Properti paling penting dari nama taksa: Properti paling penting dari nama taksa

Properti paling penting dari nama taksa:

• Properti paling penting dari nama taksa:

• keunikan: harus unik karena merupakan kunci untuk semua literatur yang terkait dengan spesies atau kategori takson lebih tinggi tersebut.

• Universalitas: nama harus bisa diterima dimanapun diseluruh dunia (satu bahasa)

• Stabilitas (tidak berubah menurut ruang dan waktu)

• Prioritas

Hewan: International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)/ http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp

• Hewan: International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)/ http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp

• Tumbuhan: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)/ http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0000St.Luistitle.htm

• Bakteri: International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB)/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?indexed=google&rid=icnb.TOC

Nama fosil dan hewan hidup

• Nama fosil dan hewan hidup

• If a still-living species was first named on the basis of fossil material, that is also the name for the living species

• If the same name was independently proposed for a living species and a fossil animals, the name are homonyms

Awal mula tatanama zoologi

• Awal mula tatanama zoologi

• Tidak ada nama yang tersedia jika dipublikasi sebelum 1 Januari 1758 (Systema Nature edisi 10)

• The Binomial Nomenclature of Linnaeus

• Nama tiap species harus tersusun atas nama genus dan nama species.

• The generic name as an aid to the memory and specific name to express distinctness and uniquenes

Pemberian Nama

• Pemberian Nama

• Nama di atas species ditulis dengan huruf besar (huruf awal)

• Nama Species:

• - binomial, terdiri atas nama genus dan penunjuk

• species (specific name), Nama genus diawali huruf

• kapital sedang penunjuk spesies diawali huruf kecil,

• - Tanda pada nama species (?) atau “cf” bukan

• merupakan bagian nama species

bahasa latin/dilatinkan

• bahasa latin/dilatinkan

• terikat pada tipe spesimen,

• - ditulis miring, jika ditulis tangan diberi garis bawah

• Ex. Homo sapiens

• Pencipta nama hewan adalah orang pertama yang menerbitkan dalam suatu penerbitan berkala dengan memberikan uraian tentang hewan tersebut

Nama botani dan zoologi harus berbeda

• Nama botani dan zoologi harus berbeda

• Tidak boleh ada dua species yang sama

• A genus name should be spelt out in full the first time it is used and then may be abbreviated to an initial letter. Example: Puntius javanicus; P. Javanicus

• Nama subspecies bersifat trinomial/trinominal

When used with a common name, the scientific name usually follows in parentheses.

• When used with a common name, the scientific name usually follows in parentheses.

• For example, "The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is decreasing in Europe.“

• The genus name and specific descriptor may come from any source. Often they are ordinary New Latin words, but they may also come from Ancient Greek, from a place, from a person (preferably a naturalist), a name from the local language, etc. In fact, taxonomists come up with specific descriptors from a variety of sources, including inside-jokes and puns.

• However, names are always treated grammatically as if they were a Latin phrase.

homonym is a name for a taxon that is identical in spelling to another such name, that belongs to a different taxon

• homonym is a name for a taxon that is identical in spelling to another such name, that belongs to a different taxon

• synonyms are different scientific names used for a single taxon.

• Nomen nudum.  A name that was not properly associated with actual specimens.

• Nomen dubium.  A name used without sufficient information so that later authors are unable to determine what taxon was meant.

Nomen oblitum.  A name that has priority for a taxon, but is nevertheless not used in order to continue usage of a widely used and accepted name.  A nomen oblitum is compatible only with a name status of synonym.

• Nomen oblitum.  A name that has priority for a taxon, but is nevertheless not used in order to continue usage of a widely used and accepted name.  A nomen oblitum is compatible only with a name status of synonym.
• Nomen novum.  A new name that is used to replace a valid taxon's original name in the event of homonymy.  A nomen novum is compatible with a name status of valid, temporary, or synonym.
• Nomen protectum.  A name given precedence over its unused senior synonym or senior homonym which has become a nomen oblitum.  A nomen protectum is compatible with name status of valid or synonym.

Nama takson diatas kategory species hanya terdiri atas satu nama (Uninomial)

• Nama takson diatas kategory species hanya terdiri atas satu nama (Uninomial)

• Tidak boleh ada dua nama genus yang sama

• Jika suatu genus baru diusulkan, tipe speciesnya harus ditunjukkan

• Jika nama species berupa kata sifat, it must agree in gender with the generic name

• A Latin noun ending in –us is masculine

• Domus is feminine, pectus is neutral

• Latin suffix –cola is masculine

Nama familia harus dalam bentuk jamak (plural) demikian juga nama di atas kategori familia

• Nama familia harus dalam bentuk jamak (plural) demikian juga nama di atas kategori familia

• Author yang mengajukan nama familia baru memiliki kebebasan dalam memilih genus type

• Stabilitas sangat penting untuk nama familia

• The name of the family levels must be formed from the stem of the name of the type genus

• If the genus name is rejected as junior synonyms, the family name based on it not to be changed and continuous as valid name

Nama kelompok familia dibentuk sebagai berikut:

• Nama kelompok familia dibentuk sebagai berikut:

• Superfamilia: -oidea

• Familia: -idea

• Subfamilia: -inae

• Tribus: -ini

• Subtribus: -ina

Homonym are identical name for two or more different taxa

• Homonym are identical name for two or more different taxa

• The earliest of such name is the senior homonym

• The later ones are junior homonym

• Junior homonym in the genus group is always invalid

A central concept of the International Code is use of types as "name bearers."

• A central concept of the International Code is use of types as "name bearers."

• When scientists describe new species of Orthoptera, they designate one individual for each species as the holotype or name bearer for that species.

• Just as specimens are designated as holotypes for species

• species are designated as type species for genera and subgenera.

The type system also applies at higher levels.  Taxa at ranks above genus up to the rank of superfamily have a type genus.  There is a standard naming convention for these family-group names.  The first step is to determine the "stem" of the type genus (see Article 29 in the ICZN).

• The type system also applies at higher levels.  Taxa at ranks above genus up to the rank of superfamily have a type genus.  There is a standard naming convention for these family-group names.  The first step is to determine the "stem" of the type genus (see Article 29 in the ICZN).

• To name a superfamily, add "oidea" to the stem of the type genus name.

• To name a family, add "idae" to the stem of the type genus name.

• To name a subfamily, add "inae" to the stem of the type genus name.

Type genus, the "name bearer" for family-group taxa (taxa with a rank higher than genus up to superfamily)

• Type genus, the "name bearer" for family-group taxa (taxa with a rank higher than genus up to superfamily)

• Type species, the "name bearer" for genus-group taxa (genus or subgenus)

Type specimen

• Type specimen

• Primary types, the "name bearers" for species names
• Holotype, the single specimen designated as holotype when the species was first described
• Syntypes (also known as cotypes), multiple specimens identified by the author when the species was first described without designating a specific holotype
• Lectotype, the specimen designated by a subsequent author and selected from the syntypes
• Neotype, a specimen designated by a subsequent author as the name bearer when the original primary type (s) have been lost or destroyed