Original article a comparative study of various bedside methods in detection of diabetic polyneuropathy in type 2 diabetes patients



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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS BEDSIDE METHODS IN DETECTION OF DIABETIC POLYNEUROPATHY IN TYPE 2 DIABETES PATIENTS

Jivesh Mittal1, Ashok Khurana2, Devinder Singh Mahajan3, Preeti Singh Dhoat4



HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:

Jivesh Mittal, Ashok Khurana, Devinder Singh Mahajan, Preeti Singh Dhoat. “A Comparative Study Of Various Bedside Methods In Detection Of Diabetic Polyneuropathy In Type 2 Diabetes Patients”. Journal Of Evolution Of Medical And Dental Sciences 2013; Vol2, Issue 50, December 16; Page: 9702-9706.


ABSTRACT: Diabetes is a major public health problem. 285 million persons worldwide have diabetes, of these 51 million are in India. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a major microvascular complication of diabetes. Conventional methods used for the diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in clinical practice have limited effectiveness. Since peripheral sensory neuropathy is a pivotal element in the causal pathway to both foot ulceration and amputation, screening and early identification of neuropathy offer a crucial opportunity for the patient with diabetes to actively modulate the course of suboptimal glycaemic control to currently recommended targets, and to implement improved foot care before the onset of significant morbidity. This study was carried out to evaluate the usefulness of simple bed side screening modalities for peripheral neuropathy like vibration perception threshold measurement with biothesiometer, 10g semmes-weinstein monofilament, diabetic neuropathy examination and symptom scores and ankle reflex testing in patients with diabetes mellitus and to seek an optimal screening method in diabetic clinic.
INTRODUCTION:Diabetes mellitus comprises a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycaemia. The two broad categories of DM are designated as type 1 and type 2.Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a heterogenous group of disorders characterized by variable degrees of insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion and increased glucose production. The number of patients with type 2 diabetes is increasing by epidemic proportions in the world, particularly in India. There is a long presymptomatic phase before the appearance of symptoms of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, Type 2 diabetes is frequently not diagnosed until complications have already occurred. Complications of DM are subdivided into microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy) and macrovascular complications [coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), cerebrovascular disease]. Lower extremity disease, including peripheral neuropathy, foot ulceration, peripheral arterial disease, or lower extremity amputation, is twice as common in diabetic persons compared with non-diabetic persons and it affects 30 per cent of diabetic persons who are older than 40 yr1. Diabetic Neuropathy (DN) develops in about 4‐10% of diabetic patients after 5 years and in 15% after 20 years2.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the usefulness of the diabetic neuropathy examination score (DNE), diabetic neuropathy symptom (DNS) score, 10-g Semmes-Weinstein monofilament examination, ankle reflex and measuring vibration perception threshold (VPT) with a biothesiometer in the detection of diabetic polyneuropathy in type 2 diabetes patients and to seek an optimal screening method in diabetic clinic in the detection of diabetic polyneuropathy in type 2 diabetes patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: 100 Patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in the study after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Blood glucose estimation: GOD-POD method.

Criteria used for diagnosing diabetes: ADA Criteria 2011.
INCLUSION CRITERIA:All patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus aged between 40-70 years after applying exclusion criteria.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA:


  1. Patients of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

  2. Acutely ill critical patients.

  3. History of stroke or myocardial infarction.

  4. Chronic Renal Failure: serum creatinine>2

  5. Neuropathy due to causes other than diabetes such as environmental toxins, leprosy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic alcoholism, nutritional deficiencies, or side effects of certain medications.

All subjects had a detailed clinical assessment for peripheral neuropathy including Diabetic Neuropathy Examination (DNE) score, ankle reflex testing, diabetic neuropathy symptom (DNS) score, 10g Semmes-Weinstein monofilament examination and vibration perception threshold (VPT).


RESULTS: Out of 100 patients taken for the study, 72 were females representing 72% of the study group and 28 were males representing 28% of the study group. The prevalence of peripheral neuropathy was 52 percent based on vibration perception threshold (VPT) with the biothesiometer. When compared with VPT, ankle reflex was the most sensitive (88.46%) but had a poor specificity (56.25%). The monofilament examination had lower sensitivity (75%) but better specificity (89.58%) and accuracy (82%). DNE and DNS Scores had a sensitivity of 80.77 and 84.62% with a specificity of 85.42 and 43.75% respectively. Significant correlations were observed between the VPT score and the DNE(r = 0.661, P =.000) and DNS (r = 0.312, P =.002) scores, monofilament sensation (r = 0.650, P =.000) and ankle reflex (r = 0.475, P =.000). The prevalence of peripheral neuropathy also correlated well with the age of the patient as well as duration of diabetes (P < 0.05).
DISCUSSION: The present study has used VPT of > 25 mV as the standard for the diagnosis of neuropathy and the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy was 52 per cent. VPT is considered as a gold standard for diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The measurement of vibration perception using a biothesiometer is a long-established method of screening diabetic patients for neuropathy3. A raised VPT has been found in diabetic patients with foot ulceration compared with nondiabetic and diabetic patients without foot ulcers4. VPTs are regularly measured in diabetic patients attending hospital clinics and have been shown to equate with clinical scoring systems of neuropathy5,6. Many studies have taken VPT as a gold standard, comparing SWME, and clinical examination with VPT. The use of VPT for the diagnosis of neuropathy has been well validated by clinical studies with a sensitivity and specificity of 80 and 98 per cent respectively7. This is further substantiated by large epidemiological prospective studies showing that a VPT more than 25 mV had a sensitivity of 83 per cent, a specificity of 63 per cent, a positive likelihood ratio of 2.2 (95% CI, 1.8-2.5), and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.27 (95% CI, 0.14-0.48) for predicting a foot ulceration over 4 years8.Nasseri K and co-workers compared the reproducibility of nerve conduction studies and VPT and concluded that both NCS and VPT are reproducible methods to assess diabetic neuropathy. Since peripheral sensory neuropathy is a pivotal element in the causal pathway to both foot ulceration and amputation, selecting a quick, inexpensive, and accurate instrument to evaluate the high-risk patient is essential to make decisions. So, apart from VPT, we also assessed monofilament, ankle reflex, the DNS and DNE scores for evaluation of peripheral neuropathy. Sensitivity and specificity of the DNE and DNS scores, SWME and ankle reflexwere calculated, taking VPT as gold standard. 52 of 100 subjects had neuropathy confirmed by VPT, while 48 did not have neuropathy. The DNE and DNS scores gave a sensitivity of 80.77 and 84.62% with a specificity of 85.42 and 43.75% respectively. The sensitivity of SWME was 75% and specificity was 89.58%. Ankle reflex yielded a sensitivity of 88.46% and a specificity of 56.25%. The present study showed significant correlations between the VPT score and the DNE (r = 0.661, P<0.001) and DNS (r = 0.312, P = 0.002) scores, monofilament sensation (r= 0.650; P<0.001) and ankle reflex (r = 0.475, P<0.001). The findings are similar to a study conducted by Jayaprakash et al in 2011 in which the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy was 34.9% with VPT as measured with biothesiometer and significant correlations were observed between the VPT score and the DNE (r = 0.532, P<0.001), monofilament sensation (r= 0.573; P<0.001) and ankle reflex (r = 0.377, P= 0.01)9.Our study agrees with this study. Similarly, Mythili A et al in 2010 in a comparative study assessed hundred consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes. Sensitivity and specificity of for the DNE, SWME and VPT were calculated, taking NCS as gold standard. 71 of 100 subjects had neuropathy confirmed by NCS, while 29 did not have neuropathy. The DNE score gave a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 79%. The sensitivity of SWME was 98.5% and specificity was 55%. VPT yielded a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 76%. The study concluded that a simple neurological examination score is as good as VPT in evaluation of polyneuropathy in a diabetic clinic. It may be a better screening tool for diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy in view of the cost effectiveness and ease of applicability10. The findings were very similar to our study. Further, in the present study, the mean age and duration of diabetes was significantly higher in cases with neuropathy compared to cases without neuropathy which was statistically significant (p < 0.05), similar to a Spanish study, in which the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy increased from 14% at under five years duration to 44% at duration of more than 30 years11.
CONCLUSION AND INTERPRETATION: The present study concludes that peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus with an insidious and often irreversible progression leading to foot ulceration and amputation. The severity of the disease is further aggravated by older age and duration of diabetes. Thus early and comprehensive neurological investigations for screening and early diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes are warranted. This stresses the need and the usefulness of various bedside methods like a simple clinical examination score, ankle reflex and monofilament testing which are simple, quick, easy to perform, accurate and are inexpensive and correlate well with the biothesiometer which requires expensive equipment.
REFERENCES:

  1. Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA 2005; 293 : 217-28.

  2. Ali RA. Management of Diabetic Neuropathy, Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2003; 10(2): 27-30.

  3. Steiness IB: Vibratory perception in diabetics. Ada Med Scand 158: 327-355, 1957

  4. Boulton AJM, Kubrusly DB, Bowker JH, Gadia MT, Quintero L, Becker DM, Skyler JS, Sosenko JM: Impaired vibratory perception and diabetic foot ulceration. Diabetic Med 3: 335-337, 1986

  5. Franklin GM, Kahn LB, Baxter J, Marshall JA, Hamman RF: Sensory neuropathy in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the San Luis Valley study. Am] Epidemiol 131: 633-643, 1990

  6. Young MJ, Boulton AJM, Macleod AF, Williams DRR, Sonksen PH: A multicentre study of the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United Kingdom hospital clinic population. Diabetologia 36: 150-154, 1993.

  7. Perkins BA, Olaleye D, Zinman B, Bril V. Simple screening tests for peripheral neuropathy in the diabetes clinic. Diabetes Care 2001; 24 : 250-6.

  8. Meijer JWG, van Sonderen E, Blaauwwiekel EE, Smit AJ, Groothoff JW, Eisma WH, et al. Diabetic neuropathy Examination: a hierarchical scoring system to diagnose distal polyneuropathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 750-53.

  9. Jayaprakash P, Bhansali A, Bhansali S, Dutta P, Anantharaman R. Validation of bedside methods in evaluation of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Indian J Med Res. 2011; 133: 645-649.

  10. Mythili A, Kumar D. A comparative study of examination scores and quantitative sensory testing in diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy. Int J DiabDevCtries. 2010; 30(1): 43-48.

  11. Cabezas-Cerrato J. The prevalence of clinical diabetic polyneuropathy in Spain: A study in primary care and hospital clinic groups. Neuropathy Spanish study Group of the Spanish Diabetes Society (SDS). Diabetologia 1998; 41: 1263–9.




Neuropathy

Frequency

Percent

Absent

48

48.0

Present

52

52.0

Total

100

100.0

TABLE 1: CASES WITH NEUROPATHY BASED ON BIOTHESIOMETERY




Testing modality

Sensitivity
(%)

Specificity
(%)

Positive Predictive Value (%)

Negative Predictive Value (%)

Accuracy
(%)

DNE Score

80.77

85.42

85.71

80.39

83.00

DNS Score

84.62

43.75

61.97

72.41

65.00

Ankle Reflex

88.46

56.25

68.66

81.82

73.00

Monofilament

75.00

89.58

88.64

76.79

82.00

TABLE 2: DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF DIFFERENT TESTS COMPARED TO

VIBRATION PERCEPTION THRESHOLD (VPT)









DNE Score

DNS Score

Ankle Reflex

Monofilament

Biothesiometer

r value

0.661

0.312

0.475

0.650

p value

0.000

0.002

0.000

0.000

TABLE 3: CORRELATIONS BETWEEN BIOTHESIOMETER AND DNE,

DNS SCORES, ANKLE REFLEX AND MONOFILAMENT










    1. Assistant Professor, Department of General Medicine, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar.


    NAME ADRRESS EMAIL ID OF THE CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:

    Dr. Jivesh Mittal,

    House No. 21892, Near Shiv Mandir,

    100 Ft. Road, Bathinda, Punjab, PIN – 151001.

    Email –graceful_jivs@yahoo.com

    Date of Submission: 27/11/2013.

    Date of Peer Review: 28/11/2013.

    Date of Acceptance: 04/12/2013.



    Date of Publishing: 10/12/2013

    AUTHORS:

    1. Jivesh Mittal

    2. Ashok Khurana

    3. Devinder Singh Mahajan

    4. Preeti Singh Dhoat


    PARTICULARS OF CONTRIBUTORS:

    1. Post Graduate, Department of General Medicine, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar.

    2. Professor, Department of General Medicine, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar.

    3. Professor, Department of General Medicine, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar.


Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences/Volume 2/Issue 50/ December 16, 2013 Page


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