Issn: 2776-0979, Volume 4, Issue 5, May, 2023 306 the formation and development of the modern banking system in korea

 

ISSN: 2776-0979, Volume 4, Issue 5, May, 2023
 
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With Korea facing imminent financial meltdown, the prospect of an IMF led bailout 
of the country was being openly discussed. On November 13th, the Korean 
government declared that it "did not need help from the IMF", apparently believing 
that it would be able to arrange bilateral loans from the US and Japan. They were not 
forthcoming, and on November 17th, with the nation’s foreign exchange reserves 
almost exhausted, the Korean Central bank gave up its defense of the won. The won 
immediately fell below the psychologically important $1=Krw1,000 exchange rate, 
and it kept going south. On November 21st the now humiliated Korean government 
was forced to reverse course and formally requested $20 billion in standby loans from 
the IMF.
The process was complicated considerably at this point by the fact that Korea was 
facing a presidential election campaign on December 18th. The IMF, therefore, had to 
negotiate terms with a lame duck President, Kim Young-sam, who has required to step 
down by the constitution, while the three main candidates criticized the process from 
the sidelines. As the negotiations progressed, it soon became apparent that Korea was 
going to need far more than $20 billion. Among other problems, Korea’s short term 
foreign debt was found to be twice as large as previously thought at close to $100 
billion, while the country’s foreign exchange reserves were down to under $6 billion. 
On December 3rd the IMF and Korean government reached a deal to lend $55 billion 
to the country. The IMF had tried to insist that all three Presidential candidates 
promise, in writing, to obey the agreement. However, Kim Dae-jung, the centre-left 
opposition leader, said he would refuse to sign any guarantee with the IMF because 
"it violated national pride," although he did signal general compliance with the 
measures. The agreement with the IMF called for the Koreans to open up their 
economy and banking system to foreign investors. Prior to the deal foreigners could 
only own 7% of a Korean company's shares. This was lifted to 50%. South Korea also 
pledged to restrain the chaebol by reducing their share of bank financing and 
requiring them to publish consolidated financial statements and undergo annual 
independent external audits. On trade liberalization, the IMF said South Korea will 
comply with its commitments to the World Trade Organization to eliminate trade-
related subsidies and restrictive import licensing, and streamline its import- 
certification procedures, all of which should open up the Korean economy to greater 
foreign competition.
Initial reaction in the stock and currency markets was very favorable, with the Korean 
stock marketing registering a 7% gain, its biggest one day advance ever. However, the 
package started to unravel on December 8th when the Korean government said that 
it would take two trouble banks into public ownership, rather than closing them. On 

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