the 1920’s = materialism, consumerism, & debt also.





Auto industry employed 6 million people directly or indirectly by 1930.

  • Auto industry employed 6 million people directly or indirectly by 1930.

  • Petroleum Industry- grew (California, Texas, Oklahoma)

  • Railroad Industry- began to decline

  • Marketing of fresh fruits= eastern cities= prosperity for some farms.

  • Social Change: autos changed us;

  • Badge of freedom & equality

  • Women free from dependence on men

  • Isolation of rural life broken down

  • Freedom from parents= greater mischief for youth

  • Autobuses= consolidation of schools & churches

  • More auto related injuries & deaths (1 million by 1951)



Dec. 17, 1903- Orville & Wilbur Wright flew first gas powered plane at Kitty Hawk, NC

  • Dec. 17, 1903- Orville & Wilbur Wright flew first gas powered plane at Kitty Hawk, NC

  • 1914-1918- Planes used during WWI

  • Private companies operated commercial air mail service- subsidized by the US after World War I

  • 1ST Transcontinental airmail route from NY to San Francisco (1920)

  • 1927- *Charles Lindberg flew The Spirit of St. Louis from NY to Paris (1st solo transatlantic flight) 33 hours/39 minutes

  • 1930’s & 1940’s- travel on commercial planes safer than autos

  • Change- increases tempo of life, lethal weapon of war, hurt ailing RR industry, shrinking of the world – AIR LINE INDUSTRY EMERGES





1890’s Guglielmo Marconi- invented wireless telegraphy-- RADIO (used during WWI)

  • 1890’s Guglielmo Marconi- invented wireless telegraphy-- RADIO (used during WWI)

  • 1920- KDKA broadcast Harding’s election victory

  • (1st public broadcast in the US)

  • 1920’s tech allowed long range broadcasts possible

  • 1920’s commercial broadcast companies appear (CBS, NBC, ABC)

  • “Commercials”- BY SOAP Co’s = Soap Operas

  • Radio shows (Amos n’ Andy), sports, Politicians changed the way they addressed citizens, brought news & music to living rooms of average Americans= standardize language & culture









1890’s- Thomas Edison perfects the movie camera

  • 1890’s- Thomas Edison perfects the movie camera

  • 1st used at naughty peep shows

  • 1903- The Great Train Robbery (5 cent theaters called “nickelodeons”)- 1st full length story on screen

  • 1915- Birth of a Nation (W.D. Griffith) movie glorified the Klan.

  • Hollywood, California became the movie capital

  • 1st movies included nudity= calls for self censorship

  • Movies used during WWI as propaganda

  • 1927- The Jazz Singer- 1st talking movie (starred-Al Jolson)

  • Change- movies & radio criticized by traditionalists, broke down cultural barriers (standardized tastes).



**1920- more Americans live in cities than rural areas (1st time in US history).

  • **1920- more Americans live in cities than rural areas (1st time in US history).

  • a. Women

  • Women found opportunities in cities (“women’s work”)

  • Margaret Sanger- championed birth control

  • 1923 Alice Paul- called for Equal Rights Amendment (7 decades push)

  • b. Churches- modernist infiltrated churches “God is a good guy”

  • c. Advertisers – used sex to sell products

  • d. “Sex O'clock in America”- seen in advertising, hemlines going up- “necking” & “pecking”, dancing to jazz

  • Dr. Sigmund Freud- don’t repress your sexuality.

  • flapper” epitomized the new independent woman









1900- 1920- “Jim Crow’ expanded

  • 1900- 1920- “Jim Crow’ expanded

  • **The Great Migration (during WWI)-1915-1930 over 1.5 million African-Americans migrate to northern & west cities from the South.

  • Growth in Chicago, Detroit) – cultural center=Harlem

  • 25 cities= race riots

  • **The Harlem Renaissance- a flourishing era of African-Americans in the arts- expressed pride in their culture

  • Harlem, NY- largest black community (100,000 strong)

  • Key Renaissance writers: Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Zora Neale Hurston (There Eyes Were Watching

  • God).

  • Music- Blues/Jazz (Louis Armstrong, “Duke” Ellington, “Jelly Roll” Morton)



Raised in the Mid-west; arrived in NY in 1921.

  • Raised in the Mid-west; arrived in NY in 1921.

  • “Poet Laureate of Harlem”

  • What happens to a dream deferred?

  • Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore-- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over-- like a syrupy sweet?

  • Maybe it just sags like a heavy load.

  • Or does it explode?



I've known rivers:

  • I've known rivers:

  • I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins.

  • My soul has grown deep like the rivers.

  • I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset.

  • I've known rivers: Ancient, dusky rivers.

  • My soul has grown deep like the rivers. By Langston Hughes



Progressive Era- blacks began to help themselves---

  • Progressive Era- blacks began to help themselves---

  • Niagara Movement (1905)

  • NAACP est. 1910

  • National Urban League

  • 1920’s “Black is beautiful”- arts, music, mass marketing of products.



U.N.I.A. (United Negro Improvement Association) founded by Marcus Garvey.

  • U.N.I.A. (United Negro Improvement Association) founded by Marcus Garvey.

  • emphasized black pride, self-reliance, black nationalism, black separatism

  • Black economic development- keep money in the pockets of blacks.

  • promoted resettlement of blacks back to Africa

  • Black Star Line- business owned by UNIA to resettle blacks.

  • Garvey convicted of mail fraud- 1927 he was pardoned & deported to Jamaica

  • ** Significance- laid the groundwork for black nationalism (Black Muslim) of the 1960’s (Malcolm X)



Centered in NY City

  • Centered in NY City

  • William Glackens (1870-1938), Robert Henri (1865-1929), George Luks (1867-1933), Everett Shinn (1876-1953) and John French Sloan (1871-1951). They had met studying together under Thomas Pollock Anshutz

  • Featured **“social realism

  • Economic poverty

  • Social injustice

  • Protest against government & establishment hypocrisy, bias, indifference





Disillusioned with American society in the 1920’s

  • Disillusioned with American society in the 1920’s

  • criticized middle-class materialism & conformity

  • American Mercury (H.L. Mencken magazine) featured many “lost generation” writers; published 1924-1981.

  • Key Writers:

  • F. Scott FitzgeraldThe Great Gatsby; The Other Side OF Paradise (Bible for the young- “all gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths shaken in mankind”)

  • Sinclair Lewis- Babbitt- criticized middle-class conformity; Main Street-

  • Ernest Hemingway- WWI vet; disillusioned with war

  • A Farewell to Arms (1929), The Sun Also Rises(1926)

  • 4. William Faulkner- The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying (Southern setting & characters)



Poets

  • Poets

  • T.S. Elliot & Ezra Pound – two ex-patriots living in Europe after WWI- sick of US materialism

  • EE Cummings- peculiar typesetting & diction in poetry

  • Robert Frost- born in San Francisco- moved to New England & wrote about life there.

  • Playwrights

  • Eugene O’Neil – 12 plays in the 1920’s; won Nobel Prize

  • Greenwich Village (NY) CENTER of art world in the 1920’s



Frank Lloyd Wright- possibly the greatest American architect; developed unique American designs-not reliant on traditional Greek & Roman styles.

  • Frank Lloyd Wright- possibly the greatest American architect; developed unique American designs-not reliant on traditional Greek & Roman styles.

  • a break from “form follows function



In the1920’s several hundred banks failed- no one really noticed because of general prosperity

  • In the1920’s several hundred banks failed- no one really noticed because of general prosperity

  • Lots of speculation in real estate- Florida swampland sold for big $- overpriced!!!

  • Stock Buying & Over Speculation on Wall Street

  • Buying on Margin”- average person could buy stock by paying only 10% down & financing 90% on credit.

  • ** Trouble- works during economic good times but…

  • 2. US national debt went up TO ALMOST $24 Billion by 1921.



3. Andrew Mellon - “trickle down” economics shifted too much of the tax burden onto middle class.

  • 3. Andrew Mellon - “trickle down” economics shifted too much of the tax burden onto middle class.

  • 1921- income of $1 million /paid $663,000 in taxes

  • 1926- income of $1 million/paid $200,000 in taxes

  • Mellon did reduce the debt- but may have encouraged the bull market

  • 4. The Federal Reserve – kept interest rates low= encouraged people to borrow money (increased stock buying & consumer spending)





Freud

  • Freud

  • Human development is best understood as changing objects of sexual desire

  • Wishes are repressed and emerge from the subconscious in “accidental” bursts – Freudian slips.

  • Neuroses are caused by repressed memories and unconscious conflicts.

  • ID, Ego and Super Ego.



Divided into two groups based on different interpretations of Freud and Jung – the Automatists and the Veristic Surrealists.

  • Divided into two groups based on different interpretations of Freud and Jung – the Automatists and the Veristic Surrealists.

  • Automatists - suppress conscious in order to free the subconscious, inspired by more “Dadaist” ideals, shouldn’t be overly analyzed.

  • Veristic Surrealists - follow the images of the subconscious so they can be interpreted; art is a way to freeze ideas of the subconscious.



Lead by Andre Brenton, a French doctor who had served in the trenches during WWI.

  • Lead by Andre Brenton, a French doctor who had served in the trenches during WWI.

  • Subject matter was varied:

  • – some pieces show a complete dislocation from any sort of literal “reality” (for example, Max Ernst’s works)

  • -- other pieces show “normal” situations with a spark of absurdity (for example, Rene Magritte's works.)

  • Bright colors among sometimes dull backgrounds.























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