Literary History of Persia

128 Ibid., f. 26.

129 Travels of a Merchant, p. 188.

130 Ibid., pp. 197-8. The Ḥabíbu’s-Siyar and other Persian histories, however, represent Alwand as dying a natural death. Cf. p. 55 supra.

131 Travels of a Merchant, p. 207.

132 He was put to death in Ramaḍán, 916/December, 1510.

133 See Dr. F. R. Martin’s Miniature Paintings and Painters of Persia etc., pp. 35-6.

134 See Lit. Hist. Pers. iii, p. 456, and Add. 200 of the Cambridge University Library, f. 45^b, which places this attempt in the year 873/1468-9.

135 See W. Erskine’s History of India, vol. i (London, 1854), pp. 319-320.

136 For example, the History of the Moghuls of Central Asia etc., by N. Elias and Sir E. Denison Ross (London, 1898), and, of course, the incomparable Memoirs of Bábur, in the tasteful new edition of Erskine and Leyden’s translation annotated and revised by Sir Lucas King (Oxford, 1921).

137 The Aḥsanu’t-Tawáríkh (f. 88^b) gives his pedigree thus: Shaybak Khán b. Búdáq Sulṭán b. Abu’l-Khayr Khán b. Dawlat Shaykh b. Íltí-Oghlan b. Fúlád-Oghlan b. Aybu Khwája b. … b. Bulgháy b. Shaybán b. Jújí b. Chingíz Khán.

138 See Erskine’s History of India, vol. i, pp. 297 et seqq. The text of this long letter is given in the Aḥsanu’t-Tawáríkh (Ellis ms., ff. 80^b et seqq.).

139 According to the history of Sháh Isma‘íl contained in Add. 200 of the Cambridge University Library (f. 141), Prince (afterwards Sulṭán) Salím was greatly offended at this, and had a violent quarrel with his father Báyazíd on the subject.

140 I.e. “I seek protection from him.”

141 Printed at Constantinople in 1274/1858. Until lately I only possessed vol. i, which comprises 626 pp. and comes down to about 966/1558-9. For some account of this most important work, see von Hammer’s Gesch. d Osmanisch. Reich., iv, p. 15; Flügel’s Vienna Catalogue, i, pp. 282-3; Z.D.M.G., vii, p. 460; Notices et extraits, v, pp. 668-688; Rieu’s Turkish Cat., pp. 80-83; and Ḥájji Khalífa (ed. Flügel), v, p. 488.

142 Báyandarí is an alternative name for the Áq-Qoyúnlú, or “White Sheep” dynasty.

143 See Lit. Hist. Pers., iii, pp. 422-3.

144 I quote the sixth edition of his Turkish History, with Sir Paul Rycaut’s continuation, published in London in 1687. The passage in question occurs on p. 315 of vol. i.

145 I.e. ‘Alí, Aḥmad and Yaḥyá Pashas.

146 These names stand for Ḥasan Khalífa, Sháh-qulí, and Takallú or Tekellú, i.e. of the Tekké-íli.

147 Op. cit., p. 324.

148 ‘Abdu’r-Raḥman Sheref’s History of the Ottoman Empire (Constantinople, 2nd edition, 1315/1897-8), vol. i, pp. 196-7. Cf. von Hammer’s Gesch. d.Osmanisch. Reich., vol. ii, pp. 359-360 and 393-4.

149 Ff. 90-91 of Mr. A. G. Ellis’s ms.

150 Yúnus Pasha, Grand Vezír to Sulṭán Selím, executed in 923/1517.

151 See von Hammer, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 403 ad calc. The passage runs: “Che il Signor havea mandá a far amazzar tutti della secta di Sofi.”

152 Ibid., p. 638.

153 This victory of the Uzbeks over the allied forces of Sháh Isma‘íl and Bábur took place on Ramaḍán 17, 918 (Nov. 26, 1512). Amír Najmu’d-Dín Mas‘úd (“the First Najm” or “Star”) died in 915 (1509-1510) and was succeeded in his office and title by Amír Yár Aḥmad-i-Iṣfahání, called Najm-i-Thání, “the Second Najm” or “Star.”

154 On the first of the month (Aug. 22, 1514) according to Firídún Bey (p. 402).

155 Add. 200 of the Cambridge University Library, f. 151.

156 He died at Constantinople four months later of the plague.

157 History of Persia, vol. i, p. 504. I can find no confirmation of this in the Persian histories which I have consulted.

158 According to the Aḥsanu’t-Tawáríkh comprised only four rulers, Malik Aṣlán, Sulaymán, Náṣiru’d-Din and ‘Alá’u’d-Dawla, of whom the last, together with four of his sons and thirty of his followers, was decapitated by Sulṭán Salím’s soldiers on June 13, 1515.

159 Firídún Bey, vol. i, pp. 413-414.

160 Ibid., pp. 415-416.

161 The last ends on p. 500.

162 From a line in his Turkish poem it appears that his home was in Khurásán and Khwárazm (Khiva), which he had been compelled to leave since “Infidelity had completely destroyed the Home of Faith, and established itself in the Seat of Religion.”

163 Burk is a Turkish word denoting a kind of tall fur cap, and Qizil-burk (“Red-cap”) is, of course, equivalent to Qizil-básh (Persian Surkh-sar) “Red-head.”

164 The word gabr (anglicized by Thomas Moore as “guebre”) properly denotes a Zoroastrian, but is constantly applied by writers of this period to any non-Muslim, infidel or heretic, like the corresponding gyawur (“giaour”) of the Turks. See p. 95 infra.

165 This, of course, refers to the cursing of Abú Bakr, ‘Umar and ‘Uthmán instituted by Sháh Isma‘íl. See pp. 53-4 supra.

166 This mysterious person is commonly (as here) identified with Alexander the Great. See Qur’án xviii, 82, 85, 93 and commentary thereon.

167 The term Rúm was applied successively to the Roman, the Byzantine and the Ottoman Empires, and by the Persian historians of this period the Ottoman Sulṭán is constantly called Qayṣar-i-Rúm.

168 The term Rúm was applied successively to the Roman, the Byzantine and the Ottoman Empires, and by the Persian historians of this period the Ottoman Sulṭán is constantly called Qayṣar-i-Rúm.

169 Aḥsanu’t-Tawáríkh (Mr. Ellis’s ms., f. 128). The first miṣrá‘ gives the correct date (926), but the second, as written in the ms. (with ), gives 940. I have emended this to , which gives 930, though this is still one too much.

170 Khánish Khánum, Parí-Khán Khánum, Mihínbánú Sulṭánum, Firangís Khánum and Zaynab Khánum.

171 F. 131.

172 These battles were fought in 906/1500, 907/1501, 908/1503, 916/1510, and 920/1514 respectively. In all except the last Sháh Isma‘íl was victorious.

173 See pp. 24-29 supra.

174 See p. 74 ad calc.

175 Accounts of the more notable of these writers will be found in the preceding volume of this history, Persian Literature under Tartar Dominion.

176 See Rieu’s Persian Catalogue, pp. 660-661.

177 See p. 28 supra.

178 3 + 1 + 10 + 2 + 4 + 200 + 20 + 200 + 80 + 400 + 10 = 930 A.H. = 1523-4 A.D.

179 Printed by the late Dr. Paul Horn in vol. xliv of the Z.D.M.G. (for 1890), pp. 563-649; and lithographed in vol. ii of the Maṭla‘u’sh-Shams of Muḥammad Ḥasan Khán I‘timádu’s-Salṭana, pp. 165-213.

180 History of Persia, vol. i, pp. 511-513.

181 A History of India under … Baber and Humáyún (London, 1854), vol. ii, pp. 285 etc.

182 For the text of this curious letter, see the Hakluyt Society’s Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia (No. lxxii, London. 1886), pp. 112-114.

183 Ibid., pp. 144-147.

184 Travels of Venetians in Persia (Hakluyt Society, 1873), pp. 215 et seqq.

185 P. 584 of Horn’s Denkwürdigkeiten cited above p. 84, n. 2.

186 Horn, loc. cit., p. 592.

187 These three epithets refer to his ancestors Shaykh Ṣafiyyu’d-Dín, the Imám Músá al-Káẓim and the Imám Ḥusayn.

188 Horn, loc. cit., p. 600, also cited in the Átash-kada (Bombay lith., 1277/1860-1, p. 17).

189 I.e. Bang or Ḥashísh (Cannabis Indica), as explicitly stated in the Átash-kada.

190 I.e. wine.

191 Horn, loc. cit., p. 602. See also the Turkish journal of this campaign given by Firídún Bey (vol. i, pp. 588-9), where mention of this severe cold is made. Sulṭániyya was reached by the Turkish army on 5 Rabí‘ ii, 941 (October 14, 1534).

192 Ibid., p. 607.

193 Ibid, p. 623.

194 Ibid., pp. 635-6.

195 He was the author of a valuable but unpublished Biography of contemporary poets entitled Tuḥfa-i-Sámí.

196 Horn, loc. cit., p. 631.

197 See Gibb’s History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. iii, pp. 10-11.

198 Early Voyages, etc. (Hakluyt Society, 1886, vol. i), p. 141 and footnote, in which the substance of Knolles’s contemporary account is given. See also Creasy’s History of the Ottoman Turks (London, 1877). pp. 186-7.

199 Horn’s text, loc. cit., pp. 642-9.

200 Here, as elsewhere, called Khwándgár, apparently a corruption of Khudáwandgár (“the Lord”), itself in turn corrupted by the Turks into Khúnkár (“the Shedder of Blood”).

201 History of Persia (London, 1815), vol. i, pp. 508-9.

202 History of India under … Baber and Humáyún (London, 1854), vol. ii, pp. 280 et seqq.

203 Translated by Major Charles Stewart and printed in London in 1832 for the Oriental Translation Fund.

204 See Lord Curzon’s Persia, vol. ii, p. 35. A copy of the picture in question by Texier is reproduced in Sir Percy Sykes’s History of Persia (2nd ed., London, 1921), vol. ii, p. 164.

205 A complete diary of this campaign against the “arch-heretic Qizil-básh King Ṭahmásp” will be found in vol. i of Firídún Bey’s Munsha’át , pp. 584-598. The Ottoman army left Constantinople on June 10, 1534, occupied Baghdád in December of the same year, and returned to Constantinople on Jan. 7, 1536.

206 See p. 11 supra.

207 History of the Ottoman Turks (London, 1877), p. 202.

208 Chahár-súq (from which is derived the modern Turkish chárshi) is the point of intersection of two main bázárs; a sort of Oriental Oxford Circus, affording the greatest publicity.

209 The omission of ‘Umar, unless due to a scribe’s error, is remarkable.

210 Qur’án, ii, 18.

211 He reigned sixty lunar years, A.H. 427-487 (A.D. 1035-1094).

212 See Chardin’s Voyages (Paris, 1811), vol. v, pp. 241-244.

213 Author of the well-known monograph on Sháh ‘Abbás the Great entitled Ta’ríkh-i-‘Álam-árá-yi-‘Abbásí.

214 He was born at Herát on Ramaḍán I, 978 (]an 27, 1571).

215 Cf. Sir John Malcolm’s History of Persia (London, 1815),vol. i, pp. 516-517.

216 According to the Aḥsanu’t-Tawáríkh he was born in 938/1531-1.

217 I suppose this alludes to the practical extermination of the rest of the Royal Family by Isma‘íl II.

218 Sir John Malcolm (op. cit., vol. i, pp. 514 and 517) appears to confuse her with her mother, since he calls her “the favourite Sultána of the deceased monarch” (Ṭahmásp), and “the sister of Shamkhál.” In the ‘Álam-árá-yi-‘Abbásí she is enumerated as the second of Ṭahmásp’s eight daughters, but according to other Persian historians she was one of the five daughters of Sháh Isma‘íl and the sister of Ṭahmásp. See p. 81 supra, n. 2 ad calc. By “Don Juan of Persia” she is called the Infanta.

219 Called by “Don Juan of Persia” (f. 104^a) “Cudy de Lac” (i.e. Dallák), “que es como si dixeramos en Español, Cudi el barbero del Rey.”

220 “Don Juan of Persia,” f. 107^b.

221 Supplement to the Rawḍatu’ṣ-Ṣafá.

222 The murderer of his son Ḥamza. See p. 101 supra and n. 3 ad calc.

223 He was born, according to the ‘Álam-árá-yi-‘Abbásí, on Ramaḍán 1, 978 (Jan. 27, 1571), or 979 (Jan. 17, 1572). The words form the chronogram of his coronation.

224 The author of the ‘Álam-árá-yi-‘Abbásí says that he himself saw amongst those slain at Sabzawár women with children at the breast.

225 In 1006/1597-8, according to the ‘Álam-árá-yi-‘Abbásí.

226 e.g. “The Sherley Brothers, an historical Memoir of the Lives of Sir Thomas Sherley, Sir Anthony Sherley, and Sir Robert Sherley, Knights, by one of the same House” (Evelyn Philip Shirley; Roxburgh Club: Chiswick, 1848); “The Three Brothers, or the Travels and Adventures of Sir A., Sir R. and Sir T. Sherley in Persia, Russia, Turkey, Spain, etc., with Portraits” (Anon., London, 1825).

227 An account of the heretic Jalál is given by Munajjim-báshí (Ṣaḥá ‘ifu’l-Akhbár, Turkish version, ed. Constantinople, A.H. 1285, vol. iii, p. 471). He and many of his followers were killed near Síwás in 925/1519, but evidently the sect which he founded retained its vitality for the better part of a century afterwards.

228 See E. J. W. Gibb’s History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. iii, pp. 248-251, and, for the originals, vol. vi, pp. 190-191.

229 Pp. 24-5 supra.

230 See my Year amongst the Persians, pp. 185-6.

231 Vol. i, pp. 376-8, etc.

232 Of these titles, Ḥáfiẓ denotes a Qur’án-reciter or rhapsodist; Kamáncha’í a violinist; Chahár-tárí a player on the four-stringed lute; Shaypúrghú’í a trumpeter; Ṭanbúra’í a drummer; and Changí a harper.

233 History of Persia (ed. 1815), vol. i, pp. 555-6.

234 Ibid., pp. 560-5.

235 See the commentaries on Qur’án xxxiv, 13.

236 P. 44 of the English translation (London, 1728).

237 Revolutions of Persia (London, 1753), vol. i, p. 20.

238 Op. cit., p. 49.

239 Op. cit., pp. 57-8.

240 Krusinski, op. cit., pp. 105-108.

241 Turkish:

242 Krusinski, op. cit., p. 71.

243 Ibid., p. 76.

244 History of Persia (London, 1815), vol. i, pp. 568-570.

245 P. 106 of Belfour’s text = p. 116 of his translation.

246 The Evil Eye is called by the Arabs ‘Aynu’l-Kamál, “the Eye of Perfection,” because anything perfect of its kind is especially exposed to its attacks.

247 The seizure of Qandahár by the revolted Afgháns led by Mír Ways.

248 The son and successor of Mír Ways.

249 Revolutions of Persia, vol. i, p. 22.

250 The Afgháns are, however, mentioned by the Arabian historian Ibnu’l-Athír in several places, the earliest mention being under the year 366/976-7. They were very troublesome in S.E. Persia in the middle of the fourteenth century. See my Abridged Translation of the Ta’ríkh-i-Guzída (E. J. W. Gibb Series, xiv, 2), pp. 161 et seqq.

251 Op.cit., pp. 65-70.

252 See p. 106 supra

253 Op. cit., p. 91. Hanway (vol. iii, p. 32 ad calc., and p. 33) calls them Peleuk and Feleuk. At a later period they were known as Ḥaydarí and Ni‘matí.

254 e.g. the Qiṣaṣu’l-‘Ulamá, p. 216 of the lithographed edition of 1306/1888-9.

255 The chronogram is .

256 See pp. 114-118 supra.

257 Krusinski, p. 187.

258 Hanway's Revolution of Persia, vol. i, p. 99.

259 Ibid., p. 186.

260 At that time, according to Hanway (loc. cit., p. 100), equivalent to £37,500.

261 See vol. ii of my Lit. Hist., p. 462, for the translation, and pp. 97-8 of Ahlwardt's edition for the text of this passage.

262 Revolutions of Persia (London, 1753), vol. i, pp. 104-5.

263 Maḥmúd the Afghán laid siege to Kirmán in January, 1722, and captured Iṣfahán in October of the same year. His cousin Ashraf, who succeeded him, was killed by Balúchís in 1730.

264 For the contents of the six articles, see Hanway's Revolutions of Persia, i, pp. 200-1.

265 See p. 126 supra.

266 For its provisions, contained in nine articles, see Hanway, op. cit., i, pp. 254-5.

267 This fortress, which is jealously guarded, Lord Curzon attempted but failed to penetrate. See his Persia, vol. i, pp. 125-140, especially the bird's-eye view on p. 134.

268 Revolutions of Persia, ii, p. 188. The loss to India he puts at one hundred and twenty million pounds and the number of those slain at 200,000 (Ibid., p. 197).

269 See Sir John Malcolm’s History of Persia (ed. 1815), vol. ii, p. 104.

270 According to the Ta’ríkh-i-ba‘d Nádiriyya (ed. Oskar Mann, Leyden, 1891, pp. 15 et seqq.), which gives a very full account of the matter, the four chief conspirators, Muḥammad Khán Qájár, Músá Beg Afshár, Qoja Beg Günduzlú and Muḥammad Ṣáliḥ Khán, were accompanied by seventy young volunteers, but only four had the courage to enter Nádir’s tent. The assassination took place on Sunday, 11 Jumáda ii 1160 (June 20, 1747).

271 Malcolm’s History, Vol. ii, p. 111.

272 Op. cit., vol. ii, p. 115.

273 R. G. Watson’s History of Persia, p. 44.

274 Sir John Malcolm’s History of Persia, vol. ii, p. 125. The two preceding pages contain a graphic account of the battle of Kamárij, as narrated to the author on the spot by persons who had themselves taken part in it.

275 See ‘Alí Riḍá’s Ta’ríkh-i-Zandiyya (ed. Ernst Beer, Leyden, 1888).

276 Sir John Malcolm, op. cit., ii, p. 157.

277 Ibid., p. 263.

278 Ta’ríkh-i-Zandiyya, p. 6, 1. I.

279 Sir John Malcolm’s History, ii, p. 158 ad calc.

280 Ta’ríkh-i-Zandiyya, pp. 24-25.

281 The Dynasty of the Kajars, etc. (London, 1833), pp/- cxx-cxxi. Sir H. J. Brydges “visited Shíráz for the first time in 1786.”

282 To wit, the notorious Ḥájji Ibráhím — “the scoundrel,” as Sir H. J. Brydges calls him (Account of … H.M.’s Mission, etc. vol. i. pp. 95-96), “whose mad ambition and black heart brought ruin on his confiding King, and misery the most severe on his fellow-citizens.”