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 Russia ruled by Mongols 1237 – 1480
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| tarix | 08.09.2018 | | ölçüsü | 3,11 Mb. | | #67573 |
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Russia ruled by Mongols 1237 – 1480 Russia ruled by Mongols 1237 – 1480Ivan III – ruling prince of Moscow- Expanded territory of Moscow to Baltic Sea.
There were only three social classes. There were only three social classes.- The Boyars (nobles)
- The Church
- The Serfs
Russian nobles, most called themselves Princes. Russian nobles, most called themselves Princes.10th – 17th Centuries ruled locally or over their principalityPretty much had no checks on their local power.- Could change your loyalty to different princes, depending on what they would give you in return.
During Mongol reign had to pay tribute.
Dressed more like Arabs with beards that you were never supposed to trim. Dressed more like Arabs with beards that you were never supposed to trim.Separate society from women.- Women weren’t often seen – let alone heard!
- Covered hair and no shape to clothing.
Lived on their feudal estates with their own armies and self-sufficient economies. Lived on their feudal estates with their own armies and self-sufficient economies.Little interest in the outside world.Do you see Muslim influence?
One of the oldest Christian religions. One of the oldest Christian religions.Does not recognize the Pope or Catholic Church.They believe they practice the Christian religion of the Roman Emperor Constantine.
Ruled by the Patriarch. Ruled by the Patriarch.Urged people to not be corrupted by outside influences.Urged the serfs to remain loyal without questioning the Boyars.Life is suffering, but heaven will be your reward.
At the time of Peter the Great, they made up 95% of the population in Russia.They were essentially slaves – bound to the land and bound to the noble.
Had absolutely no say about anything in their lives. Had absolutely no say about anything in their lives.
Ivan declared autonomy over Moscow Ivan declared autonomy over MoscowDepended on loyalty from boyars- Ruled over their territory
Princes of Moscow believed they were the heirs to the throne of Constantinople. - Called themselves Czars (Tsars)
Ivan married daughter of last Byzantine Emperor to establish legitimacy. - Constantine XI – died defending Constantinople.
Ivan IV – pushed away advisors. Ivan IV – pushed away advisors. Defeated last remnants of MongolsBegan persecuting people who he believed opposed his power. Executed boyar families and their friends and families.Replaced boyars with new nobility who depended on Czar for land and title.
The belief in “blue blood” was also with the Russian Czars. The belief in “blue blood” was also with the Russian Czars.1600 – the last of the “Rurik” czars died with no children.- Family had ruled since 900 AD.
- WHO SHOULD BE CZAR?
“Smutnoya Vremya”’ “Smutnoya Vremya”’No czar and wars broke out between the boyars.Sensing weakness and the chance to take land – Poland and Lithuania invaded.Russia was in chaos!
A distant relative of the last Rurik czar. A distant relative of the last Rurik czar.Started a dynasty in 1613 that would last until 1918.
Power was still weak. Power was still weak.- Just the way the boyars and the Church wanted it!
Alexei Alexei - His first wife died.
- 13 children
- 5 boys – only one was surviving to adulthood.
- Ivan was mentally handicapped.
- A new wife was needed.
- He practiced “droit de seigneur.”
- Most common way that boyars chose wives and mistresses.
Had started some reforms in Russia. Had started some reforms in Russia.- Shaved his beard
- Could read Latin and spoke Polish as well as Russian.
Natalia Kirilovna Naryshkinov Natalia Kirilovna NaryshkinovHer grandmother was Scottish and had some contact with Western Europeans while growing up.
Peter was the firstborn son to a second wife who did not come from a powerful family to protect her or her children. Peter was the firstborn son to a second wife who did not come from a powerful family to protect her or her children.1682 – Alexis dies.Who becomes Czar?
First born son of a second wife. First born son of a second wife. He was only ten when his father died.- Peter’s mother’s family was not the most powerful Boyar family and suspected of “western” leanings.
The eldest son? The eldest son?IvanMentally handicapped.Should be easy for the Boyars and Church to manipulate.But could he lead?
Their older sister Sophia Alexovna? Their older sister Sophia Alexovna?
Little Peter and his mentally handicapped brother were crowned co-czars and their sister Sophia sat behind them whispering instructions on what to say and do. Little Peter and his mentally handicapped brother were crowned co-czars and their sister Sophia sat behind them whispering instructions on what to say and do.
Unusually tall 6’ 8”. Unusually tall 6’ 8”.But his head was small for his body and he suffered from epilepsy.He grew up away from Moscow and played around German sailors and ship-builders who were along the Russian coast.Fascinated with the west!
1696: Peter leaves Russia and comes to the West. 1696: Peter leaves Russia and comes to the West.- Didn’t just visit fellow Royals.
- He visited factories and took jobs in shipyards to learn how to build ships.
- Had a dentist teach him how to pull teeth.
- Learned a lot about Western Europe art and culture.
Brought with him technical experts, teachers, and soldiers to teach western methods. Brought with him technical experts, teachers, and soldiers to teach western methods.Was ready to become a true Czar without his sister in 1698.
Now she did try to assassinate her brother. Now she did try to assassinate her brother.Sent her personal body guards the Streltsky to kill Peter.They failed.
Forced his sister to become a nun and locked her away in a nunnery. Forced his sister to become a nun and locked her away in a nunnery.Hung the bodies of the Streltsky guards outside her window.Later he sent her to a sub-arctic nunnery.She died in 1704
Leave Ivan out of it. Leave Ivan out of it.Ivan remained a co-czar living in a palace until he died. Married and had three daughters.- Might / Probably / Maybe were his children biologically.
- The crown is the original one czars were crowned with – The Cap of Monmahk.
Westernize Russia Westernize Russia- Had 400 years of development to catch up on.
Become an absolute monarch.Which should be done first?
Following another king’s model, he sought to make the boyars too weak to challenge him. Following another king’s model, he sought to make the boyars too weak to challenge him.- Took away walled fortresses.
- Took away private armies.
- Made the boyars become courtiers and serve in his government and military.
Had to be WESTERN: Had to be WESTERN:- Dress like they did in the west.
- Shave their beards.
- Women were to dress western and not be segregated from men.
- Dancing and mingling between men and women was ORDERED.
All nobles must serve in army or civil administration for life. All nobles must serve in army or civil administration for life. Created new schools and universities. Bureaucracy and Military were strictly meritocracies. - Start at bottom and work your way up.
- Included talented foreign advisors
Greatly increased military size – required service from peasants. Required nobles to contribute royal palaces. Drafted peasants to do manual labor and work in factories.
Humiliations HumiliationsImprisonment / TortureForced laborDeathAND ---
Serfdom spread in Russia. Serfdom spread in Russia. The boyars, now called nobles, got more control over the people of Russia.- It continued until 1861 in Russia.
Peter replaced positions with western leaning patriarchs. Peter replaced positions with western leaning patriarchs.Built fabulous new churches in the western style.
Ever hear of “Germans from Russia”? Ever hear of “Germans from Russia”?Most were imported by Peter to teach and create a new system.
Improved educationAcademies for mathematics, science, music, dance and engineering.Improved travel with roads, waterways, and canals.Developed mining and textiles for export.
Serfs were forced labor for many improvements. Serfs were forced labor for many improvements.Worked until they died to create the modernization.
Peter’s first wife, Eudoxia: Peter’s first wife, Eudoxia:- Preferred the “old” ways and encouraged revolts.
- Divorced and sent to a sub-arctic nunnery.
His son Tsarivitch Alexei:- Hated his father and was encouraged by his mother to revolt.
- Was executed by his father.
Russia needed a warm-water port so ships could sail year around. Russia needed a warm-water port so ships could sail year around.
1700 – Russia goes to war against Sweden to get control of the land needed for a warm water port. 1700 – Russia goes to war against Sweden to get control of the land needed for a warm water port.- Had 5x as many troops as Sweden did!
- Got his royal butt kicked by the Swedes!
Went back and rebuilt his military and trained them better. Went back and rebuilt his military and trained them better.1709 – defeated the Swedes and took the land that would become his new capitol.
Note who he named the city for! Note who he named the city for!Also, called it Petersburg after the German way, not Petrograd, the Russian way!- 1918 – 1993 called Leningrad.
Made fur trading outposts all the way to Alaska. Made fur trading outposts all the way to Alaska.- FYI: Alaska was part of Russia until 1862.
The Bering Strait is named for the Danish navigator Vitus Bering that he sent to discover a way between Russia and Alaska.
Despite having had 11 children with two wives, only two daughters had lived. Despite having had 11 children with two wives, only two daughters had lived.His grandson was too young and Peter didn’t think he would be able to continue Russia’s transformation to a modern country.WHO SHOULD COME AFTER HIM?
Catherine I Catherine IBorn Martha Elena Scowronska - Lithuanian Peasant
- A commoner, little better than a serf to the Russian nobles.
- Had grown up a peasant, doing laundry, becoming other men’s mistresses.
- Rumors that Peter had purchased her from one of her lovers.
Love at first sight. Secretly married in 1707. Love at first sight. Secretly married in 1707.As smart and daring as her husband.Could deal with Peter’s temper and help him in epileptic seizures.Never left his side.- Kept a 3 room cabin for them and their children while he was building St. Petersburg.
Peter crowned her Czarina and they were co-rulers in 1724. Peter crowned her Czarina and they were co-rulers in 1724.Ruled by herself from 1725 until her death in 1727.
Peter’s Grandson. Peter’s Grandson.Only ruled three years.Died of smallpox on his wedding day in 1730.- Did bring back his Grandmother Eudoxia from exile. (Peter’s first wife.)
Remember Peter the Great’s “co-czar” brother? Remember Peter the Great’s “co-czar” brother?His daughter Anna became Czarina.
The Russian nobles put her on the throne. The Russian nobles put her on the throne.- She would be easy to control.
- She should be “grateful” for the chance to become the Czarina.
- She wasn’t known for a strong personality, she could be influenced.
- Maybe even get a Constitutional Monarchy?
Kept company with foolish people. Kept company with foolish people.Created a Secret Police to terrorize people to follow her.Enjoyed humiliating the older nobles.- Ordering marriages between inappropriate people and having them spend the night naked in an “ice palace.”
Elizabeth ElizabethThe daughter of Peter the Great and his wife Catherine.Every inch the daughter of her parents!
Ivan VI Ivan VIA nephew of Anna, she adopted him when he was an infant and declared him her successor in 1740.She died later that year.
Elizabeth took the throne. Elizabeth took the throne.Infant Ivan was imprisoned. - Never left his prison.
- Not allowed contact except with guards.
- No education.
- Effort to “rescue” him and make him czar failed and he was killed by his guards in 1764.
Continued her father’s westernization, but had censorship of ideas she did not agree with. Continued her father’s westernization, but had censorship of ideas she did not agree with.Waged years of war against Prussia.Could be kind and generous.- Abolished the death penalty.
“Had to be the bride at every wedding, the corpse at every funeral.”
Selected a nephew to become the next czar. Selected a nephew to become the next czar.Put some special thought into deciding who his wife should be.- Selected German Princess Sophia Augusta Frederika of Anhalt – Zerbst.
How does a German princess become the Czarina of Russia? How does a German princess become the Czarina of Russia?What happened to her husband?
Unusual intellectual abilities. Unusual intellectual abilities.Embraced all things Russian.Inspired loyalty.
Not very smart Not very smartNot good lookingLoved everything PRUSSIAN not Russian. - Cheered on Frederick the Great against his aunt.
Were NOT a good couple. Were NOT a good couple. Peter preferred male-looking German women for mistresses rather than being with his wife.Empress Elizabeth wanted a son from Peter and Catherine.- Blamed Catherine
- What is a woman to do?
Was her son Paul the son of a Russian noble? Was her son Paul the son of a Russian noble?Was her son Paul the son of a Polish musician? ???Peter couldn’t deny paternity without having to answer a lot of “embarrassing” questions.- Might have been “relieved” to have the heir.
Peter ends the war with Frederick the Great at a great loss to Russia. Peter ends the war with Frederick the Great at a great loss to Russia.Peter puts his Prussian Guards above the Russian nobles.Plans to divorce Catherine.- Monastery for her!
- Marry a German mistress.
Gregori Orlov Gregori OrlovStage a Coup d’Etat.- A takeover of the government.
- Imprison Peter.
- Make Catherine the Czarina.
Peter was so hated that people welcomed Catherine to the throne. Peter was so hated that people welcomed Catherine to the throne. - Peter ended up being murdered.
- Paul always harbored a hatred of his mother for not making him czar and killing his “father.”
Gregori Orlov gave Catherine an incredible diamond – it is kept in the scepter of the Russian crown jewels. Gregori Orlov gave Catherine an incredible diamond – it is kept in the scepter of the Russian crown jewels.
Set forth new efforts with an effective ruler to keep going with Peter the Great’s reforms. Set forth new efforts with an effective ruler to keep going with Peter the Great’s reforms.
Reorganized government, so she knew what was happening throughout Russia. Reorganized government, so she knew what was happening throughout Russia.Codified laws (wrote them down!)State-sponsored education for boys and girls.
Did not accept any challenges to her authority. Did not accept any challenges to her authority.Liked the French intellectuals ideas of power for people – but never allowed it to be discussed outside of her palace.Allowed the nobles to increase their strangle-hold on the serfs.
Expanded Russia’s borders with wars against Turkey and the Partition of Poland. Expanded Russia’s borders with wars against Turkey and the Partition of Poland.- Poland was divided up between Catherine, Frederick the Great and Maria Theresa’s son Josef.
Kept a court where French costume, manners, and language were encouraged. Kept a court where French costume, manners, and language were encouraged.- Russian became a language for serfs, not nobles.
She never married again. She never married again.She kept many lovers.- Would enjoy, give them land, serfs, and money as a “pension”.
- But expected the men to be loyal to her for life.
- Some say 11 lovers, others say 300 lovers in her life.
Had a son together. Had a son together.He was raised by both his parents and made noble. Alexsai did a great deal of traveling in the west.Gregory Orlov, broken at not getting Catherine to marry him, went west for five years, came home a “broken” man.- Died after marrying his niece in retaliation against Catherine.
Did not get along with her son at all. Did not get along with her son at all.Took her grandsons, Alexander and Nicholas and raised them, intending to make one of them the czar over their father.
Died before she could make her choice law in 1796. Died before she could make her choice law in 1796. - Ruled Russia for 34 years
- Not bad for a non-Russian woman!
Paul took over and tried to undo everything his mother had done.- Made it law no woman could rule in Russia.
- He was murdered five years later.
Do we want to consider Peter the Great and Catherine the Great Do we want to consider Peter the Great and Catherine the Great - GREAT absolute leaders?
- Good absolute leaders?
- Fair absolute leaders?
- BAD absolute leaders?
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