Leo Frobenius: pioneer of German ethnology
This exhibition does not primarily place at its centre the
pioneer and co-founder of German ethnology, but
rather the then fairly unknown and younger researcher
going on an expedition to Ethiopia in 1915, who got
entangled in political missions on imperial assignment.
As originator of fundamental theoretical assumptions of
ethnology, Leo Frobenius is a crucial figure in the
history of science. In an era which viewed colonial
conquests as a European privilege, and which favoured
racist models of explanation, Frobenius emphasized
Africa’s role as historical centre of the evolution of
mankind. For Frobenius, the supposed negative view of
Africans imposed by politics and justifying European
politics, did not carry any importance. In his youth
Frobenius had already travelled Sudan with his father,
and early on he had based research projects on these
experiences. Frobenius became the largest collector of ethnographic data of his time,
especially of rich rock paintings, whose comparison led him to his theory of ‘cultural circles’.
His notion of an ‘Erythraean Culture’, reaching from the Red Sea region all the way to
Zimbabwe (a notion that has nowadays mostly sunk into oblivion), is part of this theory.
However, he also utilised his position as ethnological publisher for political consulting:
dossiers from the Foreign Office demonstrate his interest in the establishment of new
German colonies, for which he developed detailed plans. The First World War afforded him
an opportunity to travel to the region – an episode that has largely been overlooked by the
history of science: the imperial government equipped him with numerous staff members,
among them the German-Ethiopian Salomon Friedrich Hall, also known as ‘Suleyman’, and
in 1915 officially deployed him for an ethnological research expedition to the Ethiopian
highlands. The expedition did indeed reach Asmara, the colonial capital of Eritrea, and began
to document different architectural styles, among others. However, the actual assignment
was to enter into Ethiopia, to establish contact with the German delegation there and to foster
a German alliance with the Ethiopian ruler Lij Iyasu. The aim was for Ethiopia to initiate
colonial rebellions in the neighbouring colonies with the support of Germany and Turkey, in
order to weaken especially the British forces, and thus enable a German advance into the
Suez Canal region. But the activities soon failed: the Italian colonial administration became
suspicious and cancelled the expedition. Ethiopia nonetheless did follow Frobenius in his
project and subtly entered the warring activities on Germany’s side – until, in the following
year of 1916, Teferi, ally of the British and later Emperor Haile Selassie I., in a large-scale
coup d’état, ousted the young regent Lij Iyasu. Ethiopia remained a subject of reflection and
reference of Frobenius during his whole life of researcher and theorist.
Text: Wolbert Smidt
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Exhibition at the Goethe-Institut
Addis Ababa, April 2015