Nobel Prizes from 1901
Ma Hongbao
East Lansing, Michigan, USA, Email: hongbao@msu.edu
The Nobel Prizes were set up by the final will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist, industrialist, and the inventor of dynamite on November 27, 1895 at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, which are awarding to people and organizations who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. The Nobel Prizes are generally awarded annually in the categories as following:
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Chemistry, decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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Economics, decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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Literature, decided by the Swedish Academy
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Peace, decided by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, appointed by the Norwegian Parliament, Stortinget
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Physics, decided by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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Physiology or Medicine, decided by Karolinska Institutet
Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the highest prize in the world today. As of November 2005, a total of 776 Nobel Prizes have been awarded, 758 to individuals and 18 to organizations. [Nature and Science. 2006;4(3):86-94].
I. List of All Nobel Prize Winners (1901 – 2005):
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1901 - Chemistry, Jacobus H. van 't Hoff
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Literature, Sully Prudhomme
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Medicine, Emil von Behring
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Peace, Henry Dunant
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Peace, Frédéric Passy
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Physics, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
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1902 - Chemistry, Emil Fischer
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Literature, Theodor Mommsen
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Medicine, Ronald Ross
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Peace, Élie Ducommun
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Peace, Albert Gobat
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Physics, Hendrik A. Lorentz
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Physics, Pieter Zeeman
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1903 - Chemistry, Svante Arrhenius
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Literature, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
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Medicine, Niels Ryberg Finsen
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Peace, Randal Cremer
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Physics, Henri Becquerel
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Physics, Pierre Curie
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Physics, Marie Curie
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1904 - Chemistry, Sir William Ramsay
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Literature, José Echegaray
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Literature, Frédéric Mistral
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Medicine, Ivan Pavlov
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Peace, Institute of International Law
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Physics, Lord Rayleigh
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1905 - Chemistry, Adolf von Baeyer
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Literature, Henryk Sienkiewicz
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Medicine, Robert Koch
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Peace, Bertha von Suttner
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Physics, Philipp Lenard
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1906 - Chemistry, Henri Moissan
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Literature, Giosuè Carducci
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Medicine, Camillo Golgi
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Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal
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Peace, Theodore Roosevelt
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Physics, J.J. Thomson
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1907 - Chemistry, Eduard Buchner
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Literature, Rudyard Kipling
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Medicine, Alphonse Laveran
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Peace, Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
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Peace, Louis Renault
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Physics, Albert A. Michelson
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1908 - Chemistry, Ernest Rutherford
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Literature, Rudolf Eucken
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Medicine, Paul Ehrlich
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Medicine, Ilya Mechnikov
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Peace, Klas Pontus Arnoldson
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Peace, Fredrik Bajer
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Physics, Gabriel Lippmann
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1909 - Chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald
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Literature, Selma Lagerlöf
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Medicine, Theodor Kocher
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Peace, Auguste Beernaert
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Peace, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
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Physics, Ferdinand Braun
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Physics, Guglielmo Marconi
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1910 - Chemistry, Otto Wallach
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Literature, Paul Heyse
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Medicine, Albrecht Kossel
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Peace, Permanent International Peace Bureau
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Physics, Johannes Diderik van der Waals
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1911 - Chemistry, Marie Curie
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Literature, Maurice Maeterlinck
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Medicine, Allvar Gullstrand
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Peace, Tobias Asser
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Peace, Alfred Fried
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Physics, Wilhelm Wien
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1912 - Chemistry, Victor Grignard
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Chemistry, Paul Sabatier
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Literature, Gerhart Hauptmann
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Medicine, Alexis Carrel
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Peace, Elihu Root
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Physics, Gustaf Dalén
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1913 - Chemistry, Alfred Werner
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Literature, Rabindranath Tagore
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Medicine, Charles Richet
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Peace, Henri La Fontaine
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Physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
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1914 - Chemistry, Theodore W. Richards
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Literature, No Prize was Awarded
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Medicine, Robert Bárány
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, Max von Laue
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1915 - Chemistry, Richard Willstätter
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Literature, Romain Rolland
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Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, William Bragg
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Physics, Lawrence Bragg
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1916 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
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Literature, Verner von Heidenstam
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Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, No Prize was Awarded
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1917 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
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Literature, Karl Gjellerup
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Literature, Henrik Pontoppidan
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Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
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Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
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Physics, Charles Glover Barkla
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1918 - Chemistry, Fritz Haber
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Literature, No Prize was Awarded
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Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, Max Planck
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1919 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
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Literature, Carl Spitteler
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Medicine, Jules Bordet
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Peace, Woodrow Wilson
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Physics, Johannes Stark
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1920 - Chemistry, Walther Nernst
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Literature, Knut Hamsun
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Medicine, August Krogh
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Peace, Léon Bourgeois
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Physics, Charles Edouard Guillaume
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1921 - Chemistry, Frederick Soddy
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Literature, Anatole France
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Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
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Peace, Hjalmar Branting
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Peace, Christian Lange
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Physics, Albert Einstein
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1922 - Chemistry, Francis W. Aston
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Literature, Jacinto Benavente
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Medicine, Archibald V. Hill
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Medicine, Otto Meyerhof
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Peace, Fridtjof Nansen
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Physics, Niels Bohr
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1923 - Chemistry, Fritz Pregl
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Literature, William Butler Yeats
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Medicine, Frederick G. Banting
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Medicine, John Macleod
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, Robert A. Millikan
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1924 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
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Literature, Wladyslaw Reymont
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Medicine, Willem Einthoven
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, Manne Siegbahn
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1925 - Chemistry, Richard Zsigmondy
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Literature, George Bernard Shaw
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Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
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Peace, Sir Austen Chamberlain
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Peace, Charles G. Dawes
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Physics, James Franck
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Physics, Gustav Hertz
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1926 - Chemistry, The Svedberg
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Literature, Grazia Deledda
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Medicine, Johannes Fibiger
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Peace, Aristide Briand
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Peace, Gustav Stresemann
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Physics, Jean Baptiste Perrin
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1927 - Chemistry, Heinrich Wieland
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Literature, Henri Bergson
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Medicine, Julius Wagner-Jauregg
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Peace, Ferdinand Buisson
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Peace, Ludwig Quidde
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Physics, Arthur H. Compton
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Physics, C.T.R. Wilson
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1928 - Chemistry, Adolf Windaus
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Literature, Sigrid Undset
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Medicine, Charles Nicolle
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, Owen Willans Richardson
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1929 - Chemistry, Arthur Harden
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Chemistry, Hans von Euler-Chelpin
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Literature, Thomas Mann
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Medicine, Christiaan Eijkman
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Medicine, Sir Frederick Hopkins
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Peace, Frank B. Kellogg
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Physics, Louis de Broglie
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1930 - Chemistry, Hans Fischer
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Literature, Sinclair Lewis
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Medicine, Karl Landsteiner
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Peace, Nathan Söderblom
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Physics, Venkata Raman
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1931 - Chemistry, Friedrich Bergius
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Chemistry, Carl Bosch
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Literature, Erik Axel Karlfeldt
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Medicine, Otto Warburg
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Peace, Jane Addams
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Peace, Nicholas Murray Butler
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Physics, No Prize was Awarded
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1932 - Chemistry, Irving Langmuir
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Literature, John Galsworthy
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Medicine, Edgar Adrian
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Medicine, Sir Charles Sherrington
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, Werner Heisenberg
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1933 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
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Literature, Ivan Bunin
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Medicine, Thomas H. Morgan
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Peace, Sir Norman Angell
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Physics, Paul A.M. Dirac
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Physics, Erwin Schrödinger
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1934 - Chemistry, Harold C. Urey
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Literature, Luigi Pirandello
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Medicine, George R. Minot
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Medicine, William P. Murphy
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Medicine, George H. Whipple
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Peace, Arthur Henderson
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Physics, No Prize was Awarded
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1935 - Chemistry, Frédéric Joliot
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Chemistry, Irène Joliot-Curie
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Literature, No Prize was Awarded
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Medicine, Hans Spemann
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Peace, Carl von Ossietzky
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Physics, James Chadwick
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1936 - Chemistry, Peter Debye
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Literature, Eugene O'Neill
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Medicine, Sir Henry Dale
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Medicine, Otto Loewi
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Peace, Carlos Saavedra Lamas
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Physics, Carl D. Anderson
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Physics, Victor F. Hess
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1937 - Chemistry, Norman Haworth
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Chemistry, Paul Karrer
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Literature, Roger Martin du Gard
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Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi
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Peace, Robert Cecil
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Physics, Clinton Davisson
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Physics, George Paget Thomson
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1938 - Chemistry, Richard Kuhn
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Literature, Pearl Buck
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Medicine, Corneille Heymans
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Peace, Nansen International Office for Refugees
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Physics, Enrico Fermi
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1939 - Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt
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Chemistry, Leopold Ruzicka
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Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanpää
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Medicine, Gerhard Domagk
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, Ernest Lawrence
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1940 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
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Literature, No Prize was Awarded
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Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, No Prize was Awarded
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1941 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
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Literature, No Prize was Awarded
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Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, No Prize was Awarded
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1942 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
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Literature, No Prize was Awarded
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Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, No Prize was Awarded
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1943 - Chemistry, George de Hevesy
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Literature, No Prize was Awarded
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Medicine, Henrik Dam
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Medicine, Edward A. Doisy
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, Otto Stern
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1944 - Chemistry, Otto Hahn
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Literature, Johannes V. Jensen
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Medicine, Joseph Erlanger
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Medicine, Herbert S. Gasser
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Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
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Physics, Isidor Isaac Rabi
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1945 - Chemistry, Artturi Virtanen
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Literature, Gabriela Mistral
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Medicine, Ernst B. Chain
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Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming
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Medicine, Sir Howard Florey
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Peace, Cordell Hull
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Physics, Wolfgang Pauli
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1946 - Chemistry, John H. Northrop
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Chemistry, Wendell M. Stanley
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Chemistry, James B. Sumner
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Literature, Hermann Hesse
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Medicine, Hermann J. Muller
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Peace, Emily Greene Balch
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Peace, John R. Mott
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Physics, Percy W. Bridgman
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1947 - Chemistry, Sir Robert Robinson
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Literature, André Gide
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Medicine, Carl Cori
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Medicine, Gerty Cori
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Medicine, Bernardo Houssay
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Peace, Friends Service Council
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Peace, American Friends Service Committee
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Physics, Edward V. Appleton
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1948 - Chemistry, Arne Tiselius
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Literature, T.S. Eliot
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Medicine, Paul Müller
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, Patrick M.S. Blackett
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1949 - Chemistry, William F. Giauque
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Literature, William Faulkner
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Medicine, Walter Hess
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Medicine, Egas Moniz
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Peace, Lord Boyd Orr
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Physics, Hideki Yukawa
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1950 - Chemistry, Kurt Alder
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Chemistry, Otto Diels
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Literature, Bertrand Russell
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Medicine, Philip S. Hench
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Medicine, Edward C. Kendall
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Medicine, Tadeus Reichstein
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Peace, Ralph Bunche
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Physics, Cecil Powell
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1951 - Chemistry, Edwin M. McMillan
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Chemistry, Glenn T. Seaborg
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Literature, Pär Lagerkvist
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Medicine, Max Theiler
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Peace, Léon Jouhaux
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Physics, John Cockcroft
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Physics, Ernest T.S. Walton
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1952 - Chemistry, Archer J.P. Martin
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Chemistry, Richard L.M. Synge
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Literature, François Mauriac
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Medicine, Selman A. Waksman
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Peace, Albert Schweitzer
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Physics, Felix Bloch
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Physics, E. M. Purcell
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1953 - Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger
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Literature, Winston Churchill
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Medicine, Hans Krebs
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Medicine, Fritz Lipmann
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Peace, George C. Marshall
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Physics, Frits Zernike
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1954 - Chemistry, Linus Pauling
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Literature, Ernest Hemingway
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Medicine, John F. Enders
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Medicine, Frederick C. Robbins
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Medicine, Thomas H. Weller
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Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
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Physics, Max Born
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Physics, Walther Bothe
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1955 - Chemistry, Vincent du Vigneaud
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Literature, Halldór Laxness
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Medicine, Hugo Theorell
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, Polykarp Kusch
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Physics, Willis E. Lamb
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1956 - Chemistry, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood
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Chemistry, Nikolay Semenov
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Literature, Juan Ramón Jiménez
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Medicine, André F. Cournand
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Medicine, Werner Forssmann
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Medicine, Dickinson W. Richards
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, John Bardeen
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Physics, Walter H. Brattain
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Physics, William B. Shockley
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1957 - Chemistry, Lord Todd
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Literature, Albert Camus
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Medicine, Daniel Bovet
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Peace, Lester Bowles Pearson
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Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee
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Physics, Chen Ning Yang
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1958 - Chemistry, Frederick Sanger
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Literature, Boris Pasternak
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Medicine, George Beadle
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Medicine, Joshua Lederberg
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Medicine, Edward Tatum
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Peace, Georges Pire
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Physics, Pavel A. Cherenkov
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Physics, Il´ja M. Frank
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Physics, Igor Y. Tamm
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1959 - Chemistry, Jaroslav Heyrovsky
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Literature, Salvatore Quasimodo
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Medicine, Arthur Kornberg
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Medicine, Severo Ochoa
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Peace, Philip Noel-Baker
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Physics, Owen Chamberlain
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Physics, Emilio Segrè
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1960 - Chemistry, Willard F. Libby
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Literature, Saint-John Perse
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Medicine, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
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Medicine, Peter Medawar
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Peace, Albert Lutuli
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Physics, Donald A. Glaser
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1961 - Chemistry, Melvin Calvin
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Literature, Ivo Andric
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Medicine, Georg von Békésy
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Peace, Dag Hammarskjöld
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Physics, Robert Hofstadter
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Physics, Rudolf Mössbauer
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1962 - Chemistry, John C. Kendrew
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Chemistry, Max F. Perutz
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Literature, John Steinbeck
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Medicine, Francis Crick
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Medicine, James Watson
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Medicine, Maurice Wilkins
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Peace, Linus Pauling
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Physics, Lev Landau
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1963 - Chemistry, Giulio Natta
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Chemistry, Karl Ziegler
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Literature, Giorgos Seferis
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Medicine, Sir John Eccles
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Medicine, Alan L. Hodgkin
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Medicine, Andrew F. Huxley
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Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
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Peace, League of Red Cross Societies
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Physics, Maria Goeppert-Mayer
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Physics, J. Hans D. Jensen
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Physics, Eugene Wigner
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1964 - Chemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
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Literature, Jean-Paul Sartre
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Medicine, Konrad Bloch
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Medicine, Feodor Lynen
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Peace, Martin Luther King
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Physics, Nicolay G. Basov
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Physics, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov
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Physics, Charles H. Townes
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1965 - Chemistry, Robert B. Woodward
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Literature, Mikhail Sholokhov
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Medicine, François Jacob
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Medicine, André Lwoff
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Medicine, Jacques Monod
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Peace, United Nations Children's Fund
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Physics, Richard P. Feynman
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Physics, Julian Schwinger
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Physics, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
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1966 - Chemistry, Robert S. Mulliken
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Literature, Samuel Agnon
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Literature, Nelly Sachs
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Medicine, Charles B. Huggins
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Medicine, Peyton Rous
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, Alfred Kastler
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1967 - Chemistry, Manfred Eigen
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Chemistry, Ronald G.W. Norrish
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Chemistry, George Porter
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Literature, Miguel Angel Asturias
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Medicine, Ragnar Granit
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Medicine, Haldan K. Hartline
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Medicine, George Wald
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
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Physics, Hans Bethe
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1968 - Chemistry, Lars Onsager
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Literature, Yasunari Kawabata
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Medicine, Robert W. Holley
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Medicine, H. Gobind Khorana
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Medicine, Marshall W. Nirenberg
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Peace, René Cassin
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Physics, Luis Alvarez
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1969 - Chemistry, Derek Barton
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Chemistry, Odd Hassel
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Economics, Ragnar Frisch
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Economics, Jan Tinbergen
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Literature, Samuel Beckett
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Medicine, Max Delbrück
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Medicine, Alfred D. Hershey
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Medicine, Salvador E. Luria
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Peace, International Labour Organization
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Physics, Murray Gell-Mann
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1970 - Chemistry, Luis Leloir
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Economics, Paul A. Samuelson
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Literature, Alexandr Solzhenitsyn
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Medicine, Julius Axelrod
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Medicine, Sir Bernard Katz
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Medicine, Ulf von Euler
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Peace, Norman Borlaug
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Physics, Hannes Alfvén
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Physics, Louis Néel
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1971 - Chemistry, Gerhard Herzberg
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Economics, Simon Kuznets
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Literature, Pablo Neruda
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Medicine, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
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Peace, Willy Brandt
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Physics, Dennis Gabor
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1972 - Chemistry, Christian Anfinsen
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Chemistry, Stanford Moore
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Chemistry, William H. Stein
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Economics, Kenneth J. Arrow
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Economics, John R. Hicks
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Literature, Heinrich Böll
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Medicine, Gerald M. Edelman
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Medicine, Rodney R. Porter
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Peace, No Prize was Awarded
-
Physics, John Bardeen
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Physics, Leon N. Cooper
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Physics, Robert Schrieffer
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1973 - Chemistry, Ernst Otto Fischer
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Chemistry, Geoffrey Wilkinson
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Economics, Wassily Leontief
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Literature, Patrick White
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Medicine, Konrad Lorenz
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Medicine, Nikolaas Tinbergen
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Medicine, Karl von Frisch
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Peace, Le Duc Tho
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Peace, Henry Kissinger
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Physics, Leo Esaki
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Physics, Ivar Giaever
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Physics, Brian D. Josephson
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1974 - Chemistry, Paul J. Flory
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Economics, Gunnar Myrdal
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Economics, Friedrich August von Hayek
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Literature, Eyvind Johnson
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Literature, Harry Martinson
-
Medicine, Albert Claude
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Medicine, Christian de Duve
-
Medicine, George E. Palade
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Peace, Seán MacBride
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Peace, Eisaku Sato
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Physics, Antony Hewish
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Physics, Martin Ryle
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1975 - Chemistry, John Cornforth
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Chemistry, Vladimir Prelog
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Economics, Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
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Economics, Tjalling C. Koopmans
-
Literature, Eugenio Montale
-
Medicine, David Baltimore
-
Medicine, Renato Dulbecco
-
Medicine, Howard M. Temin
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Peace, Andrei Sakharov
-
Physics, Aage N. Bohr
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Physics, Ben R. Mottelson
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Physics, James Rainwater
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1976 - Chemistry, William Lipscomb
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Economics, Milton Friedman
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Literature, Saul Bellow
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Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg
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Medicine, D. Carleton Gajdusek
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Peace, Mairead Corrigan
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Peace, Betty Williams
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Physics, Burton Richter
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Physics, Samuel C.C. Ting
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1977 - Chemistry, Ilya Prigogine
-
Economics, James E. Meade
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Economics, Bertil Ohlin
-
Literature, Vicente Aleixandre
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Medicine, Roger Guillemin
-
Medicine, Andrew V. Schally
-
Medicine, Rosalyn Yalow
-
Peace, Amnesty International
-
Physics, Philip W. Anderson
-
Physics, Sir Nevill F. Mott
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Physics, John H. van Vleck
-
1978 - Chemistry, Peter Mitchell
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Economics, Herbert A. Simon
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Literature, Isaac Bashevis Singer
-
Medicine, Werner Arber
-
Medicine, Daniel Nathans
-
Medicine, Hamilton O. Smith
-
Peace, Anwar al-Sadat
-
Peace, Menachem Begin
-
Physics, Pyotr Kapitsa
-
Physics, Arno Penzias
-
Physics, Robert Woodrow Wilson
-
1979 - Chemistry, Herbert C. Brown
-
Chemistry, Georg Wittig
-
Economics, Sir Arthur Lewis
-
Economics, Theodore W. Schultz
-
Literature, Odysseus Elytis
-
Medicine, Allan M. Cormack
-
Medicine, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
-
Peace, Mother Teresa
-
Physics, Sheldon Glashow
-
Physics, Abdus Salam
-
Physics, Steven Weinberg
-
1980 - Chemistry, Paul Berg
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Chemistry, Walter Gilbert
-
Chemistry, Frederick Sanger
-
Economics, Lawrence R. Klein
-
Literature, Czeslaw Milosz
-
Medicine, Baruj Benacerraf
-
Medicine, Jean Dausset
-
Medicine, George D. Snell
-
Peace, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
-
Physics, James Cronin
-
Physics, Val Fitch
-
1981 - Chemistry, Kenichi Fukui
-
Chemistry, Roald Hoffmann
-
Economics, James Tobin
-
Literature, Elias Canetti
-
Medicine, David H. Hubel
-
Medicine, Roger W. Sperry
-
Medicine, Torsten N. Wiesel
-
Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
-
Physics, Nicolaas Bloembergen
-
Physics, Arthur L. Schawlow
-
Physics, Kai M. Siegbahn
-
1982 - Chemistry, Aaron Klug
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Economics, George J. Stigler
-
Literature, Gabriel García Márquez
-
Medicine, Sune K. Bergström
-
Medicine, Bengt I. Samuelsson
-
Medicine, John R. Vane
-
Peace, Alfonso García Robles
-
Peace, Alva Myrdal
-
Physics, Kenneth G. Wilson
-
1983 - Chemistry, Henry Taube
-
Economics, Gerard Debreu
-
Literature, William Golding
-
Medicine, Barbara McClintock
-
Peace, Lech Walesa
-
Physics, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar
-
Physics, William A. Fowler
-
1984 - Chemistry, Bruce Merrifield
-
Economics, Richard Stone
-
Literature, Jaroslav Seifert
-
Medicine, Niels K. Jerne
-
Medicine, Georges J.F. Köhler
-
Medicine, César Milstein
-
Peace, Desmond Tutu
-
Physics, Carlo Rubbia
-
Physics, Simon van der Meer
-
1985 - Chemistry, Herbert A. Hauptman
-
Chemistry, Jerome Karle
-
Economics, Franco Modigliani
-
Literature, Claude Simon
-
Medicine, Michael S. Brown
-
Medicine, Joseph L. Goldstein
-
Peace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
-
Physics, Klaus von Klitzing
-
1986 - Chemistry, Dudley R. Herschbach
-
Chemistry, Yuan T. Lee
-
Chemistry, John C. Polanyi
-
Economics, James M. Buchanan Jr.
-
Literature, Wole Soyinka
-
Medicine, Stanley Cohen
-
Medicine, Rita Levi-Montalcini
-
Peace, Elie Wiesel
-
Physics, Gerd Binnig
-
Physics, Heinrich Rohrer
-
Physics, Ernst Ruska
-
1987 - Chemistry, Donald J. Cram
-
Chemistry, Jean-Marie Lehn
-
Chemistry, Charles J. Pedersen
-
Economics, Robert M. Solow
-
Literature, Joseph Brodsky
-
Medicine, Susumu Tonegawa
-
Peace, Oscar Arias Sánchez
-
Physics, J. Georg Bednorz
-
Physics, K. Alex Müller
-
1988 - Chemistry, Johann Deisenhofer
-
Chemistry, Robert Huber
-
Chemistry, Hartmut Michel
-
Economics, Maurice Allais
-
Literature, Naguib Mahfouz
-
Medicine, Sir James W. Black
-
Medicine, Gertrude B. Elion
-
Medicine, George H. Hitchings
-
Peace, United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
-
Physics, Leon M. Lederman
-
Physics, Melvin Schwartz
-
Physics, Jack Steinberger
-
1989 - Chemistry, Sidney Altman
-
Chemistry, Thomas R. Cech
-
Economics, Trygve Haavelmo
-
Literature, Camilo José Cela
-
Medicine, J. Michael Bishop
-
Medicine, Harold E. Varmus
-
Peace, The 14th Dalai Lama
-
Physics, Hans G. Dehmelt
-
Physics, Wolfgang Paul
-
Physics, Norman F. Ramsey
-
1990 - Chemistry, Elias James Corey
-
Economics, Harry M. Markowitz
-
Economics, Merton H. Miller
-
Economics, William F. Sharpe
-
Literature, Octavio Paz
-
Medicine, Joseph E. Murray
-
Medicine, E. Donnall Thomas
-
Peace, Mikhail Gorbachev
-
Physics, Jerome I. Friedman
-
Physics, Henry W. Kendall
-
Physics, Richard E. Taylor
-
1991 - Chemistry, Richard R. Ernst
-
Economics, Ronald H. Coase
-
Literature, Nadine Gordimer
-
Medicine, Erwin Neher
-
Medicine, Bert Sakmann
-
Peace, Aung San Suu Kyi
-
Physics, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
-
1992 - Chemistry, Rudolph A. Marcus
-
Economics, Gary S. Becker
-
Literature, Derek Walcott
-
Medicine, Edmond H. Fischer
-
Medicine, Edwin G. Krebs
-
Peace, Rigoberta Menchú Tum
-
Physics, Georges Charpak
-
1993 - Chemistry, Kary B. Mullis
-
Chemistry, Michael Smith
-
Economics, Robert W. Fogel
-
Economics, Douglass C. North
-
Literature, Toni Morrison
-
Medicine, Richard J. Roberts
-
Medicine, Phillip A. Sharp
-
Peace, F.W. de Klerk
-
Peace, Nelson Mandela
-
Physics, Russell A. Hulse
-
Physics, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
-
1994 - Chemistry, George A. Olah
-
Economics, John C. Harsanyi
-
Economics, John F. Nash Jr.
-
Economics, Reinhard Selten
-
Literature, Kenzaburo Oe
-
Medicine, Alfred G. Gilman
-
Medicine, Martin Rodbell
-
Peace, Yasser Arafat
-
Peace, Shimon Peres
-
Peace, Yitzhak Rabin
-
Physics, Bertram N. Brockhouse
-
Physics, Clifford G. Shull
-
1995 - Chemistry, Paul J. Crutzen
-
Chemistry, Mario J. Molina
-
Chemistry, F. Sherwood Rowland
-
Economics, Robert E. Lucas Jr.
-
Literature, Seamus Heaney
-
Medicine, Edward B. Lewis
-
Medicine, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
-
Medicine, Eric F. Wieschaus
-
Peace, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
-
Peace, Joseph Rotblat
-
Physics, Martin L. Perl
-
Physics, Frederick Reines
-
1996 - Chemistry, Robert F. Curl Jr.
-
Chemistry, Sir Harold Kroto
-
Chemistry, Richard E. Smalley
-
Economics, James A. Mirrlees
-
Economics, William Vickrey
-
Literature, Wislawa Szymborska
-
Medicine, Peter C. Doherty
-
Medicine, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
-
Peace, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo
-
Peace, José Ramos-Horta
-
Physics, David M. Lee
-
Physics, Douglas D. Osheroff
-
Physics, Robert C. Richardson
-
1997 - Chemistry, Paul D. Boyer
-
Chemistry, Jens C. Skou
-
Chemistry, John E. Walker
-
Economics, Robert C. Merton
-
Economics, Myron S. Scholes
-
Literature, Dario Fo
-
Medicine, Stanley B. Prusiner
-
Peace, International Campaign to Ban Landmines
-
Peace, Jody Williams
-
Physics, Steven Chu
-
Physics, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
-
Physics, William D. Phillips
-
1998 - Chemistry, Walter Kohn
-
Chemistry, John Pople
-
Economics, Amartya Sen
-
Literature, José Saramago
-
Medicine, Robert F. Furchgott
-
Medicine, Louis J. Ignarro
-
Medicine, Ferid Murad
-
Peace, John Hume
-
Peace, David Trimble
-
Physics, Robert B. Laughlin
-
Physics, Horst L. Störmer
-
Physics, Daniel C. Tsui
-
1999 - Chemistry, Ahmed Zewail
-
Economics, Robert A. Mundell
-
Literature, Günter Grass
-
Medicine, Günter Blobel
-
Peace, Médecins Sans Frontières
-
Physics, Gerardus 't Hooft
-
Physics, Martinus J.G. Veltman
-
2000 - Chemistry, Alan Heeger
-
Chemistry, Alan G. MacDiarmid
-
Chemistry, Hideki Shirakawa
-
Economics, James J. Heckman
-
Economics, Daniel L. McFadden
-
Literature, Gao Xingjian
-
Medicine, Arvid Carlsson
-
Medicine, Paul Greengard
-
Medicine, Eric R. Kandel
-
Peace, Kim Dae-jung
-
Physics, Zhores I. Alferov
-
Physics, Jack S. Kilby
-
Physics, Herbert Kroemer
-
2001 - Chemistry, William S. Knowles
-
Chemistry, Ryoji Noyori
-
Chemistry, K. Barry Sharpless
-
Economics, George A. Akerlof
-
Economics, A. Michael Spence
-
Economics, Joseph E. Stiglitz
-
Literature, V.S. Naipaul
-
Medicine, Leland H. Hartwell
-
Medicine, Tim Hunt
-
Medicine, Sir Paul Nurse
-
Peace, United Nations
-
Peace, Kofi Annan
-
Physics, Eric A. Cornell
-
Physics, Wolfgang Ketterle
-
Physics, Carl E. Wieman
-
2002 - Chemistry, John B. Fenn
-
Chemistry, Koichi Tanaka
-
Chemistry, Kurt Wüthrich
-
Economics, Daniel Kahneman
-
Economics, Vernon L. Smith
-
Literature, Imre Kertész
-
Medicine, Sydney Brenner
-
Medicine, H. Robert Horvitz
-
Medicine, John E. Sulston
-
Peace, Jimmy Carter
-
Physics, Raymond Davis Jr.
-
Physics, Riccardo Giacconi
-
Physics, Masatoshi Koshiba
-
2003 - Chemistry, Peter Agre
-
Chemistry, Roderick MacKinnon
-
Economics, Robert F. Engle III
-
Economics, Clive W.J. Granger
-
Literature, J.M. Coetzee
-
Medicine, Paul C. Lauterbur
-
Medicine, Sir Peter Mansfield
-
Peace, Shirin Ebadi
-
Physics, Alexei A. Abrikosov
-
Physics, Vitaly L. Ginzburg
-
Physics, Anthony J. Leggett
-
2004 - Chemistry, Aaron Ciechanover
-
Chemistry, Avram Hershko
-
Chemistry, Irwin Rose
-
Economics, Finn E. Kydland
-
Economics, Edward C. Prescott
-
Literature, Elfriede Jelinek
-
Medicine, Richard Axel
-
Medicine, Linda B. Buck
-
Peace, Wangari Maathai
-
Physics, David J. Gross
-
Physics, H. David Politzer
-
Physics, Frank Wilczek
-
2005 - Chemistry, Yves Chauvin
-
Chemistry, Robert H. Grubbs
-
Chemistry, Richard R. Schrock
-
Economics, Robert J. Aumann
-
Economics, Thomas C. Schelling
-
Literature, Harold Pinter
-
Medicine, Barry J. Marshall
-
Medicine, J. Robin Warren
-
Peace, International Atomic Energy Agency
-
Peace, Mohamed ElBaradei
-
Physics, Roy J. Glauber
-
Physics, John L. Hall
-
Physics, Theodor W. Hänsch
II. Prize Awarded Organizations
(All are Peace Prizes)
-
1904 - Institute of International Law
-
1910 - Permanent International Peace Bureau
-
1917 - International Committee of the Red Cross
-
1938 - Nansen International Office for Refugees
-
1944 - International Committee of the Red Cross
-
1947 - Friends Service Council
-
1947 - American Friends Service Committee
-
1954 - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
-
1963 - International Committee of the Red Cross
-
1963 - League of Red Cross Societies
-
1965 - United Nations Children's Fund
-
1969 - International Labour Organization
-
1977 - Amnesty International
-
1981 - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
-
1985 - International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
-
1988 - United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
-
1995 - Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
-
1997 - International Campaign to Ban Landmines
-
1999 - Médecins Sans Frontières
-
2001 - United Nations
-
2005 - International Atomic Energy Agency
III. Women Prize Winners
Chemistry
-
1911 - Marie Curie
-
1935 - Irène Joliot-Curie
-
1964 - Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
Literature
-
1909 - Selma Lagerlöf
-
1926 - Grazia Deledda
-
1928 - Sigrid Undset
-
1938 - Pearl Buck
-
1945 - Gabriela Mistral
-
1966 - Nelly Sachs
-
1991 - Nadine Gordimer
-
1993 - Toni Morrison
-
1996 - Wislawa Szymborska
-
2004 - Elfriede Jelinek
Peace
-
1905 - Bertha von Suttner
-
1931 - Jane Addams
-
1946 - Emily Greene Balch
-
1976 - Betty Williams
-
1976 - Mairead Corrigan
-
1979 - Mother Teresa
-
1982 - Alva Myrdal
-
1991 - Aung San Suu Kyi
-
1992 - Rigoberta Menchú Tum
-
1997 - Jody Williams
-
2003 - Shirin Ebadi
-
2004 - Wangari Maathai
Physics
-
1903 - Marie Curie
-
1963 - Maria Goeppert-Mayer
Physiology or Medicine
-
1947 - Gerty Cori
-
1977 - Rosalyn Yalow
-
1983 - Barbara McClintock
-
1986 - Rita Levi-Montalcini
-
1988 - Gertrude B. Elion
-
1995 - Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
-
2004 - Linda B. Buck
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