Jerry M. Burger
Limits and liabilities of Freudian theoryAlfred AdlerCarl JungErik EriksonKaren Horney
Application: Psychoanalytic theory and religion Application: Psychoanalytic theory and religionAssessment: Personal narrativesStrengths and criticisms of Neo-Freudian theories
Theorists rejected the idea that personality is formed by experiences in the initial years of life Theorists rejected the idea that personality is formed by experiences in the initial years of life- Neo-Freudians argued that later experiences are important in shaping personality
Freud failed to recognize the importance of social and cultural forces in shaping individual personality
Freudian theories have negative tone and painted a pessimistic and in some ways degrading picture of human nature Freudian theories have negative tone and painted a pessimistic and in some ways degrading picture of human nature- Propagated that humans are largely controlled by instincts and unconscious forces
Developed the approach of individual psychology Developed the approach of individual psychology- Notion of striving for superiority
- Role of parental influence on personality development
- Effects of birth order
Single motivating force that can subsume all other motives Single motivating force that can subsume all other motives- Individual’s begin life with feelings of inferiority
- All individual actions aim to establish a sense of superiority over life’s obstacles
- Excessive feelings of inferiority lead to inferiority complex
- Social interest combined with superiority striving indicates mental health of a person
Parental behaviors that lead to problems in children’s life Parental behaviors that lead to problems in children’s life- Pampering
- Robs the child of independence and adds to feelings of inferiority
- Neglect - Children who receive little attention from their parents:
- Grow up cold and suspicious
- Are incapable of warm personal relationships
First president of the International Psychoanalytic Association First president of the International Psychoanalytic AssociationDisagreement with Freud’s theory, resulted in resignation from the association in 1914
Part of unconscious mind Part of unconscious mindConstitutes of t houghts, images, and psychic characteristics that are difficult to bring into awareness- Never repressed out of consciousness
- People inherit unconscious psychic characteristics
- Made up of primordial images
Anima - Feminine side of the male Anima - Feminine side of the maleAnimus - Masculine side of the femaleAnima and animus guide the selection of a romantic partner and the course of the subsequent relationshipShadow - Negative side of personality- Located partly in both personal and collective unconscious
Does not consist of hard data from rigorous laboratory experimentsIs based on examination of mythology, cultural symbols, dreams, and the statements of schizophrenicsIt is argued that collective unconscious is same for everyone
Believed that ego is a relatively powerful, independent part of personality Believed that ego is a relatively powerful, independent part of personalityEgo psychology - Erikson’s approach to personality- Principal function of the ego is to establish and maintain a sense of identity
- Identity crisis - Confusion and despair we feel when we lack a strong sense of who we are
Erikson’s stages of personality development continue from infancy to old age Erikson’s stages of personality development continue from infancy to old age- Provides two directions in which to proceed
- How a person resolves a crisis determines the direction of his/her personality development
Child whose needs are met develops a sense of basic trust Child whose needs are met develops a sense of basic trustInfants who never receive the loving care they need develops a sense of basic mistrust
Autonomy - Allowing children to manipulate and control what they encounter Autonomy - Allowing children to manipulate and control what they encounter- People with a sense of autonomy are confident
Over protection of children hinders development and lead to shame and doubt- Children become dependent on others
Children who: Children who:- Organize and participate in social activities develop a sense of initiative
- Lack initiative feel guilt and resignation
Industry - Belief in one’s strengths and abilities Industry - Belief in one’s strengths and abilitiesInferiority - Lack of appreciation for one’s talents and skills- Develops when children encounter failure
People with a sense of identity make decisions about personal values and religious questions People with a sense of identity make decisions about personal values and religious questionsFailing to develop a strong sense of identity leads to role confusion
Young people search for special relationship to develop intimacy and grow emotionally Young people search for special relationship to develop intimacy and grow emotionallyPeople who fail to develop intimacy face emotional isolation
Middle aged individuals develop a concern for guiding the next generation Middle aged individuals develop a concern for guiding the next generation- Parents raise their children
- Adults without children play an active role in raising nieces and nephews
Adults who fail to develop sense of generativity suffer from a sense of stagnation
People who: People who:- Look back on their lives with satisfaction develop a sense of integrity
- Fail to develop a sense of integrity fall into despair and express contempt for others
Studied Freud’s work and taught psychoanalysis Studied Freud’s work and taught psychoanalysis Founded American Institute for PsychoanalysisImportant contributions- Neurosis and feminine psychology
Neurotic - People who are trapped in a self-defeating interpersonal style Neurotic - People who are trapped in a self-defeating interpersonal stylePrevents people from developing the social contact they unconsciously craveDestructive interpersonal style is a defense mechanism to ward off feelings of anxietyArises due to disturbed interpersonal relationships during childhood
Interaction styles adopted by neurotics to avoid anxiety-provoking experiences Interaction styles adopted by neurotics to avoid anxiety-provoking experiences
Introduced the concept of womb envy Introduced the concept of womb envy- Men envy women’s ability to bear and nurse children
- Men compensate their inability to have children through achievement in other domains
In a society where men and women are free to become whatever they desire girls would not want to be boys, or vice versa
Freud’s perspective Freud’s perspective- Religious behavior represents a form of neurosis
- Religion is a type of collective wish fulfilment
- God is an unconscious father figure generated to provide feelings of security
Jung’s perspective Jung’s perspective- Religion provides sense of purpose and security
- People across cultures inherit a God archetype in collective unconscious
- People seek psychotherapy when religion fails to provide reassurance
- Modern religions have developed practices to provide assurance
- Confession, absolution, and forgiveness
Erich Fromm’s perspective Erich Fromm’s perspective- People turn to the powerful authority of church to escape a sense of powerlessness and loneliness
- Authoritarian religions - People are under the control of a powerful God
- Deny people their personal identity
- Humanistic religions - God is a symbol of our own power
- Provide an opportunity for personal growth
Personal narratives: Narration of one’s own life story, that requires describing turning point scenes from one’s life Personal narratives: Narration of one’s own life story, that requires describing turning point scenes from one’s life- Interviews are recorded and transcribed
- Judges code stories according to preset criteria
- Scores tend to be consistent over time
- Accuracy of the story and selective remembering of scenes by participants draws criticism
Generativity and life stories Generativity and life stories- Personal narratives are useful for studying Erik Erikson’s stages of personality development
- Research indicates that number of stories reflecting generativity theme increased during the midlife decades
- Stories from highly generative adults contain:
- Increased themes about friendship, sharing, affiliation, and nurturance
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