Learning from Lesbos
24
Annex A: Detailed Methodology
(continued)
Field Visits
The field visit took place in January 2016 and focused on
close observation of the IRC’s activities in both Molyvos
and Mytilene. Informal interviews were conducted with field
staff implementing programmes. This close observation
of the IRC’s programmes on Lesbos significantly informed
the development of the case studies found in this report.
The IRC Learning Manager consulted the
Municipality of Lesbos, and conducted more
formal semi-structured interviews with:
k
IRC staff based on Lesbos for all or part of the period
between September 2015 and March 2016, and
k
Greek residents of the island,
including business owners.
Key questions included in the semi-structured
interviews are provided in Annex B.
During all semi-structured interviews, the purpose of the
research was fully explained and verbal consent obtained
from interviewees. Respondents were invited to skip
questions or stop the interview at any time. In light of the
informality of the interviews, the names of interviewees
are not usually provided. Where comments are attributed,
this is done with the permission of those quoted.
above: In the summer of 2015, the Hellenic Coastguard leave
the port in Mytilene on patrol, likely searching for refugees
determined to land in Europe.
Tyler Jump/IRC
below: Molyvos is typically known as an attractive tourist destination
for Greeks and foreigners alike. The migrant crisis on the island –
and the subsequent perceptions of the town – has hurt the local
economy of Molyvos.
Samer Saliba/IRC
Learning from Lesbos
25
Key Interview Questions
Interviews with Humanitarian Actors
1
What challenges and opportunities does the
urban context present in achieving your desired
outcomes, particularly when it comes to ensuring
those outcomes do not impact and/or support
wherever possible existing urban systems?
2
What are the challenges and opportunities associated
with programming for a transitory refugee population?
3
What are the impacts of operating
camps within urban host settings?
4
How closely, if at all, do you collaborate with
municipal actors and other public service providers
to achieve your desired outcomes in urban areas?
Where they exist, why are there gaps in
collaboration and public sector engagement?
5
In your view, what is the role of the governmental
sector in addressing the refugee crisis on Lesbos?
6
In your view, what is the role of volunteers
and smaller charity groups in addressing
the refugee crisis on Lesbos?
7
How, if at all, do you empower the local
community – particularly business owners –
in their response to the refugee crisis?
8
How important is it for refugees/migrants to
have access to existing services on the island?
How do you facilitate this access, particularly
given that refugees/migrants are physically
separated from them while in the camps?
9
In your view, what is needed to ensure
a coordinated response from all parties
(government, INGO, volunteers) that addresses
the needs of refugees/migrants while respecting
the daily goings-on of the island?
10
In your view, what role does local advocacy
play in your response on the island?
11
To your knowledge, what impact is humanitarian
intervention having on social cohesion on the island?
12
Do you work to align humanitarian and city
planning efforts? Can you provide examples?
13
How important is flexibility on the island?
What impacts does flexibility have on efficacy?
14
What would you do differently the
next time you work in an urban setting?
Annex B: Interviews
below: Kara Tepe before any intervention: there were two showers for 2,000 refugees, long queues for the toilets, rubbish everywhere
and a tense atmosphere predominating.
Tyler Jump/Stichting Vluchteling/IRC
Learning from Lesbos
26
Annex C: Monthly Refugee Arrivals on Lesbos
September 2015
89,690
October
135,063
November
103,409
December
65,838
January 2016
42,601
February
31,416
March
13,996
Local Population Figures
Used for Comparison
Resident population of Molyvos (Mithymnia) municipal community
1,570
Resident population of Mytilene municipal community
29,656
Total resident population of the island of Lesbos
86,436
sources: Refugee arrival figures from Hellenic Police
and Hellenic Coastguard, quoted in UNHCR,
“Lesvos data snapshot,” 30 March, 2016
Resident population figures from
Hellenic Statistical Authority,
“Population census:
permanent residential population,” 2011
http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1210503/
resident_population_census2011rev.xls ( in Greek)
Learning from Lesbos
27
References
1
According to the ODI report, “Protracted displacement:
uncertain paths to self-reliance in exile,” at least 59%
of refugees live in urban settings, a number that is
increasing annually. Protracted displacement: uncertain
paths to self-reliance in exile. ODI. September 2015.
Available at: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/
publications-opinion-files/9851.pdf. Accessed June 30, 2016.
2
World at War. UNCHR Global Trends:
Forced Displacement in 2014. June 2015.
Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/556725e69.html.
Accessed June 30, 2016.
3
Gabrielle Smith and Lili Mohiddin. 2015.
A review of evidence of humanitarian cash transfer programming
in urban areas. IIED Working Paper. IIED, London.
Available at: http://pubs.iied.org/10759IIED.
Accessed June 30, 2016.
4
UNCHR. Lesvos Data Snapshot. 30 March, 2016.
5
Nianias, Helen. “Refugees on Lesbos:
Are there too many NGOs on the island?” The Guardian.
Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-
professionals-network/2016/jan/05/refugees-in-lesbos-are-
there-too-many-ngos-on-the-island. Accessed June 30, 2016.
6
Dearden, Lizzie. “Refugee Crisis: Shipping Strike on
Lesbos leaves 20,000 Asylum Seekers Stranded.”
The Independent. November 5, 2015.
Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/
refugee-crisis-shipping-strike-on-lesbos-leaves-20000-asylum-
seekers-stranded-a6723201.html. Accessed June 6, 2016.
7
Ibid.
8
Nianias, Helen. “Refugees on Lesbos:
Are there too many NGOs on the island?” The Guardian.
Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-
professionals-network/2016/jan/05/refugees-in-lesbos-are-
there-too-many-ngos-on-the-island. Accessed June 30, 2016.
9
OCHA, http://www.unocha.org/what-we-do/
coordination/overview
10 Focus group discussions conducted by IRC staff outside
the context of this research. The focus group discussions
were held in recognition that the local community was not
appropriately consulted early in the IRC’s response efforts.
Moreover, categorising our world as either urban or rural
risks painting a false picture of human settlements today.
Nonetheless, it is important to highlight they key differences
between the megacity and the remote village, understanding
that the majority of people live in places that would fall
somewhere along a spectrum between these two extremes.
Urban areas differ from rural ones in terms of the number,
density, and diversity of stakeholders, residents and the
communities they represent. Their political, social, and
service provision structures and systems are also more
complex and interconnected. The concentration of resources,
a reliance on cash-based economies, and the scale and
density of their physical environments sets urban areas apart
from rural ones. Displaced populations in urban areas are
often hidden from view and can be further marginalised from
society as they face legal and social barriers to accessing
local services, particularly healthcare and education,
employment and means of supporting themselves.
In the ongoing conversation about good practice in urban
humanitarian response, there is not yet agreement on a
definition for the term “urban area”. This reflects the fact
that governments use varying operational definitions.
Defining Urban
Given their interdependency and the fluidity between them, distinguishing between
urban and rural areas is an imperfect – and sometimes unhelpful – endeavour.
right: Mytilene is the political and commercial centre of Lesbos and
the one true city on the island. It is a working port and a tourism hub.
Mytilene and the surrounding urban area bore the brunt of the brunt
of the disruption caused by the wave of arrivals from Turkey.
Samer Saliba/IRC
Learning from Lesbos
28
Acknowledgements
This report is authored by Samer Saliba,
the Urban Response Learning Manager
of the International Rescue Committee (IRC).
This report serves as a knowledge product
in a series focusing on evidence and lessons
on improving urban humanitarian response.
It greatly benefits from the work of and support
and commentary from the following IRC staff:
Panagiotis Andrianis, Lucy Carrigan,
Kirk Day, Lani Fortier, Bob Kitchen, Aggeliki Kleioti,
Ashleigh Christina Lovett, Christophe Martin,
Jackie McLeod, Panos Navrozidis, Elinor Raikes,
Natasha Sim, Kathryn Sokol, Edmond Suluku,
Corita Tassi, Dafni Tsakyraki, Jane Waite,
and Margot Vulliod.
This report is edited by Robyn Kerrison
and designed by Ros Mac Thóim.
All photographs are taken for
the IRC unless otherwise noted.
The author thanks his colleagues, the local
authorities, residents, and community-based
organisations interviewed for their contributions.
Rescue-uk.org
Gov.uk/dfid
This report is generously funded by the UK Department
for International Development (DFID) through the
DFID–IRC Advocacy and Learning Partnership on
Urban Crises. The partnership is part of the DFID Urban
Crises Programme, which involves the International
Rescue Committee (IRC) and the International
Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
Products and events resulting from the
partnerships are produced in coordination with
the Global Alliance for Urban Crises.
To learn more about the Global Alliance,
please visit www.urban-crises.org.
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Document Outline - _GoBack
- Executive Summary
- Introduction
- Key Findings
- Recommendations
- Annex A: Detailed Methodology
- Annex B: Interviews
- Annex C: Monthly Refugee Arrivals on Lesbos
- Defining Urban
- References
- Acknowledgements
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